“通才架构师”的消亡：从无到有，再到上百万个框架

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Ullman是一名开发者和项目经理，她写了一本关于软件开发、生活、哲学以及它们之间关系的书，叫作“Close to the Machine”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"她在其中一章讲述了她与一家大银行负责全球交易处理支付重组的副总裁的一次会面。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"由银行、自动柜员机、票据交换所、计算机、电话组成的庞大网络——所有这些组合在一起，可以在全球范围内发送一笔信用卡交易——这就是她负责的领域。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"她说：“如果这一切都崩溃了，银行就无法平衡账目。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"……"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"一阵厌恶的感觉涌上心头：“我想象着在系统中留下一个bug，最后却要为全球银行倒闭负责的感觉。”（Ullman提到，那个副总裁说整个系统只有三个开发人员。）"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"副总裁笑了：“有他们在，我们感到很幸运。这个系统是用汇编语言开发的。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“是用汇编语言开发的？”我的身体感到了一丝不适。汇编代码是低级代码，也就比机器语言高一级，不仅难写，也很难修改。随着时间的推移，注释的数量开始超过代码的数量，但这些注释也没有什么用处，反正也没人能看懂。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"当副总裁看到我的忧虑，她放松了一下。接下来，她要和我说说他们有一个专门的编程小组正在尝试新的开发技术。分层的客户端\/服务器、面向对象系统和消费者网络——所有这些很酷的东西与那些已经存在了15年的汇编代码形成了鲜明的对比。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"在那么多年前写代码是一种什么感觉？我们知道可以被机器读取的字节码组成了我们的软件，并在互联网上传输信息。我们会因为各种各样的原因开发计算机程序，但最终，所有程序都是将人类可以理解的高级信息(如文本、推特、视频)转换为字节码，移动它们，然后再转换成字节码，直到变成人类可读的信息。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"早期的编程主要关注如何取代这套物理编程基础设施（在打孔卡上编写逻辑，并在巨大的机器上运行），于是第一种编程语言出现了，就是汇编语言——让Ullman毛骨悚然的编程语言，因为汇编非常接近字节码。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"随着机器变得更小，更容易访问，更多的编程语言出现了。到了20世纪80年代末或90年代初，一般的程序员除了知道汇编语言、COBOL、SQL、Fortran，可能还知道新晋的C语言。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"从很多方面来看，当时的计算机世界要小得多，也没有那么复杂。我们甚至没有版本控制系统！但是，即使编程语言的数量少，要获取到相关的信息也并不容易。当时没有像StackOverflow这样的网站，只有参考书、手册和在线论坛。在早期，编程和找到有关编程的信息并不容易。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我没有从用户组那里得到编程方面的帮助，但他们确实存在。他们每个月见一次面，那里肯定有懂编程的人。我的意思是，如果你当时拥有自己的计算机，至少需要知道一点编程知识，即使只是用DOS写批处理文件。如果不懂技术知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