虎牙直播技術演變之路

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2021 年 3 月，虎牙交出了去年成績單，披露發佈了 2020 年 Q4 及全年財報。2020 年第四季度，虎牙總收入爲 29.90 億元，全年總收入爲 109.14 億元。作爲遊戲直播領域的頭部企業之一，虎牙在盈利方面一直保持着穩定的增長，但在盈利背後少不了技術的支撐。那麼，在基礎架構技術方面，虎牙經歷了哪些演變？面對新興技術，虎牙又是如何選擇和應用的？… 爲了解答這些問題，InfoQ 記者採訪了虎牙公司主播服務技術部副總經理徐光興和基礎保障部技術總監王華夏。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"虎牙直播技術演進驅動內容創新"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"InfoQ：虎牙直播作爲直播行業的頭部平臺，從技術角度看讓虎牙處於領先的主要原因有哪些？技術能力在虎牙商業成功的過程中扮演着怎樣的角色？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"徐光興："},{"type":"text","text":"虎牙的戰略之一就是技術驅動內容，技術能力是虎牙業務創新發展的原生動力之一。虎牙在直播技術核心方向持續投入，重點聚焦於實時內容創作與直播互動技術，在端邊雲實時調度、實時 AI 內容生產、實時驅動與渲染、實時美化加工、虛實互動等核心能力都取得了不錯成果。這些技術能力與業務深度融合，再基於業務反饋持續優化創新，形成相互促進的良性循環，幫助虎牙在內容形式創新、用戶體驗兩大維度獲得了差異化的競爭優勢。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"舉例來說，喫雞遊戲火爆之前，虎牙在業內率先支持藍光 8M 高清開播，從而抓住了新遊的機遇；再比如利用端邊雲調度和實時加工能力，業內率先實現 PC\/ 移動端同時支持高清多人連麥。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"InfoQ：能結合直播技術的發展演進談談虎牙的技術架構演進嗎？有何特色？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"徐光興："},{"type":"text","text":"直播技術演進與互聯網信息傳播技術的發展息息相關。信息傳播經歷了從最早的純文字、到圖片和語音，再到視頻和直播的發展過程。在這個過程中，技術作爲信息傳播的載體，傳輸的數據量越來越大，傳播的內容形式越來越豐富。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"具體來看，直播技術演進主要可以分爲三個階段："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"第一階段：直播技術從最早的語音開黑房間，到語音直播，再到遊戲視頻直播演進。這個階段的關鍵技術是大數據視頻不卡不掉不延遲的傳輸技術，這也是虎牙一直深耕並佔據優勢的領域。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"第二階段：2015 年，隨着移動互聯網普及和智能設備成熟，視頻直播迎來了快速成長的第二階段。手機開播、藍光高清、投屏直播、直播互動等都是在這個階段湧現，AI 和大數據等技術也在這個時期逐漸參與到直播內容生產與分發的各個環節。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"第三階段：在第二階段後期，主流直播平臺的內容生產能力逐漸趨同。此時，直播平臺必須做出差異化才能具有競爭力。虎牙通過搭建端邊雲結合的技術架構，並升級爲內容生產加工與互動服務的內容生產網，進入到了第三階段。突破端上算力限制，推出虛實結合的交互方式，內容質量與互動能力得到了同步提升。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"InfoQ：剛剛我們結合直播技術的發展講述了虎牙內容生產與互動技術的演進，那麼底層基礎技術架構，它主要會涉及到哪些方面？又是如何支撐公司整體技術運轉的？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"王華夏："},{"type":"text","text":"所有支撐業務正常運行所需要的 IT 基礎設施，都是基礎架構的工作內容。從混合雲的建設（包括機房選址到機器的選型，雲廠商的選擇）、資源虛擬化、資源交付，到流量接入，基礎中間件服務以及依託這些服務構建的一站式 PaaS 平臺。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"基礎架構的核心要求就是提供更穩定、性價比更高、能力更強的基礎服務給上層業務，使得業務可以快速構建創新產品。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/wechat\/images\/34\/34a4ba6188d5544a876256b9296cfc8b.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"圖示：虎牙基礎技術架構圖"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而從支撐公司整體技術運轉的角度看，主要包括兩個方面："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、技術能力上，是否具備前瞻性。"},{"type":"text","text":" 業務層有創新需求時，基礎服務是否具備相應的能力。基礎能力建設要永遠跑在業務需求前面，而不是臨時抱佛腳。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、滿足業務發展需求，支撐產品迭代。"},{"type":"text","text":" 實時內容創作與直播互動技術是虎牙的兩大核心技術能力，相應地，它們對基礎設施支持的要求也高於行業平均水準。以實時互動爲例，它對網絡延時、穩定性的要求極高。因此，虎牙基礎架構團隊在邊緣計算方面做了很多工作，支持實時內容加工能力很好下沉到邊緣，研發了邊緣容器方案和邊緣容器網絡。爲解決邊緣公網抖動的問題，自研了“蜘蛛俠”虎牙 SDWAN 解決方案，建設了基於 ebpf 和 dpdk 的適應視頻業務高帶寬、低延時的高性能邊緣網關。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"源於社區，終於社區，虎牙如何應用實踐新技術？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"InfoQ：技術架構之外，具體的技術採用往往也是決定產品成敗的關鍵，最近在直播技術方向上，你們最關心哪些新興的技術趨勢呢？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"徐光興："},{"type":"text","text":"我們一直在關注直播互動及其相關技術的發展，例如 5G 的大帶寬低時延，能否帶來移動端更多直播互動玩法；VR\/AR 的成熟與落地，在提升用戶觀看體驗、塑造多元內容的同時，是否會誕生新的交互方式。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我們在直播互動領域的一次重要嘗試就是虎牙首創的虛實互動技術，實現了虛實結合多人同臺，將真人、虛擬人、用戶、真實場景、虛擬場景等衆多元素結合，打造了新穎的多人實時互動玩法，豐富了直播畫面元素，增強了視覺衝擊力，提升了用戶的參與感。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"InfoQ：能舉一個通俗易懂的例子來說明虎牙是如何應用新技術的嗎？取得了怎樣的效果？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"徐光興："},{"type":"text","text":"2020 年，虎牙推出了首個虛實結合 AR 直播節目《電波之夜》，讓真人主播、虛擬主播、IP 等虛實多人同臺，進行歌舞表演，對人物表情動作進行高質量實時捕捉，在呈現和互動效果上達到了新的高度，集中展示了虎牙的虛實結合技術。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在人物形象處理上，實現了髮絲級色鍵摳像處理、真實世界光照光源景深位置理解。此外，基於攝像機虛實追蹤同步技術，實現釐米級精度場景人物精確追蹤，做出真人和虛擬形象擬真的接觸交互 MR 互動效果。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在場景上，支持動態光線追蹤和複雜光影渲染效果，呈現出了炫酷的舞臺效果，實現了 3A 級場景。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在實時驅動技術上，使用消費級攝像頭和麥克風，對虛擬形象進行表情、肢體、語音全方位的 AI 技術驅動生成，使虛擬人物達到了真人級別的擬真度。通過輕量級的表情驅動，把表情遷移到虛擬形象的面部；通過肢體驅動賦予虛擬形象和真人一樣的肢體動作，解決了輕量化的半身驅動和手掌驅動的業界難題；語音上，只靠麥克風音頻的輸入，就可以用語音讓虛擬人嘴部動起來，和主播說話同步。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/wechat\/images\/c8\/c8c182c96974d7e4d852c7ec53677e1d.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"圖示：虎牙直播首個虛實結合 AR 直播盛會“電波之夜”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"InfoQ：現在大家都在討論自主可控與開源，虎牙是如何思考的呢？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"王華夏："},{"type":"text","text":"目前我們的技術策略是：優先考慮開源，在開源的基礎上做二次開發。我們不鼓勵全部自己造輪子，特別是行業中已經存在比較好的解決方案的時候。以中間件技術爲例，ES、MQ、名字服務、Web 網關等多來自開源技術。在技術自主可控上，虎牙更關心的是在快速支持業務需求的同時，保持穩定高效運行。另外，我認爲不管技術是原創還是開源，能喫透使用的技術或方案，系統出現問題時能迅速解決，這纔是真正的“可控”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我們鼓勵使用開源，並不意味着用開源搞定一切。在實際工作中，我們發現業務團隊直接去使用開源中間件的時候，學習和使用成本非常高。面對不同的場景，開源項目通常不能直接滿足業務的特色需求。所以，我們在儘量保持和開源版本同步的情況下，會基於開源服務做二次封裝並且服務化交付，讓業務團隊可以忽略差異而只用關注業務需求。同時，我們也需要解決中間件高可用、可觀測、資源利用率等問題，這些都離不開技術創新，我們在中間件服務一個技術方向上申請的專利數就超過了 20 個。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"除了使用開源技術，我們也會反饋社區共建開源生態，公司內部很多同學都是熱門項目的 committer。我們也在籌備開源行業前沿的技術項目，比如前文提到的邊緣容器化、邊緣網關、SDWAN 等邊緣計算項目。虎牙在雲原生時代的技術態度是：源於社區，終於社區。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"不做“兩耳不聞窗外事一心只顧敲代碼”的程序員"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"InfoQ：你們是如何開展團隊的文化建設工作的呢？團隊文化的建設對於實際工作的推進是否有一些幫助呢？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"王華夏："},{"type":"text","text":"團隊文化建設首先要明確建設目標是什麼。我們的目標是爲了打造銳意創新、開放協作的團隊氛圍。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我們主要從管理制度、技術運營和技術激勵三個方面開展團隊文化建設："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"管理制度方面，我們採用了 OKR 目標管理，有助於形成信息透明、自下而上自主決策的工作氛圍；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"激勵制度方面，鼓勵技術創新、加強服務化意識，通過評獎充分發揮榜樣作用，激勵更多團隊和同事學習，形成良好的競優氛圍；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"內外聯動的多維技術運營，這是虎牙團隊文化建設比較有特色的部分。對內，建立常態化技術交流分享機制，提供思想碰撞的平臺；對外，幫助大家走出去，向一流技術大會推薦議題和講師，加強技術交流，建設學習互動型團隊。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"團隊文化是一種無形的力量，在潛移默化中感染團隊成員，統一團隊的價值和目標認知，提升成員歸屬感和使命感。在實際工作中，可以激發員工自驅力，提高協作效率，充分挖掘團隊潛力。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"InfoQ：技術總在不斷的演進，但是有的程序員年齡上去之後就跟不上技術的演進步伐了，你們是怎麼看待這個問題的？有沒有比較好的解決方法？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"徐光興："},{"type":"text","text":"年齡永遠不是學習的障礙，有經驗的人學習新技術往往更快，因爲更能透徹理解背後的原理。在程序開發領域，技術變化日新月異，但萬變不離其宗，各種技術五花八門，但都遵循類似的原理和基礎。那麼，能否通過積累，形成經驗優勢，就需要個人多看多思多總結，敢於提出新的想法和方案，逐步形成自己的一套持續驗證和迭代的方法論。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"其實，不只是程序員這個職業，各行各業隨着時代的發展都在不斷演進，保持開放的心態，緊跟行業前沿，敢於擁抱變化，持續學習，不斷增強自身能力很重要。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在公司層面，開放、良好的技術學習氛圍很重要。就像剛說到的團隊文化建設，能夠鼓勵員工互相交流學習，激勵員工走出去開拓視野，不做“兩耳不聞窗外事一心只顧敲代碼”的程序員，適時調整思維方式和工作模式，保持技術敏感度。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"近幾年，虎牙技術團隊都會組織核心技術人員去頂級互聯網公司交流，我們也十分感慨，像 Amazon、Google、Microsoft 等企業，很多工程師都會幹一輩子，即使年紀很大的技術專家依然在激情十足地敲着代碼，爲公司貢獻着價值。我們相信，只要保持緊跟技術前沿的熱情和持續學習的心態，年齡並不是限制技術人員的天花板。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"採訪嘉賓"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"徐光興，虎牙公司技術副總經理"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"王華夏，虎牙公司技術總監"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}}]}