美國首款“疫苗護照”應用上線：投入250萬美元開發，用區塊鏈保護隱私

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"隨着全球新冠疫苗接種範圍持續擴大，同時實現跨境人員安全流動，重啓國際經濟，不少國家計劃推出“新冠疫苗護照”。“疫苗護照”並不是真正的護照，而是記載有新冠疫苗接種等信息的憑證，以證明跨境出行人員的接種情況。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“疫苗護照”應用競爭"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"從上週五開始，紐約市民已經可以通過美國首款“疫苗護照”應用程序“Excelsior Pass”來證明自已接種COVID-19疫苗或核酸檢測呈陰性。該程序將首先在麥迪遜廣場花園等大型場館使用，並從下週開始逐步覆蓋紐約州內幾十處活動、藝術與娛樂場館。在這款應用的幫助下，民衆將可以擴大婚禮或宴請活動的規模。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"紐約州長Andrew Cuomo表示，希望藉此機會推動受疫情影響最嚴重的各個行業儘快復甦。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Excelsior Pass系統由IBM數字健康檢驗平臺提供的區塊鏈技術作爲底層基礎，藉此保證包括IBM在內的任何非必要方無法訪問私人醫療信息。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"用戶只需下載Excelsior Pass應用，輸入自己的姓名、出生日期與郵政編碼，再回答一系列個人問題，即可確認真實身份。防疫數據由該州疫苗註冊中心提供，並將結果與預先批准的檢測數據相關聯。用戶前往娛樂場所時，只需掃描二維碼即可獲得代表健康的綠色對號、與代表存在健康風險的紅色叉。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"這款應用的開發工作由州政府資助，將免費提供給各企業以及紐約州內擁有疫苗接種記錄或核酸檢測結果的民衆。"}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/ac\/acea6ba50b321db3f371af9dda22956f.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"曾經深耕該行業多年的IBM新興業務網絡副總裁 Eric Piscini 表示，IBM未來有意使用同一套技術平臺發佈更多健康數據。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Piscini 解釋稱，其最終目標是讓地球上的每一個人都能在自己的手機上收集信息，並在明確同意之後將信息公開給正確對象。用戶不必擔心隱私問題，所有數據都將由醫療保健服務商掌握，IBM或任何其他合作伙伴都無法查看數據內容。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"長期研究這項技術的Behlendorf也提到，這樣的系統將保證數據“始終以患者爲中心，而非以醫療保健服務商或保險公司爲中心。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"而這類系統的首輪大規模測試，目前正在紐約啓動。據悉，紐約州Excelsior Pass系統的開發成本爲250萬美元，成果將免費提供給各企業及個人。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"經過初期測試表明，該系統確實能夠順利起效，各類羣體都可以輕鬆使用。而沒有智能手機的用戶仍可以直接出示自己的健康碼複印件。人們可以在一臺手機上存儲多份Excelsior通行證，例如由父母代替孩子保管健康信息。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"企業無需強制使用這款應用，但在使用後可以獲得額外福利——包括擴大活動規模、允許更多人員入場。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"另外，這款應用還無需全程聯網，大大提升了其可用範圍。Excelsior Pass目前面向Android與iOS系統全面開放，企業則可使用Android與iOS版本的掃描驗證應用。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"參與此項計劃的多位紐約州官員表示，隨着時間推移，他們將不斷改善Excelsior Pass系統，藉此爲州內的經濟與公共衛生事業提供有力支持。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"除IBM之外，沃爾瑪等零售企業也在開發同類系統，包括爲已經接種疫苗的人們提供數字化證明。此外，多位開源計算機專家也在致力於開發免費的解決方案。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"做“疫苗護照”應用難嗎？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"對於此類應用來說，最大挑戰是如何將不同的系統連接起來，確保人們能夠在不同場合、不同需求下使用一個應用就可以證明自己的健康狀況。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"對此，開源項目的擁護者們已經開展合作，“逐步排查解決難題中的各個部分”。作爲行業驅動型開源軟件開發組織，Linux基金會公共衛生基金會執行董事Brian Behlendorf提到，“技術人相當於要建立起自己的‘聯合國’，把相關各方整合起來。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"目前，紐約州還沒有發佈關於連接體系的詳盡細節，但項目希望將紙質證明與Excelsior Pass連接起來，這樣用戶就可以一次性出示自己的健康碼與門票，免去使用多款應用的煩惱。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"應用的另一大障礙在於如何建立一套統一的標準，讓已經在某州或某國完成核酸檢測或疫苗接種的民衆，在其他州或國家也得到防疫認可。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"目前，在國際旅行方面，全球範圍內至少存在兩套相互競爭的疫苗接種安全信息標準。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"紐約州使用的是由州衛生部門建立的自有解決方案，但美國其他州分別建立自己的認證系統之後，如何協調統一還是未知。俄亥俄州立大學院長、歷史學家兼倫理學家Amy Fairchild表示，此類認證面臨的最大挑戰在於文化、而非技術。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Fairchild解釋道，“無論是IBM還是Abbott都能開發出實際應用，但問題是他們的成果會是什麼樣子？人們真的願意使用嗎？”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"國際旅行當然是防疫通行證最重要的應用場景。包括美國在內的許多國家\/地區，都拒絕讓無法證明自己未感染COVID-19的人員入境。但她表示，美國消費者與企業是否願意接受這種在入境前做出防疫自證的技術嘗試。另外，不少美國人在疫情流行期間一直拒絕佩戴口罩，很難想象他們願意用健康碼的方式證明自己有資格觀看棒球比賽或蹦迪。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"在Fairchild看來，疫苗接種工作“長期受限於美國的學校及醫院系統之內，很少能夠覆蓋到全體民衆。”但疫苗接種本身的重要意義毋庸置疑，如果能夠得到公衆的認可，這款應用未來還可以涵蓋流感及麻疹疫苗等更爲廣泛的領域。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"“這類應用甚至有望幫助我們建立起新的公共衛生基礎設施，真的非常值得期待。”Fairchild提到，受到文化層面的種種抵制與反抗，之前的努力紛紛遭遇失敗。“除了兒童羣體之外，美國國民在意識形態上非常牴觸這種強制性質的指令要求。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"也正因爲如此，開發者們才決定採用區塊鏈技術以保護個人隱私。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"另外，白宮方面還特別做出說明，強調此類健康認證程序必須符合自由、公平、安全與私密這幾大原則。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"再者，如何防止僞造同樣非常關鍵。根據Domaintools高級安全研究員Chad Anderson發現，目前，OfferUp等網站上已經出現了僞造的疾控中心疫苗身份卡，其中某些卡片售價高達200美元。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"其他可行的疫苗接種認證方法包括在駕照上做出標記。Appointment Scheduling & Booking行業協會主席兼CEO Cimarron Buser表示，駕照是我們目前唯一一種可以實際使用的通用型身份證件。各州免疫註冊中心需要將信息發送給州車管所，再爲相關人士簽發新的駕照。雖然流程並不簡單，但至少免去了出示獨立證件的麻煩。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"也有不少企業在努力打造自己的認證系統。Buser提到，各方都希望在系統構建方面掌握話語權。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"標準化是一個更難解決的問題。自去年9月以來，微軟、Mayo Clinic、甲骨文、沃爾瑪、CVS以及Salesforce等知名企業和不少相對低調的非營利性組織一直通力合作，保證人們能夠安全免費地獲取健康信息。好消息是，各方至少在發展目標上已經達到統一，即制定一套規則以供企業或非營利性組織用於創建數字疫苗護照。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"但這些標準由誰制定？Fairchild表示，如果沒有聯邦政府的介入，這個問題恐怕難以解決。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"原文鏈接："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/news\/health\/2021\/03\/26\/covid-vaccine-passports-new-york-first-vaccination-proof-system\/6976009002\/?scrolla=5eb6d68b7fedc32c19ef33b4"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]}]}