马云、马斯克齐唱“蚂蚁呀嘿”，这股风潮你跟上了吗？

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“换脸”潮又来了"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"又一款App火遍全网，它能让包括马化腾、马云、马斯克在内的名人“齐唱一曲”，并配有生动的表情，可以说相当魔性。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"这款App名叫Avatarify，已经连续好几天登顶中国区App Store免费榜。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/9b\/0d\/9b2df3db16cbaccb8522b4c96cbfcc0d.jpg","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"事实上，Avatarify并不是一款新推出的应用。据了解，Avatarify的创作者是一位开发人员，最初是因为2020年疫情期间开视频会议时觉得无聊，于是在去年4月左右做了这么一个换脸开源项目。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"当时该项目也登上了GitHub热榜。据项目作者Ali Aliev介绍，Avatarify使用了当年3月份一篇arXiv论文的方法“First Order Motion”，无需事先对目标图像进行任何训练，就能用另一个人的视频来替换自己的图像。在使用Avatarify时，会借助deepfake等技术，在想要交换的脸部图像上对算法进行训练。一般来说需要几张你想要用的那个人的图像，在目标图像的相似类别上训练算法即可，该模型也支持实时换脸操作。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"项目地址：https:\/\/github.com\/alievk\/avatarify"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"几个月后，开发者将它做成了App。直到最近，这款App才突然在中国火了起来。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Avatarify的玩法很简单：只需导入手机中的图像或实时拍一张照片，然后在Avatarify的素材库中选择需要使用的模版，选择24fps或12fps的帧率后，就能够一键生成Gif动图。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Deepfake换脸并不是新鲜概念，比如曾经昙花一现的“ZAO”，还有FaceApp、Reface等等都是基于Deepfake的应用，并且不少修图App现今都具备类似功能。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"这次Avatarify的爆火或许跟“蚂蚁呀嘿”模版的魔性有关，洗脑BGM和随BGM实时匹配的五官表情，确实挺让人“上头”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/d0\/4a\/d07db1cb822fb053a1be5f9a3623bc4a.gif","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"老生常谈的隐私和数据安全风险"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"除了纯娱乐目的，最近还有公司推出了以“深度怀旧”（deep nostalgia）为题的功能，可以将亲人的照片加工，哪怕只有一张，也可以做成一段视频，视频中的亲人可以向他们微笑、点头和眨眼。这是近日由MyHeritage，一家供用户研究家谱的网站所推出的新功能。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"该功能由MyHeritage与以色列计算机视觉公司D-ID合作开发，D-ID CEO Gil Perry表示，人们现在可以“以过去绝对想象不到的方式来感知自己家遥远过去的祖先”。他还表示，让昔日人物重现是一个人们越来越感兴趣的领域。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/f5\/42\/f58bb10d549b8e3e23d0b00781f15842.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“在合成媒体领域，我们自认为是好人，为了崇高的目的使用这项技术。”Gil Perry表示，D-ID对选择什么公司合作有严格的准则，而且其视频上打有水印，显示这些视频为人工合成。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"需要注意的是，AI换脸系列软件在供大众娱乐的同时，如果涉及使用名人肖像，且存在商业用途则使用者将要承担法律风险。比如此前日本有人在网上搜集公开的女明星DeepFake假视频，并从中挑出比较有人气的放在自己经营的免费猥亵视频站，收取高额广告费用，虽然视频不是他做的，但此举同样会被当地警方已以名誉侵权罪起诉。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"另一方面，提起“ZAO”，有些用户或许还记得它当时引起的隐私安全问题。推出之时，其用户协议、隐私政策和版权说明的相关规定，被指有过滥收集用户信息和侵犯版权的嫌疑。不友好的用户协议更使得该应用一夜之间从刷屏变成遭万人指责。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"当时“ZAO”的一条授权协议指出：用户上传发布内容后，即意味着同意授予ZAO及其关联公司以及ZAO用户在“全球范围内完全免费、不可撤销、永久、可转授权和可再许可的权利”，“包括但不限于可以对用户内容进行全部或部分的修改与编辑（如将短视频中的人脸或者声音换成另一个人的人脸或者声音等）以及对修改前后的用户内容进行信息网络传播以及《著作权法》规定的由著作权人享有的全部著作财产权利及邻接权利”。因安全性存疑，该用户协议被发现后立刻引发争议，虽然ZAO后来悄悄修改了其用户协议，以回应用户对其隐私泄露的质疑，但仍未能消除用户对它的担忧。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"InfoQ留意到，Avatarify应用内有多处关于数据安全的提醒，并强调用户的照片和视频都不会上传到云端。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/39\/c8\/39471da888d74f23be1962bcfb5675c8.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Deepfake对大众的影响"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"对于Deepfake引发假消息和假新闻泛滥的可能性，也是让人担忧的问题。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"当Deepfake在2017年首次流行起来时，它绝大多数被用于在互联网论坛上生成名人的假色情作品。即使在2019年，根据Sensity的调查，96%的公开发布的Deepfake内容都是色情相关。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"除了色情作品外，各种各样的网络创作者还将Deepfake应用于其他形式的媒体，比如电影片段，个人不断制作病毒式传播的视频，并将视频中的演员面孔替换成其他影星。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而只要有一个Deepfake视频在网上引起关注，就会有许多人发表评论说，他们担心有人利用Deepfake来影响政治以达到邪恶目的。因为在信息时代，人们很容易就可以在互联网上散布政敌的虚假新闻，而这些虚假新闻可以蒙骗观众。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"不过计算机视觉工程师Eric Hofesmann认为，虽然未来的媒体内容里，Deepfake可能会产生可怕的错误信息。然而目前的技术还处于比较初级的阶段，高质量的Deepfake仍需要大量的人工操作。而随着Deepfake的改进，应对Deepfake的方法和算法也在不断完善。至少在目前，更令人担忧的是通过人工编辑的图片和视频来传播错误信息。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"麻省理工学院研究员Matt Groh认为，如果你认为你可能看到的是Deepfake内容，那么你应该特别仔细地观察几点："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"脸部：脸部的某些部位是否出现了“毛刺”？当他们说话时，他们的眉毛和面部肌肉是否会动？他们的头发看起来是否自然地垂下？"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"音频：音频和人脸上的表情是否匹配？音频中有没有怪异的剪辑或跳跃，听起来不自然？"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"光线：视频中是否有部分光线与场景其他部分不匹配？在眼镜之类的东西上看到反光了吗？"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"参考："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/U7jtW13wAskcH2Mpl918","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Deepfake 2020 发展报告：AI换脸术滥用肆无忌惮，但技术仍很“菜”"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/841fb089-1e7f-45fd-a3d4-bc36f13ec1a5","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"MyHeritage unveils AI tool that turns photos of dead relatives into videos"}]}]}]}