區塊鏈深入“健康碼”驗證、疫苗打假

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"新加坡版“健康碼”引入區塊鏈"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"近日，新加坡政府技術局（GovTech）與衛生部（MOH）合作開發了一套基於區塊鏈的文件驗證系統，以提供 COVID-19 陰性檢測證明。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"該系統名爲“HealthCerts”，基於開源框架 OpenAuthentication（OA），可以利用區塊鏈技術發佈加密可信，無需專有軟件或設備即可獨立運行。目前，該技術已經被新加坡當地一些大學用來頒發和認證文憑。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"據悉，從 3 月 10 日起，所有在新加坡接受覈算檢測的個人都將必須使用 HealthCerts 模式的數字證明文件。旅客登機前需要到特定地點進行覈算檢測，其結果會上傳到 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"http:\/\/www.notarise.gov.sg\/","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"政府網站"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，然後旅客要到該網站上進行公證，並上傳他們從診所收到的數字文件。公證成功後，旅客將通過電子郵件或 SingPass Mobile (SPM) 應用程序，收到包含二維碼的公證數字 PDT 證書。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/wechat\/images\/f6\/f6f65984daf0dd23f71e24f081b5dd85.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"旅客在入境檢查時，出示經公證的 PDT 證明書的 QR 碼，向航空公司職員或入境事務處覈實。航空公司工作人員或入境當局可通過“政府科技”的驗證平臺掃描二維碼，查詢 PDT 證書的真僞。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/wechat\/images\/8b\/8b879a8e2331791b97f44b03c49d5d1a.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"據新加坡外交部長維文 (Vivian Balakrishnan) 介紹，這項技術是“全球互操作的”，並希望可以在世界範圍內得到推廣應用，以便滿足人們跨境旅遊的需求。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"新加坡智慧國家和數字政府辦公室 (SNDGO) 在一份聲明中表示，其已經與私營部門合作來開發互操作的解決方案，並承諾該技術是安全、私密和防篡改的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"當然，個人的數據仍然是私有的，因爲發佈到區塊鏈上的是數字 PDT 證書的散列或數字指紋，哈希值只是用來檢查數字 PDT 證書的真實性和有效性。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"新加坡政府認爲，HealthCerts 的使用也可以擴展到疫苗接種證明。不過，儘管世界經濟論壇將身份認證列爲 2021 年區塊鏈的四大預測方向之一，但世界衛生組織當前的建議是，不應將是否進行 COVID-19 疫苗接種作爲強制入境條件。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"新加坡政府正在密切關注國際上關於使用數字疫苗接種證書的最新進展，並與國際民用航空組織和各個國家討論對此類證書的認可問題。但由於大多數國家和地區纔剛剛開始接種疫苗，所以短期可能不會有明確結果。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"英國使用區塊鏈跟蹤疫苗"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/wechat\/images\/52\/52ac9de2a5d7353268cd226bcb41fea1.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"除了檢測證明，與疫情緊密相關的另一件是就是疫苗。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"新冠病毒大流行一年後，科學家們已經成功開發出相關疫苗，但在 COVID-19 疫苗的存儲與運輸方面，醫療保健體系仍面臨着嚴峻挑戰。市場對於新冠疫苗的空前需求，已經讓這一領域的技術升級成爲新的必需。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"比如，Moderna 的疫苗成果需要長期存儲在零下 20℃的環境中，但在 2℃～4℃的運輸環境中也可以保持活性。但輝瑞的疫苗則需要穩定的零下 70℃環境，一旦處於溫度更高的環境內，疫苗將很快失去效力，而全球現有物流體系幾乎無法滿足這一條件。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"此外，面對旺盛的市場需求，總會有黑心商人想發災難財。犯罪分子可能會僞造疫苗並大量投放到市場中。同時，疫苗的接種過程也比較複雜，接種者需要兩次注射才能真正獲得免疫力，而疫苗的第二針需要在首次注射後的幾周內完成，一旦間隔太久，則可能需要重新接種。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這種情況下，區塊鏈技術可以發揮什麼樣的作用呢？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"面對疫苗輸送挑戰，英國各醫院開始運用新的重要技術將疫苗從工廠的低溫車間儘快送到民衆手中。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"位於英格蘭中部埃文河畔斯特拉特福與沃裏克地區的英國醫院，正努力使用區塊鏈技術跟蹤疫苗配送並監控儲存疫苗的低溫冷櫃。這樣，各醫院可以密切關注對溫度高度敏感的新冠疫苗，特別是其儲存與配送環節的情況。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"英國國家衛生服務局（NHS）發佈治療方式，而英國數據分析廠商 Everyware 負責監控疫苗。來自得克薩斯州的分類賬廠商 Hedera 報告稱，區塊鏈能夠跨多條鏈，加強記錄、保存與共享數據的能力。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"藉助區塊鏈去中心化分類賬的特點，疫苗發放方、疫苗供應方以及尚未接種疫苗的普通民衆之間可以形成緊密的協調通道，疫苗從生產到分發的整個流程可以轉化爲清晰的“畫面”，防止僞造疫苗流入市場。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"IBM 公司區塊鏈解決方案負責人 Mark Treshock 認爲，隨着未來疫苗需求的增加，物流企業可能需要證明特定批次疫苗的可用性，特別是證明疫苗始終都在安全合規的條件下進行運輸配送。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"與其他技術結合"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"不過，單憑區塊鏈還不足以解決問題，仍需要藉助其他技術。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對於疫苗嚴格的環境溫度要求，物聯網技術將發揮至關重要的作用。其傳感器將被安裝在疫苗容器之上，藉此跟蹤容器狀態並持續報告運輸環境數據，包括途中的溫度、振動、溼度甚至是運送車輛的加速情況等。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這項技術能夠確保醫療服務方與疫苗發放方確切掌握容器溫度，並在溫度超出安全存放範圍時快速確定疫苗質量，大大降低疫苗損失乃至引發後續風險的可能性。區塊鏈與物聯網的強強聯合將成功阻止接種羣體接觸到僞劣產品。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對物流企業而言，當下或許正是投入新技術以適應新冠疫苗運送的好機會。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"參考鏈接："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.theregister.com\/2021\/03\/01\/blockchain_to_the_rescue_singapore\/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.theregister.com\/2021\/03\/01\/blockchain_to_the_rescue_singapore\/"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.iotforall.com\/blockchain-iot-covid-vaccine-shipments","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.iotforall.com\/blockchain-iot-covid-vaccine-shipments"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":5}}]}