華爲迴應多個熱門話題：自動駕駛做的比特斯拉好，只要養得起海思就繼續養

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“2020年，華爲爲了求生存，解決制裁下的供應連續和麪向未來的可持續發展，進一步加大了研發投入，全年研發支出人民幣1418.9億元，佔銷售收入的15.9%。”4月12日，2021華爲全球分析師大會在深圳舉辦，華爲輪值董事長徐直軍在會上分享了公司經營情況並闡述了未來五項關鍵戰略舉措。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"去年，大會開幕式演講的主題爲“跨過時艱，向未來”，今年則是“亂雲飛渡仍從容”。對於在過去兩年經歷了數次制裁的華爲來說，最艱難的時刻或許已經過去，但又或者還未到來，前方也許還有更大的困難在等着。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但我們可以確認的是，華爲生存下來了。迫於無奈，這兩年華爲一次又一次地面對嚴峻的挑戰然後想方設法去解決，久而久之，華爲似乎已經習慣了這種“戰時狀態”。雖然現在的形勢並沒有比被制裁前好，但InfoQ從大會現場感受到，華爲變得更從容了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"談華爲雲調整、芯片等問題"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"據介紹，華爲2021年有五大戰略舉措，分別是：優化產業組合，增強產業韌性；推動5G價值全面發揮，定義5.5G，牽引5G持續演進；以用戶爲中心，打造全場景無縫的智慧體驗；通過技術創新，降低能源消耗、實現低碳社會；努力解決供應連續。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/dc\/f2\/dc11afc4298714c72ca51d6c13581bf2.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“2018年底，董事會通過了一個決定 ，投資20億美元提升軟件能力，在5年週期內，軟件工程能力再提升一個臺階。通過軟件提升，來減少對芯片的依賴，打造差異化，我們也在看軟件方面的機會，加大投入，提升軟件和服務的收入。”在講解優化產業組合時，徐直軍重點提及軟件方面的強化。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"他表示，強化軟件主要從兩點入手，第一點就是上面提到的提升軟件工程能力，第二點是研究在軟件產業方面還有哪些機會，一旦找到這些機會，就會加大投資，提升軟件與服務的收入佔比。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"過去幾個月，華爲雲業務組織架構經歷了多次調整。最近的一次調整在4月9日，華爲發文對雲業務進行了新的人事任命。在此次任命中，華爲輪值董事長徐直軍被任命華爲雲董事長，華爲消費者BG CEO餘承東被任命爲華爲雲CEO，同時Cloud BU新增兩個副主任，彭中陽和陶景文分別負責企業業務和流程IT。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對於這次調整，徐直軍表示，華爲認爲雲的核心是軟件，希望以此強化軟件方面的組織，使得它和硬件不要有太多的牽連。他進一步解釋道：“華爲雲的商業模式，是線上的業務，是訂閱的商業模式。所以華爲雲一直是端到端、相對閉環運作的一個獨立的BU。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"我們成立雲與計算BG的時候，希望能夠把服務器、存儲跟華爲雲協同運作，但協同運作的時候又發現一些問題，反而消耗了我們雲團隊的精力。"},{"type":"text","text":"所以我們現在又把服務器、存儲還回去，讓雲BU集中精力發展雲服務。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對於芯片的庫存儲備以及美國製裁，徐直軍直言，傷害還會持續顯現。華爲到底還有多少庫存？對於這個被廣泛關注的問題，徐直軍給出的答案還是與年報會議上的一致，即滿足To B客戶的需求沒問題，但也不是永遠沒問題。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"他進一步表示，應對芯片問題有兩個要點："},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一是利用庫存支持華爲儘可能活更長的時間"},{"type":"text","text":"，爲此，華爲現在會更加聚焦一些區域市場和客戶。第二，華爲是全球半導體芯片和器件的採購大戶，原來在全球排名第三，僅次於蘋果和三星，需求巨大。同時，中國是個巨大的芯片市場，每年有近4000億美金的採購額，很多中國企業擔心會受到和華爲類似的打壓，而他們也有類似華爲的需求。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"既然有這麼大的需求，那麼總會有企業願意去投資，看能不能找到既能符合美國的管制規則，又能滿足華爲和其它中國企業需求的辦法。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“如果我們的庫存消耗恰好和這個銜接上了，那我們的問題也就解決了。我相信這一天會到來。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"徐直軍表示，華爲或將會長期處於實體清單中，現在整體戰略和具體的舉措都是圍繞着這一前提來制定。"},{"type":"text","text":"對於拜登政府的上臺，華爲有在關注，但華爲不能在假設和幻想下去制定公司的戰略，因此對被移出實體清單是不抱任何幻想的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"他還提到了基於ARM生態的計算產品鯤鵬，現在沒有企業給華爲代工芯片，這在短期內無法解決。但他稱華爲會堅定不移發展鯤鵬生態。ARM最新推出的ARM V9，也不受美國出口管制的限制，雙方可以合作。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"另一方面，美國對華爲的制裁造成了“芯片荒”，全球企業恐慌性備貨，演變成全球、全行業供應短缺的問題。徐直軍表示，未來是否會引發全球性經濟危機也未可知。“解鈴仍須繫鈴人，要讓半導體產業迴歸正常的秩序，避免更大的危機，根本的答案是共同重建全球信任，儘快恢復全球產業鏈的合作。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"當被問及海思團隊的情況，徐直軍表示只要養得起，就會養着這支隊伍繼續向前，這支隊伍還是可以不斷地做一些研究、技術的積累，爲未來做準備。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"持續加大汽車賽道投資，未來不一定有6G"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在這次的分析師大會上，徐直軍重點提及了華爲對汽車賽道的重視。華爲認爲，"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"汽車產業是未來十年內可見的最具顛覆性的產業之一。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"徐直軍稱，"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"華爲將持續加大智能汽車部件產業的投資，尤其是自動駕駛軟件。"},{"type":"text","text":"不管是無人駕駛、自動駕駛、智能網聯汽車，還是汽車的四化，核心是自動駕駛軟件能不能真正讓汽車實現自動駕駛，並在未來進一步實現無人駕駛。華爲希望通過強力投資自動駕駛軟件來推動汽車行業的網聯化、智能化、電動化和共享化，推動汽車行業和ICT行業走向融合，爲華爲帶來長期持續的戰略機會。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"他強調，"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"華爲的定位是汽車的增量部件提供商"},{"type":"text","text":"，戰略是幫助車企造“好車”，“造好”車。他還提到，最近餘承東也在嘗試怎麼幫助車企賣好車。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"徐直軍表示，華爲目前已經與三家車企合作伙伴進行深度合作推出帶有“Huawei Inside”標識的汽車子品牌，包括北汽的ARCFOX極狐，以及重慶長安和廣汽，但後兩家名字還沒想好。華爲合作的品牌不會很多，今年第四季度打上“華爲inside”標識的智能汽車將陸續推出。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“我們爲‘華爲inside’模式設計了一個品牌logo叫‘HI’，代表Huawei Inside。未來看到HI這個logo，就證明是華爲跟這個夥伴一起打造的車。但不是所有華爲提供部件的車都能夠標上HI的logo，只有用了我們自動駕駛解決方案的車，纔可以標上HI的logo。”徐直軍說。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對於爲什麼華爲不自己造整車，徐直軍稱，華爲做這個決策是經過了多年的討論和慎重考慮，從2012年開始調研和研究，直到2018年華爲管理團隊在三亞的一次會議上決定華爲不造車，這個決策到現在都沒有改變。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"他進一步表示，智能汽車BU是除了消費者BG之外功能最完整的BU。今年在智能汽車部件的研發投資超過10億美金。現在做的每一個部件都已經推向市場，正在逐步獲得應用。“我們的團隊告訴我：他們是做得最好的，能夠做到在市區1000公里無干預的自動駕駛，這比特斯拉好多了。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"徐直軍也對5G發展現狀以及6G技術準備進行了迴應。在5G業務方面，徐直軍表示，全球5G進展超預期，截止到2020年底，全球共發佈了超過140張5G網絡，5G用戶數超過了3.3億，但要想實現5G的商業成功還是需要5G To C，因此要加大5G To C的發展力度，加快消費者用戶數的發展，加快用戶從4G向5G的遷移，讓5G網絡承載更多的流量。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"另外，還要加快完善5G To B的解決方案。目前5G 2B的市場主要還是在中國市場，華爲參與了其中大多數，包括鋼鐵、煤礦等行業。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"同時，華爲提出5.5G願景，希望5G再向下走一步。5G原來主要針對的是三個場景：一是大帶寬，二是多連接，三是低時延，5.5G在此基礎上進一步擴展應用場景，分別是UCBC（上行超寬帶）、RTBC（寬帶實時通信）和HCS（通信感知融合）三個新場景。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“6G應該是在2030年左右推向市場，但我們現在還不知道6G是什麼。”徐直軍表示，“雖然我們憧憬6G，但不一定有6G。不過，我們還是要爲6G有可能的到來做準備、做研究、做投資。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"未來十年的技術挑戰和發展方向"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"大會上，華爲董事、戰略研究院院長徐文偉發佈了邁向智能世界2030的九大技術挑戰與研究方向。他表示，下一個十年，聯接數量將達到千億級，寬帶速度每人將達到10Gbps，算力實現100倍提升、存儲能力實現100倍提升，可再生能源的使用將超過50%。圍繞信息和能量的產生、傳送、處理和使用，技術需要不斷演進。"}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/03\/5c\/039003f256a9372ed965a61768075f5c.jpeg","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"基於這些預測與假設，華爲提出了未來十年的挑戰和發展方向："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"numberedlist","attrs":{"start":1,"normalizeStart":1},"content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":1,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"定義5.5G，支撐未來千億規模的多樣性聯接，也就是萬物互聯的挑戰。"},{"type":"text","text":"不僅要聯接所有的人，還要聯接海量的物，而連接物的需求是多種多樣的。當前5G定義的三大場景很難支撐多樣性的物聯場景需求。必須從5G場景“三角形”變成5.5G場景“六邊形”，從支撐萬物互聯到使能萬物智聯。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":2,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"在納米尺度上駕馭光、實現光纖容量指數級增長。"},{"type":"text","text":"5G聯接的挑戰在數量，而光纖聯接的挑戰在容量。關鍵技術方向包括薄膜型高帶寬調製器、接近量子極限的光放、微腔光頻梳等，在更遠的未來，還需要研究SDM（空間分割多路複用）等新型光纖和光系統，實現單纖容量百倍增長。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":3,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"走向產業互聯，網絡協議必須優化。"},{"type":"text","text":"今天，網絡支撐的主體是百億級的消費互聯。2030年，網絡支撐的主體是萬億級的產業互聯，網絡協議面臨三個考驗：確定性、安全性、靈活性。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":4,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"通用算力遠遠跟不上智能世界的需求，必須打造超級算力。"},{"type":"text","text":"面向2030，算力需求將增長100倍。但當前，單核CPU性能每年提升率已從50%下降到10%，並且，通用計算在特定領域效率低下，如何打造超級算力，這是一個巨大的挑戰。模擬計算將在特定領域展現優勢。光子計算將應用於信號處理、組合優化、機器學習等領域，尤其是針對無線Massive MIMO和光通信領域將有極大應用場景。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":5,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"從海量多模態的數據中高效地進行知識提取，實現行業AI的關鍵突破。"},{"type":"text","text":"智能世界離不開AI， AI應用碎片性與AI的可信問題不可迴避。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":6,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"突破馮諾依曼限制，構建百倍密度增長的新型存儲。"},{"type":"text","text":"存儲面臨的兩大問題是“存得下”、“用得好”。未來存儲系統要突破新型大容量低時延內存技術，突破DNA存儲、高維新型光存儲等超大容量介質技術，突破超大存儲空間模型和編碼技術，打破容量牆。未來存儲系統要突破馮諾依曼架構的限制，從以CPU爲中心，轉向以內存爲中心、以數據爲中心，從搬移數據轉向搬移計算，打破性能牆。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":7,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"將計算與感知結合，實現多模交互的超現實體驗。"},{"type":"text","text":"超現實體驗，需要虛擬世界與真實世界的無縫融合，並能夠準確的感知和還原世界，在虛實結合的世界中理解用戶的意圖。需要將用戶所處的環境整體作爲一個超級計算機對待，依託語言、觸覺、光感、腦機等多模傳感器進行信息採集和傳輸，識別用戶意圖，並通過裸眼3D、全息投影、AR隱形眼鏡、數字嗅覺和數字觸覺等技術呈現給用戶。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":8,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"通過連續性的健康監測實現主動健康管理。"},{"type":"text","text":"人口老齡化帶來了更多慢性病。據統計，85%的死亡是由於慢性病，而慢性病必須進行實時檢測。必須攻克需要醫療級水平的可穿戴設備，如無創血糖，連續血壓，連續心電等車輛。結合雲服務和人工智能技術，爲個人打造一個完整個人健康大數據平臺，實現主動健康管理。通過腦機接口、肌電接口、可穿戴機器人等，從被照顧到自主管理，提升老年人的幸福感。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":9,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"構建智慧能源互聯網，實現綠色發電、綠色儲電和綠色用電。"},{"type":"text","text":"當前“碳達峯、碳中和”加速向新能源轉型，同時也帶來了發電、儲能以及用電的新挑戰。因此，必須構建一張智慧的能源互聯網，實現綠色發電、綠色儲能和綠色用電，這涉及幾個關鍵技術："}]}]}]},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"第一，管理技術。大數據、AI、雲等ICT技術與能源互聯網融合，通過能源雲+能源網，實現比特管理瓦特。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"第二，控制技術。通過電力電子能源路由器，實現能量雙向流動和功率智能分配，構建能源網絡的智能控制器。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"第三，儲能技術。發展新型儲能技術，如新型電化學、氫能等，滿足不同場景的能量存儲需求。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"第四，電力電子基礎技術。新型化合物功率半導體，包括面向中高壓的SiC\/金剛石和麪向中低壓的GaN技術，實現能源部件進一步高效和小型化。"}]}]}]}