全球最大雲廠商AWS是如何誕生的？

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2000年，正值互聯網泡沫破裂時，我在亞馬遜工作。當時，資本市場枯竭，而我們每年要燒掉10億美元。其中，最大的開銷是數據中心，裏面全是昂貴的Sun服務器。爲了壓縮成本，我們花了一年時間“去Sun”，用HP\/Linux替代它。這爲AWS奠定了基礎！"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"昂貴的IT基礎設施"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"1999年，我進入亞馬遜。在工作第一週，我在電梯裏遇到史考特·麥克里尼（Sun創始人兼CEO），他正要去貝佐斯辦公室。當時，Sun公司是世界上最有價值的公司之一，其最高市值超過2000億美元，全球擁有5萬名僱員。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"儘管Sun的產品不便宜，比如一臺工作站要上萬美元，一臺服務器要10萬美元，但是其產品不愁銷路，因爲購買Sun的產品就像買IBM的東西一樣，“沒有人會被解僱”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我們的座右銘是“快速成長”。爲此，網站的穩定性至關重要——每一秒停機時間都意味着銷售損失，所以我們花費大筆錢來維持網站的正常運行。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而Sun服務器是最可靠的，雖然它的專有棧很貴，而且棘手，但是所有的互聯網公司都在用它們。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":".Com泡沫破滅，亞馬遜開始“去Sun”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"不過，到了2000年，互聯網泡沫破裂，那些由風投支持的初創企業紛紛倒閉，全新的Sun服務器開始以原價10%的價格出現在eBay上。那時，AWS還沒影，你必須建立自己的數據中心。雖然亞馬遜本可以與Sun達成更好的協議，但是貝佐斯選擇了一種更激進的方式：用HP\/Linux取代Sun。早在1994年，Linux內核正式發佈，同一年，貝佐斯創立亞馬遜。6年後，這家公司將全部賭注壓在Linux身上。這在當時是一種新穎又冒險的做法。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在“去Sun”的過渡期間，產品開發停滯不前，我們凍結了所有新功能長達一年多。在我們面前，是一個巨大的待辦事項清單，但在向Linux遷移完成前，什麼都不能發佈。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我很清晰地記得，在一次全員會議上，一位工程副總快速展示了一張蛇吞老鼠的圖片。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這與收入增長減速同時發生——並進一步加劇了這種減速，因爲我們還不得不提高價格以減緩公司燃盡速度。這是一個惡性循環，我們沒有時間也沒有錢。這個時候，再有幾個季度，亞馬遜就要破產了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但是，一旦我們開始向Linux遷移，就沒有回頭路。所有人都被動員起來重構我們的代碼庫，替換服務器，準備切換。如果成功，基礎設施成本將下降80%以上。如果失敗，網站就會倒掉，公司就會滅亡。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"最終，我們及時、順利地完成了遷移。對整個工程團隊來說，這都是一項巨大的成就。網站繼續運轉，沒有垮掉。資本支出在一夜之間大幅減少。突然之間，我們有了一個無限擴展的基礎設施。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"從出租服務器開始，AWS誕生"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"然後，更有趣的事情發生了。作爲一家零售商，我們一直面臨着巨大的季節性問題，每年11月、12月，流量和收入都會飆升。貝佐斯開始想，我們每年有46周服務器過剩，爲什麼不租給其他公司呢？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"大約在同一時間，他還對解耦內部依賴關係產生了興趣，這樣團隊的構建就可以不受其他團隊的限制。實現這個松耦合模型所需的架構更改就成了AWS的API原語。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這些都是AWS的基本洞察。我記得，貝佐斯在一次全體會議上，展示了這個形成於電網背景下的想法。在1900年，企業要開店必須自己建造發電機。可是爲什麼2000年的企業還必須自己建數據中心？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"沒有AWS，雲基礎設施最終也會出現（就像沒有特斯拉，電動汽車也一樣)，但時間會拖多久，機會成本會有多大？在AWS大幅降低創辦公司的成本後，創新爆發，現代風投生態系統誕生了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在2000年至2003年，亞馬遜幾乎破產。但如果沒有這場危機，該公司就不太可能做出這個艱難的決定，轉向一個全新的架構。如果沒有這種轉變，AWS可能永遠不會出現。要在危機中發現良機！"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"另外：亞馬遜最近花了數年時間去Oracle，很少有人這麼做過。做困難的事情需要實力，而實力是通過做困難的事情鍛煉出來的。最好的公司把每一次挑戰都視爲機遇，將這種理念融入在他們的文化中。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null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