Mesos已死，容器永生

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“回顧過去，我認爲Mesos的失敗是種必然。”"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"4月7日，Apache宣佈開始投票進程，準備將曾火極一時的Mesos項目移至"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apache_Attic","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Attic"}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"下，保存爲“只讀”狀態。"},{"type":"text","text":"Attic是Apache軟件基金會爲已終止項目提供的一種解決方案"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"，"},{"type":"text","text":"此舉意味着 Mesos 正式進入項目“退休”階段"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/4b\/4b7e3088ba55bdea1b20fdc91af9a179.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Mesos 誕生於 2009 年，最初是伯克利大學的一個研究項目。它曾爲分佈式資源管理做出過一系列前沿貢獻，據 Mesosphere\/D2IQ 聯合創始人回憶，“我們提出的Mesos是一套可跨越多個不同集羣計算框架（類似於Hadoop與MPI）實現商用集羣共享的平臺。”它的誕生甚至比YARN還早了幾年，並於2010年很快被應用到Twitter，成爲Twitter自定義PaaS的實現基礎，管理着Twitter 超過30,0000 臺服務器上的應用部署。隨後其他公司紛至沓來，比如Airbnb、eBay和Netflix等等，Mesos也因此火極一時。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"但很遺憾的是，現在已經到了它退役的時候。不過短短數年，我們再次見證了一個知名技術項目的興起和衰落。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"響應時代的召喚"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Mesos項目起源於Google的數據中心資源管理系統 Borg，目的是弄清楚是否必須重建Google的超大規模計算專有架構。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/d2\/d228719b311e9dce3efef6596fa81f1c.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"同時，作爲世界上最成功的社交媒體巨頭之一，創立於2006年的Twitter 也以其龐大的生產集羣規模（萬級別節點）而備受關注。Twitter每天需要管理幾億條推文，急需開發一個類似的資源管理系統來幫助他們擺脫可怕的“失敗之鯨”（如上圖所示）。後來他們注意到加州大學伯克利分校AMPLab 正在開發的名爲Mesos 的項目，這個項目的負責人是Ben Hindman，Ben 是加州大學伯克利分校的博士研究生。後來Ben Hindman 加入了Twitter，負責開發和部署Mesos。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Mesos的兩級調度架構很好的解決了Twitter面臨的可伸縮性和性能上的挑戰，“失敗之鯨”逐漸成爲往事。Twitter的這個PaaS平臺解決方案，後來以Apache Aurora的名號轉爲開源。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/28\/28a2e3c28ac7c98fac8a316ef16f9a7b.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"在海量數據的挑戰下，Twitter 基礎設施架構的演進過程，一直以來都是全世界技術公司眼中的標杆案例。在2010年之後，大量企業跟進了Mesos，包括Uber、Airbnb、eBay、Netflix，以及國內的攜程、去哪兒等一衆企業。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"可能是計算機歷史上最短的技術戰爭"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Mesos的創造者Ben Hindman等於2013年建立了名叫Mesosphere的初創公司，旨在打造一套生產級商業化Mesos平臺。最終成果是一套名爲DC\/OS（數據中心操作系統）的管理平臺，號稱將成爲集羣服務器的主控系統。他們還打造了Marathon，這款工作負載編排平臺明顯是將Kubernetes設定成了競爭對手。Mesosphere的目標是將數據中心改造成具有凝聚力的計算複合體，並在中心內部提供一套新型運營環境。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"但誰也沒想到，幾年後Docker成爲了改變遊戲規則的人。在2015年的短短几個月裏，Docker公司憑藉一款非凡的新型工具徹底顛覆了服務器工作負載自動化市場。從那時起，數據中心基礎設施不再單純側重於服務器，而是以工作負載爲中心——強調負載的可移植性、靈活性與安全完整性。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"2015年6月22日，作爲回饋開源社區熱情支持的一份謝禮，Docker將基於Linux的軟件容器包裝格式捐贈給Linux基金會，並正式定名爲開放容器倡議（OCI）。但就在同一周，谷歌閃電出手，將Kubernetes項目的管理權移交給了另一個Linux基金會項目：雲原生計算基金會（CNCF）。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"之後，Docker公司當初想培養的這片市場就已經被很多人稱爲“Kubernetes生態系統”。在當時的工作流編排領域，主要有三家競爭參與者：Kubernetes，也源自谷歌內部原名爲“Borg”的項目；Docker Swarm，已經開始與商業Docker Enterprise產品共同交付的集羣管理器；Apache Mesos，用於“非鏡像工作負載”（包括Hadoop與Spark大數據系統等）的服務器集羣調度與管理方案。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"起初，Mesos代理負責在各組件之間分配工作負載。但不久之後，Kubernetes也在這一領域有所建樹。Mesosphere的一部分技術人員認爲這兩款編排工具完全可以並行存在，也有人覺得可以把Kubernetes環境作爲Mesos模板的工作場景。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"但想象總是美好的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"面對Kubernetes無可匹敵的市場優勢地位，僅僅兩年，Kuberneters就勝局已定。經歷了計算髮展史上最“高效”的對抗之後，Docker與Mesosphere也只能認慫、轉而尋求新的發展方向。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Mesosphere於2019年8月正式更名爲D2IQ（內部員工將其稱爲「Day 2-IQ」），推進品牌重塑。他們繼續開發所謂“Mesosphere DC\/OS”產品。但Mesosphere 所提供的諸如 Marathon 等上層解決方案在其產品線路的位置已經被Ksphere取代。Ksphere是一款用於管理及分配容器化工作負載的組件，其中也包括仍然沿用原名的Mesphere Kubernetes Engine（MKE）。Mesosphere於2020年10月停止支持Mesos \/ Marathon。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"“Mesos的失敗是種必然”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"如果真的存在技術“生態系統”，那麼這座代表生態的高山從來就容不下二虎。超市的商品陳列可以兼容不同品牌，但跟這種商品不同的是，計算機技術領域就沒有哪兩種產品能夠長期保持雙頭壟斷地位。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"技術專家張磊在"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/interpretation-of-2016-container","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2016年容器技術年終盤點"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"文章裏總結道："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“社區”兩個字，竟成了 Mesos 生態的命門。在 Docker 公司煞費苦心在社區爭取每一個用戶和粉絲、Google 公司放下身段把 Github 作爲一線陣地，用 Kubernetes 全力輸出技術理念的時候，一旦錯失了先機，哪怕有一身本事如 Mesos 項目，也只能望用戶而心嘆。這正是目前 Mesos 生態系統在容器圈子表現的不夠強勢的重要原因。當然，既然實力強勁，Mesos 生態在工業界中的案例還是數不甚數，除了 Marathon 框架，Mesosphere 公司重點維護的 DC\/OS 項目其實能夠提供並不遜於 Kubernetes 的各項容器編排和管理能力，不可謂不強大。但是社區表現不力，使得 Mesos 生態錯失了成爲容器圈的“buzz word”（熱詞）的機會。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"2019年，曾作爲Mesos“代言人”的Twitter華麗麗的宣佈其基礎設施將從 Mesos 全面轉向 Kubernetes：“我們認爲，使用 Kubernetes 項目作爲 Twitter 公司基礎設施向前演進的核心依賴，將會是一個正確的選擇”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"昨天，Apache提交“將Mesos移至Attic”的進程之後，衆多開發者對Mesos的開發時光予以了懷念。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"作爲Mesos項目的PMC成員，"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/news.ycombinator.com\/threads?id=benjamin_mahler","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ben Hindman"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"在Hackernews上總結說："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"“回顧過去，我認爲Mesos的失敗是種必然，原因有以下幾點："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Kubernetes擁有後發優勢，承載着谷歌十多年來在構建此類系統方面積累起的豐富經驗與知識。Mesos則源自技術研究，隨後雖然得到了Twitter的實際應用，但負責項目的工程師們（包括我本人）並不具備構建集羣管理系統的經驗。我們在探索當中學到了很多，回頭來看，如果能有第二次機會、我們肯定會認真調整設計思路。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Mesos這個項目做得有點‘小氣’，導致社區變得支離破碎。爲了正常使用，新用戶們不得不付出大量重複勞動。很明顯，大多數用戶只想運行服務、作業與cron作業，但Mesos的設計思路並不是這樣。大家必須得從一系列生態系統調度程序（包括Aurora、Marathon、Chronos以及Singularity等）中進行選擇，或者自主構建某些內容。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Mesosphere是一家靠風險投資支持的初創企業，後來則由Twitter接手贊助項目發展。正因爲如此，我們必須找到一種能夠產生收益的商業模式，這就導致我們與用戶乃至其他供應商之間產生了緊張關係、甚至是嚴重的不信任感。相反，谷歌\/k8s不要求任何直接產出，反而可以不斷投入大量資金與豐富的人才資源，由此帶來的技術成果單靠增強谷歌自己的雲計算業務就足以值回票價。”"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"他總結道："},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"“即使沒有出現k8s，Mesos也很可能被其他開箱即用類方案所壓制。必須承認，Mesos很難像其他開源項目那樣建立起供應商與貢獻者團結一致的友好氛圍"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"。隨着時間推移，Mesos也許會朝着這個方向發展，但目前還看不到希望。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"曾擔任Mesosphere架構師和技術總監的Yujie博士也跟帖表示："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"“Ben 說得很對。我也是Mesos項目的長期PMC與提交者之一。縱觀整段歷程，我吸取的教訓之一，就是如果從初始設計論文來看，Mesos的兩級式資源分配機制完全就是爲運行批量工作負載（例如spark、mpi等）所設計。使用它來運行長期服務實際上是後來才做出的改變。我們最終發現，由於第二級調度程序缺少集羣的完整視圖且第一級調度程序沒有足夠的信息做出正確決策，我們需要對第一級調度算法進行大量調整才能確保公平性。而其中樂觀型解決方案在本質上，其實就是對Kubernetes模型的複製。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Kubernetes成功的另一個原因，可能在於golang生態系統。在Mesos中，由於採用獨特的線程模型，我們耗費了大量精力在C++中構建基礎HTTP層。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"如果能夠重新選擇，真希望能把這些時間花在開發點真實有用的功能上。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"容器技術的快速發展，得益於開源軟件社區的成功。如今，Mesos 社區已經逐漸淡去，但容器還依然處於技術世界的中心，正所謂“Mesos已死，容器永生”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"延伸閱讀："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/interpretation-of-2016-container","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/interpretation-of-2016-container"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/672","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/672"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"*aX6aQ1FB0QT1RRAM"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/news.ycombinator.com\/item?id=26713082","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/news.ycombinator.com\/item?id=26713082"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]}]}]}