中國龍芯發佈自主指令系統架構LoongArch

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"龍芯是近年來國產自主程度相對較高的芯片,曾支撐 2015 年中國發射的北斗衛星。2020 年 8 月份,龍芯曾宣佈放棄所有美國技術,轉而研發一套完全採用中國技術的指令集 ,離自主可控更進一步。如今,龍芯正式推出自主指令系統架構,相應芯片已成功流片。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"龍芯推出自主指令系統架構"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"近日,根據龍芯中科方面的消息,龍芯自主指令系統架構(以下簡稱龍芯架構)的基礎架構通過國內第三方知名知識產權評估機構的評估。目前支持該架構的龍芯 3A5000 處理器芯片已經流片成功,基於新架構的完整操作系統已經在 3A5000 計算機上穩定運行,這標誌着國產自主信息技術體系和產業生態建設取得重要進展。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"CPU 指令系統是計算機的軟硬件界面,是 CPU 所執行的軟件指令的二進制編碼格式規範。一種指令系統承載了一個軟件生態,如 X86 指令系統和 Windows 操作系統形成的 Wintel 生態、ARM 指令系統和 Android 操作系統形成的 AA 生態。國外 CPU 廠商以指令系統作爲控制生態的手段,需要獲得“授權”才能研製與之相兼容的 CPU。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"目前,構建自主可控的信息技術體系和產業生態已成爲共識,同時自主產業生態企業也深切感受到,“在別人的牆基上砌房子,再大再漂亮也可能經不起風雨,甚至會不堪一擊”,而指令系統就是信息產業的牆基,基於國外授權的指令系統難以建設自主的信息技術體系和產業生態。2020 年,龍芯中科基於二十年的 CPU 研製和生態建設積累推出了龍芯架構(LoongArch),包括基礎架構部分和向量指令、虛擬化、二進制翻譯等擴展部分,近 2000 條指令。龍芯架構不包含 MIPS 指令系統。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/wechat\/images\/4f\/4f4361795ecb5c458632a140fad4d664.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"圖源:龍芯中科"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"自主性方面,龍芯架構從整個架構的頂層規劃,到各部分的功能定義,再到細節上每條指令的編碼、名稱、含義,均進行自主重新設計;同原有兼容指令系統相比,龍芯架構不僅在硬件方面更易於高性能低功耗設計,而且在軟件方面更易於編譯優化和操作系統、虛擬機的開發;龍芯架構在設計時還充分考慮了兼容生態需求,融合了國際主流指令系統的主要功能特性,不僅能夠確保現有龍芯電腦上應用二進制的無損遷移,而且能夠實現多種國際主流指令系統的高效二進制翻譯。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"據瞭解,龍芯中科從 2020 年起新研的 CPU 均支持龍芯架構。龍芯中科已經在一定範圍內發佈龍芯架構的基礎架構指令系統手冊,待完成評估後將在更大範圍內發佈更完整的龍芯架構指令系統手冊。龍芯中科還將聯合產業鏈夥伴在適當的時間建立開放指令系統聯盟,在聯盟成員內免費共享架構及有關龍芯 IP 核。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"過去一年,在生態建設方面,龍芯也取得了一些進展,比如百度飛槳深度學習框架與龍芯國產通用處理器進行了安裝部署測試、基本功能測試和穩定性兼容性測試,聯合測試結果顯示百度飛槳深度學習平臺在龍芯 3A4000 平臺上均能順利安裝,且系統整體運行穩定,滿足用戶的關鍵性應用需求;科大訊飛的訊(詢)問筆錄系統(客戶端)產品及聽見智能會議系統政府特供版(客戶端)產品在龍芯 3A3000 平臺上順利安裝、運行良好,且整體系統運行穩定,性能卓越等。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"龍芯決定放棄所有美國技術的這半年"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"長期以來,除了在芯片代工方面薄弱之外,中國在芯片指令集上也幾乎是採用的美國技術,華爲也購買了 ARM 芯片架構的授權,考慮到 ARM 當前命運飄忽不定的現狀,這種授權未來是否可以繼續也很難說。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在國產芯片中,龍芯的自主程度相對較高,這款芯片誕生之初就主張源代碼自己寫,處理器核自己設計,擁有自主發展權,唯一可能的隱患就是龍芯的指令系統 LoongISA 基於美國 MIPS 發展而來,基礎架構和 MIPS 有着千絲萬縷的聯繫。儘管 MIPS 市場規模小的可憐,現在也基本停止維護,但終究是不可控因素。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2020 年 8 月份,龍芯胡偉武在 2020 年計算機體系結構學術年會上的《指令系統的自主與兼容》報告中談到,龍芯下決心徹底放棄之前使用的所有美國技術,打算實現 100% 純國產,"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"準備研發一套完全採用中國技術的指令集 LoongArch,該指令集兼容 MIPS 指令集,同時也能兼容龍芯後來擴展自 MIPS 架構的 LoongISA 指令集。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在當時的介紹中,LoongArch 是全新的指令集。包含基礎指令 337 條、虛擬機擴展 10 條、二進制翻譯擴展 176 條、128 位向量擴展 1024 條、256 位向量擴展 1018 條,共計 2565 條原生指令。MIPS、X86、ARM、Risc-V 都將通過二進制模擬來運行,不再原生支持。區別只是 MIPS 與 LoongArch 近似度較高,效率會高一些。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"起初,龍芯被重視很重要的一個背景是 2015 年 4 月 9 日《華爾街日報》報道,美國政府禁止企業向與超級計算機有關的中國設施出口技術,這對英特爾和其他硬件供應商來說是一個打擊,給中美兩國之間的一系列科技爭端再添一項。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這一限令包含在美國商務部發布在聯邦政府網站的一份公告中,其日期標明爲 2 月 18 日,即中國除夕,但直到 4 月 9 日纔有媒體獲悉其存在。被列入限制名單的分別是中國國防科學技術大學、國家超級計算機長沙中心、國家超級計算機天津中心和國家超級計算機廣州中心。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"公告聲稱,美國政府認定名單上的這些機構“涉及違反美國國家安全或外交政策利益的活動”。例如,“中國國防科學技術大學採用源自美國的多核、主板和處理器生產天河-1A 和天河二號”,這兩個系統“據信被用於核爆炸活動”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果有美國公司要向名單上的 4 家中國機構出售相關技術,必須先向美國政府申請出口許可。但正如公告所指出的那樣,這類許可的申請“通常會遭到政策性的拒絕”。因此這一公告實際上相當於禁令。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"時至今日,國際形勢更爲複雜,龍芯架構也顯得格外重要,純國產自主研發是目前最穩妥的選擇。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Alphabet 董事長 35 年前參與創立 MIPS"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"提到龍芯架構依賴的 MIPS,很多人可能感覺非常陌生,其由斯坦福大學教授 John Hennessy(身兼 Alphabet 公司董事長職務、斯坦福前校長、也是圖靈獎得主)於 35 年前參與創立,由這家公司打造的同名芯片架構方法,時至今日仍然在世界範圍內得到不少應用。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2018 年末到 2019 年,中美貿易戰全面升級,MIPS 的核心技術通過多家註冊於開曼羣島與薩摩亞的企業、經由一系列複雜的交易被許可給上海芯聯芯智能科技有限公司。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"據知情人士透露,目前上海芯聯芯智能科技有限公司控制着中國所有新老客戶的全部 MIPS 許可權,同時也掌握着基於 MIPS 架構開發新型衍生技術的權限。一位知情人士指出,“面向中國大陸地區的許可已經被全盤售出”,交易總價值爲 6000 萬美元。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"隨着 MIPS 母公司 Wave Computing 在美執行破產程序,MIPS 的命運也開始變得撲朔迷離。Wave Computing 通過公關公司表示,該公司及其律師事務所認爲,"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"新的管理團隊對該公司在執行 MIPS 許可協議的出口、進口與吸收外國投資等方面的“合規性與合法性”充滿信心。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在路透社的最新報道中,多位硅谷風險投資家、律師以及科技初創企業 CEO 表示 "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"自美國方面於 2018 年底收緊中國對美國各科技初創公司的直接投資限制以來,許可協議與離岸實體已經成爲新的、最爲熱門的技術轉讓途徑。此次 MIPS 採取的正是這樣一種執行思路。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但從傳統來看,許可交易通常不受 CFIUS(美國外資投資委員會)的審查與管轄,而且只要並非出於規避法律限制的目的、並遵循美國的出口管制法律(該法律旨在對具有戰略意義的商品進行出口管制),則交易通常不存在違法風險。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"目前負責美國國防部創新部門的技術高管 Michael Brown 表示,“中國正在利用合資企業或許可協議轉移技術成果,而不再繼續與美國夥伴保持長期合作。因此,必須對這些協議進行認真研究,保證轉移的技術項目不出問題。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"CFIUS 方面並未迴應此次交易問題,也沒有對 MIPS 技術轉讓的更多相關細節做出評論。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"MIPS 多次被交易,背景複雜"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"根據法庭公佈的文件,由於收購 MIPS 相關的融資交易被迫撤回,Wave Computing 在今年 4 月下旬申請《美國破產法》中的第 11 章破產保護。一位前 CIP 工程師表示,CIP 方面與中國的協議仍然有效,包括繼續向華爲以及其他多家中國企業提供 MIPS 技術許可。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2017 年 9 月,中資背景的 Canyon Bridge 曾宣佈收購英國芯片公司 Imagination Technologies,而後者當時正是 MIPS 的所有方。當時,CFIUS 對 MIPS 收購交易進行了一番審查。根據 Imagination 在 2017 年 9 月 22 日發佈的 MIPS 出售事宜聲明,"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"該交易若要順利完成,則必須進行重組以將 MIPS 與該集團內的其餘業務區分開來。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"自 Imagination 的拆分之後,MIPS 經過多次易手最終落入 Wave Computing 公司手中,之前提到的 Canyon Bridge 以及阿里巴巴都持有 Wave Computing 的少量股份。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"美國戰略與國際研究中心技術政策計劃主任 James Lewis 表示,“我希望 CFIUS 能夠在對技術投資的監督方面採取強硬態度。”他曾參與起草了 2018 年管制法案中的部分措施,旨在加強對於外國直接投資活動的監管。但此次立法並未涉及對於許可類交易的督導。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如此看來,在當前的國際形勢下,MIPS 確實不是穩妥的選擇,其背後的公司命運也尚不明晰。事實上,很多處理器看似是中國自主製造,但指令集授權往往來自於 ARM、MIPS,雖然很多都表示是長期授權,但只要 ARM 或者 MIPS 更新指令集,舊的授權就面臨執行問題。在這樣的背景下,龍芯希望自主研發進而完全可控是可以理解的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"參考鏈接:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/baike.baidu.com\/item\/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/baike.baidu.com\/item\/"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 龍芯 \/145607?fr=aladdin"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-china-tech-insight\/tech-war-chronicles-how-a-silicon-valley-chip-pioneer-landed-in-china-idUSKBN25L15U","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-china-tech-insight\/tech-war-chronicles-how-a-silicon-valley-chip-pioneer-landed-in-china-idUSKBN25L15U"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.bilibili.com\/read\/cv10870749\/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.bilibili.com\/read\/cv10870749\/"}]}]}]}
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