突發！美商務部將7箇中國超算實體列入實體清單，制裁或許沒有華爲嚴重

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"美國再“拉黑”7箇中國超算實體，這是拜登政府上任後，美國政府第一次增加對華實體清單名單。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"7個超算實體被美列入實體清單"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"北京時間4月8日晚，美國商務部"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.commerce.gov\/news\/press-releases\/2021\/04\/commerce-adds-seven-chinese-supercomputing-entities-entity-list-their?fileGuid=V8wyJCJ8qjc6h9yh","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"官網"}]},{"type":"text","text":"顯示，美國商務部工業和安全局(BIS)已將7家中國超級計算機實體列入實體名單，理由是，它們從事違反美國國家安全或外交政策利益的活動。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這7家被添加到實體清單的超算實體分別是：天津飛騰信息技術有限公司、國家高性能集成電路（上海）設計中心、申威微電子公司、國家超級計算濟南中心、國家超級計算深圳中心、國家超級計算無錫中心、國家超級計算鄭州中心。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/2b\/dc\/2b9b105400b8ffea8b3afec8f5a3e2dc.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"美國商務部認爲，這些實體參與建造超級計算機，並供中國軍方使用，用於其不穩定的軍事現代化工作。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"美國商務部長Gina M. Raimondo 在一份聲明聲稱，“超級計算能力對於許多乃至幾乎所有現代武器和國家安全系統的發展都至關重要，如核武器和高超音速武器。商務部將竭盡全力阻止中國利用美國的技術來支持這些破壞穩定的軍事現代化努力。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"據《華盛頓郵報》報道，這七家公司都與中國建造下一代百億億次級超級計算機的意圖有關。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"百億億次級計算機，是高性能計算的下一個前沿，能夠用於開發現代武器系統。一個百億億次計算機可以每秒處理一百萬萬億次計算，這是更精確地模擬高超聲速飛行器的熱阻所需的速度。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Gina M. Raimondo稱上述實體符合列入《出口管理條例》第744.11條所列實體清單的標準。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"被加入“黑名單”後，影響幾何？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這7家實體被添加到實體清單後所適用的制裁限制將於2021年4月8日生效。清單規定了適用於所有受《出口管理條例》（EAR）約束的項目的許可要求，並排除了向這些實體出口、轉口或(境內)轉讓的任何許可證例外情況。在申請向這些實體出口的任何許可證時，國際清算銀行都將採用拒絕推定的許可證審查政策。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"被列入實體清單，意味着，上述7家公司在與美國公司開展業務之前，必須獲得美國政府的許可，美國意圖從根本上禁止這些公司獲得美國開發的幾乎所有先進技術。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"值得一提的是，彭博社的報道稱，針對這些超級計算實體的限制並不像之前針對華爲的限制那麼嚴重。"},{"type":"text","text":" 在針對華爲的制裁行動中，美政府應用了所謂的“外國直接產品規則”，限制華爲利用臺積電等公司爲其生產芯片的能力。一位知情人士表示，美國商務部的舉措不會阻止天津飛騰信息技術公司繼續向臺積電採購。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"天津飛騰信息技術公司和申威微電子公司是知名國產CPU供應商。官方資料顯示，天津飛騰信息技術公司致力於飛騰系列國產高性能、低功耗通用計算微處理器的設計研發，飛騰CPU產品目前主要包括高性能服務器CPU（騰雲S系列）、高效能桌面CPU（騰銳D系列）和高端嵌入式CPU（騰瓏E系列）三大系列，爲從端到雲的各型設備提供核心算力支撐。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"華盛頓郵報在報道中稱，飛騰微處理器已經被用於中國最大的空氣動力學研究中心的超級計算機，該研究中心正在進行高超音速武器的研究。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"CPU和SOC，包括用於超級計算機的CPU和SOC，均是使用電子設計自動化(EDA)以及美國開發的其他工具和技術來設計的，如果沒有這些工具和技術，飛騰或申威微電子幾乎不可能開發他們的處理器。華盛頓郵報稱，目前尚不清楚臺積電或中芯國際等半導體代工企業是否真的能爲飛騰或申威生產芯片。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在接受《華盛頓郵報》採訪時，向中國頂尖芯片製造商銷售電子設計自動化軟件的上海諮詢師Stewart Randall表示:“我在中國十年來，沒有遇到一家既不使用Synopsys也不使用Cadence的芯片設計公司。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"美國再打擊中國超算領域"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這次BIS還將中國四個超級計算機站點列入了黒名單 — 國家超級計算濟南中心、國家超級計算深圳中心、國家超級計算無錫中心、國家超級計算鄭州中心。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這是美國政府再一次打擊中國超算領域。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"早在2015年，在奧巴馬政府執政期間，美國商務部開始制裁與中國軍方高性能計算相關的實體。當年，美國商務部將中國國防科技大學和位於天津的國家超級計算中心列入了實體名單。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"值得注意的是，這兩家公司都與飛騰微密切相關。在被列入黑名單前，天津超級計算實驗室在其超級計算機“天河一號”(Tianhe 1)中使用了英特爾的芯片。有分析人士認爲，被列入實體清單後，英特爾無法再爲其提供芯片，因此，該實驗室轉而與飛騰合作。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"就在本週三，天津飛騰信息技術公司正式更名爲飛騰信息技術有限公司。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2019年，美國商務部列出了第二批參與軍方開發百億億次超級計算機的中國公司和實驗室。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這次飛騰等7家超算實體被列入實體清單，也是拜登政府上任後，美國政府第一次增加對華實體清單名單。截止目前，已有約300家中國實體被美國列入實體清單。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"據悉，在商務部這一政策公佈的前一天，Gina M. Raimondo 在新聞發佈會上表示，拜登政府“正忙於”評估其對華政策，官員們“正在積極地工作”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"實體清單計劃自特朗普政府開始實施，現在該計劃由繼任的拜登政府繼續推行。此前外界曾猜測，拜登政府上任後，對中國科技企業的打壓政策是否有緩和趨勢，現在看來，打壓勢頭或將更加猛烈。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"},{"type":"size","attrs":{"size":10}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"參考鏈接："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/national-security\/biden-administration-slaps-export-controls-on-chinese-firms-for-aiding-pla-weapons-development\/2021\/04\/07\/0c45bf0a-97f6-11eb-b28d-bfa7bb5cb2a5_story.html?fileGuid=V8wyJCJ8qjc6h9yh","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/national-security\/biden-administration-slaps-export-controls-on-chinese-firms-for-aiding-pla-weapons-development\/2021\/04\/07\/0c45bf0a-97f6-11eb-b28d-bfa7bb5cb2a5_story.html"}],"marks":[{"type":"italic"},{"type":"size","attrs":{"size":10}}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.commerce.gov\/news\/press-releases\/2021\/04\/commerce-adds-seven-chinese-supercomputing-entities-entity-list-their?fileGuid=V8wyJCJ8qjc6h9yh","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"https:\/\/www.commerce.gov\/news\/press-releases\/2021\/04\/commerce-adds-seven-chinese-supercomputing-entities-entity-list-their"}],"marks":[{"type":"italic"},{"type":"size","attrs":{"size":10}}]}]}]}