新技術剛測試就被全行業禁用,谷歌“殺死”Cookies真能重寫規則嗎?

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"從 17 年至19年底, Google 面臨的罰款總額已經超過 93 億歐元,其中一大原因便是侵犯用戶數據隱私。迫於巨大壓力,Google Chrome 團隊在去年宣佈,計劃在未來兩到三年內,分階段淘汰 Chrome 瀏覽器上對第三方 Cookie 的支持。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"今年3 月,Chrome 瀏覽器上的第三方 Cookie 已經正式終結。近日,谷歌在Chrome瀏覽器上測試了其新的數據追蹤技術FLoC(Federated Learning of Cohorts, 聯邦隊列學習)。計劃雖然在進行,但卻不像Google 想的那樣順利。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"幾乎被全行業反對"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"FLoC是谷歌“隱私沙盒”計劃的一部分,旨在取代基於第三方 Cookie 的廣告追蹤技術,主要通過瀏覽器的機器學習來記錄用戶的瀏覽記錄。與 Cookie 不同的是,FLoC技術會根據用戶的瀏覽習慣將其分爲不同的“同類興趣羣組”,廣告主便可將廣告投入到這個組中。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"不僅僅是谷歌,其他幾家廣告商也在轉向類似的聯邦學習羣組。Facebook和Twitter都在自己的生態系統內尋找類似的FLoC定位方法。對於社交平臺來說,這並不是特別重要,因爲這些平臺上的廣告投放通常也是以類似“分組”方式進行的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/4f\/ff\/4f9f9a126169de43185848434fa866ff.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"去Cookie的同時,谷歌引入了看起來技術更復雜、更隱私的新技術,但該技術方案几乎遭到了全行業的反對。"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/amifloced.org\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"電子前沿基金會(EFF)"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"直接發文表示:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"很高興谷歌終於限制了Chrome中的第三方cookie,但它最不應該做的就是引入新的跟蹤技術。FLoC本身也存在隱私問題,它很可能會繼續對定向廣告造成歧視和其他危害。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"EFF認爲瀏覽器開發者應該專注於提供隱私、對用戶友好的服務,而不是一味迎合廣告主的興趣。我們應該想象一個更美好的未來:沒有針對性廣告帶來的危害,也沒有谷歌的FLoC。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"隱私搜索引擎 DuckDuckGo 則直接先更新了面向 Chrome 瀏覽器用戶的 Privacy Essentials 擴展程序,以阻止谷歌新推出的基於 FLoC 的跟蹤方法。GitHub也在近日宣佈在所有GitHub Pages網站上推出了一個神祕的HTTP標頭,此標頭(現在由GitHub網站返回)實際上是供網站所有者選擇退出Google FLoC跟蹤的。此外,同樣使用 Chromium 內核的 Brave、Vivaldi、Microsoft Edge 等瀏覽器開發商都不願爲其提供支持。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Brave發言人指出,問題不在FLoC本身,而是多個數據源的組合。FLoC通過添加重要的指紋識別表面,增加了用戶在不同網站、個人資料和瀏覽會話中被識別的風險。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"瀏覽器指紋是一種能夠從某人的瀏覽器中獲取單獨的信息片段,並將其構建爲特定人的可靠標識符的能力。用戶的瀏覽行爲越獨特,就越容易被指紋識別,也越容易暴露自己。用戶的隊列ID只是另一個數據點,幫助算法更好地理解用戶。而據EFF調查,實時版本的FLoC已產生33,872個隊列,比Google的首次實驗多了100倍。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"DuckDuckGo公關副總裁Kamyl Bazbaz也表示,這種分類機制的最終結果就是會形成“超級追蹤器”,這比許多網站在使用的Google Analytics(Google的網站分析網站)更爲恐怖。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"此外,FLoC已經是對人們瀏覽行爲數據進行“事實上”的處理,這個行爲是否符合法律規範還有待商榷。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"德國漢堡數據保護專員約翰內斯·卡斯帕(Johannes Caspar)表示,“FLoC技術觸犯了GDPR(歐盟"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#333333","name":"user"}}],"text":"《通用數據保護條例》"},{"type":"text","text":")中要求的幾個問題,使用FLoCs可以被看作是處理個人數據的行爲,而這需要當事人的同意,企業也要提供關於這些操作清晰和透明的信息”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"這也是爲什麼谷歌沒有選擇在歐洲進行測試,因爲他們也非常清楚FLoC與GDPR的潛在衝突之處。谷歌Chrome產品經理Marshall Vale對此表示,歐盟的隱私法爲用戶信息的透明度和控制制定了很高的標準,這也是我們爲FLoC設想的。“數據保護機構的投入是做好這項工作的關鍵,這是我們已經開始就這項技術與監管部門進行早期對話的原因。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"根據"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/blog.google\/products\/chrome\/privacy-sustainability-and-the-importance-of-and\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Google"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"的說法,該測試是在澳大利亞、巴西、加拿大、印度、印度尼西亞、日本、墨西哥、新西蘭、菲律賓和美國等地0.5%的用戶中進行。數千萬用戶將在不知情的情況下被納入試驗,也沒有選擇退出的簡單方法。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"法國數據監管機構國家信息與自由委員會(CNIL)一位發言人表示將“特別關注”該技術,因爲它可能需要訪問已經存儲在人們設備上的信息。CNIL明確表示,部署這種系統需要用戶用戶知情,並得到其具體、明確的同意。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"隱私“外衣”下的控制權爭奪?"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"儘管Google多次強調要保護用戶隱私,但幾乎沒有人承認這點。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Google的隱私政策只禁止第三方cookies,但第一方cookies,包括Google自己的Gmail、Youtube和Chrome上的cookie,則不在受限範圍內。名爲保護用戶隱私,但實際上是不是在將“隱私”掌控在自己手中?這是備受爭議的一點。事實上,第三方Cookie並不是企業投放廣告的唯一方式,收集第一方數據的公司可能做出更精準的投放。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"“現在認爲Google已成爲親消費者的隱私公司還爲時過早。”營銷企業PreciseTarget創始人Rob McGovern評論道。除了繼續使用第一方Cookie來跟蹤消費者之外,Google還將繼續在Android上跟蹤消費者位置。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"值得注意的是,當Google表示不會從Gmail,照片和雲端硬盤等Google應用中收集數據時,這份名單中並沒有Chrome。Chrome瀏覽器仍然是Google用來收集消費者數據的重要工具。而根據StatCounter公佈的數據,Chrome是4月份唯一一個保持增長的瀏覽器,份額達到了 67.55%。蘋果Safari 瀏覽器降到了 9.85%,微軟 Edge 瀏覽器降到了 7.96%。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"“Google在其所有應用程序上使用的第一方Cookie,正在成爲一種難以置信的強大跟蹤資產。”McGovern表示。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"儘管Google一直在提倡減少網上跟蹤消費者,但其並未採取任何措施阻止開發人員通過Android應用程序執行相同的操作。這與蘋果在隱私保護上的做法並不一致。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"蘋果推出了 App Tracking Transparency (ATT)功能,集成到最新的iOS、iPadOS和tvOS版本中,要求開發者在追蹤其他應用程序和整個網絡中的用戶之前徵求許可。目前,Apple的新IDFA(廣告商標識符)規則已經生效,用戶將能夠阻止應用程序的IDFA標識符,開發人員還必須獲得用戶許可才能使用IDFA在應用程序和網站之間進行跟蹤,同時提供有關正在收集的數據、將與誰共享等詳細信息。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"同樣是宣稱隱私保護,蘋果的做法得到了倡導隱私保護組織的贊同。EFF評價蘋果ATT是“向正確方向又邁進了一步”,甚至很多對廣告依賴性很強的公司也表示贊同。社交應用開發商Snap表示支持,並計劃採用蘋果配套的移動廣告框架。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"當然也有反對的聲音。Facebook和其他公司指責蘋果在後臺發展自己的營銷業務時妨礙了數字廣告競爭對手。但蘋果並沒有遭到像Google那樣的幾乎全行業反對。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"反觀現在的安卓手機用戶,位置信息等仍在被收集。Google也只是宣佈,將在Google Play程序中設立新的安全區,讓用戶可以看到開發者收集並分享了什麼數據,並告知更多安全及隱私信息。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"結束語"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Cookie 支撐起了巨大的廣告市場,爲許多營銷人員在線跟蹤和定向用戶提供了有效的解決方法,但隨着Cookie的不斷滲透,大家意識到Cookie 在某種程度上已經危及了自己的隱私和安全。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"蘋果 Safari 等瀏覽器完全禁用了第三方 Cookie,GitHub 宣佈從 GitHub 網站刪除了所有非必要的 Cookie banner,Adobe也推出可替代第三方Cookie的軟件。在禁止一些Cookie的同時,"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#5a5a5a","name":"user"}}],"text":"巨頭們也開始建立自己的信息收集標準來徹底取代Cookie,但這還需要一定的時間。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"根據Google的說法,FLoC技術在現階段具有Cookie追蹤95%的成效,廣告商可以獲得和使用Cookie追蹤相同的投資回報(Return on Investment,ROI)。但對廣告主而言,FLoC產生的羣組還不夠靈活和精細,廣告主若想判斷該羣組對一件具體商品的興趣度依舊很難。廣告公司Criteo SA高管表示爲FLoC做準備,但不確定在收入上會帶來什麼影響。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"隨着數字隱私受到越來越多的關注,Cookie時代也邁入了後半程。如何在儘量不損害各方利益情況下取代 Cookie 是擺在企業面前一個很現實的問題。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"參考鏈接:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.eff.org\/deeplinks\/2021\/03\/google-testing-its-controversial-new-ad-targeting-tech-millions-browsers-heres","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.eff.org\/deeplinks\/2021\/03\/google-testing-its-controversial-new-ad-targeting-tech-millions-browsers-heres"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.cmswire.com\/digital-marketing\/how-apple-and-googles-tracking-rules-are-impacting-advertisers-and-marketers\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.cmswire.com\/digital-marketing\/how-apple-and-googles-tracking-rules-are-impacting-advertisers-and-marketers\/"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]}]}]}
發表評論
所有評論
還沒有人評論,想成為第一個評論的人麼? 請在上方評論欄輸入並且點擊發布.
相關文章