砸200億美元進軍芯片代工，英特爾孤注一擲的自救

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"作爲曾經的硅谷締造者之一，文化上的自滿與錯失移動浪潮的戰略失誤已經令這位芯片巨頭遠遠落後於其他競爭對手。"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"英特爾7納米芯片仍然在路上"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"除了專業投資人或分析師之外，英特爾在季度收入報告中列出的這第三項要點在大多數人眼中可以說是既無聊又無力——"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"“由10納米向7納米產品過渡的時間點，晚於先前預期。"},{"type":"text","text":"”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"英特爾的一舉一動永遠牽動人心。而最新一輪財報明確給出了殘忍的結果，英特爾最新、最出色的芯片仍然“在路上”，而走得很不順遂。該公司曾經承諾製造7納米制程（相當於七十億分之一米）晶體管芯片，並將2021年設爲最後期限。很多朋友都知道，晶體管越小、單位面積所能容納的總晶體管量就越大，處理器的性能或效率將更上一層樓。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"而新制程產品再度延後，自然代表着英特爾還得靠上代老芯片繼續“混”過一年。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"自上世紀六十年代以來，英特爾一直是美國製造業中的明珠。當時，Robert Noyce與Gordon Moore在加利福尼亞州山景城建立起這家企業，並協助創建了現代芯片產業乃至名震天下的硅谷地區。芯片巨頭如今已經將總部遷往聖塔克拉拉。雖然發展歷程中新技術量產延誤時有發生，但英特爾的工程師們始終堅信每一次挫折僅僅只是暫時的波動。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但2020年7月，情況發生了實質性變化。在財報電話會議上，英特爾公司CEO Bob Swan表示，該公司擬建的未來芯片製造廠（晶圓廠）可能永遠無法跟上製程發展。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"爲此，芯片巨頭正在考慮藉助承包商製造7納米芯片。"},{"type":"text","text":" Swan在回答分析師的提問時表示，“如果我們真的需要其他廠商的製程技術，也真的只能用這些應急計劃解決問題，那我們必須做好準備。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"他的回答語氣虛浮、嗑嗑絆絆，顯然是沒有爲這個問題做好準備。當時在電話中聆聽他陳述的分析師，腦中不約而同浮現兩個大字：廢話。但無論如何，"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Swan的迴應堪稱英特爾公司52年發展歷史中的重大轉折。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在此之前，英特爾不僅擁有先進的處理器設計能力，同時也掌握着生產數億枚芯片以驅動全球計算設備的複雜技術。完善的內部技術儲備，也讓英特爾長年把持着價值4000億美元的全球芯片行業的龍頭位置。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這種技術能力不僅讓英特爾脫穎而出，這種地位本身也成爲二十世紀美國資本主義神話的重要組成部分。沒錯，大多數電子產品確實由亞洲工廠生產，但這些只是美國自己看不上的低利潤組件與低收益崗位。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"另一方面，英特爾在美國本土的工廠則專門製造最複雜、利潤率最高的組件。克林頓、小布什與奧巴馬三任總統都參觀過英特爾的晶圓廠，印在全球檯式機與筆記本電腦上的“Intel Inside”標記也成爲整整一代人的回憶。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"上世紀九十年代，在公司文化自信最高漲的時期，英特爾甚至開始在電視廣告中配着Wild Cherry的Play That Funky Music樂曲宣傳自己的高科技無塵車間。那是何等的輝煌、何等的自信……而如今，Swan先生的笨拙表達無疑否定了英特爾的光榮傳統、甚至可能損害美國在高端製造業中的領導地位。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但在Swan真正實施外包計劃之前，英特爾公司再次改變了方向，決定由Pat Gelsinger接任掌門職務。作爲曾經的英特爾首席技術官，Gelsinger對芯片巨頭的製造能力仍然很有自信。他在今年3月公佈一項計劃，決定斥資200億美元在美國新建工廠，由此帶來的產能不僅可支持自家生產、同時也可吸納部分承包業務。他提出將英特爾轉型爲一家合約製造商（也就是所謂代工廠），這也彰顯出他的勃勃野心。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在接受採訪時，Gelsinger興奮地表示“英特爾又回來了。英特爾已經從過去走出來，我們將成爲市場的領導者，在全球半導體需求快速增長的背景下滿足更多代工客戶的要求。我們將以有力且意義深遠的方式邁出轉型的步伐。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/28\/7b\/28e67cc829e13bd221bcc24c63442c7b.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"size","attrs":{"size":10}}],"text":"全球半導體產業收入：英特爾在計算領域佔據主導地位，但在無線通信領域卻毫無建樹"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"size","attrs":{"size":10}}],"text":"數據：IDC *包括能源、醫療、軍事與航空航天。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"芯片王者桂冠旁落"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"但即使是在當下，全美最有價值芯片廠商的頭銜也早已落入英偉達公司囊中。"},{"type":"text","text":" 英偉達專業設計圖形處理器，並將大部分製造業務外包給亞洲合作方——相比之下，英特爾則控制着約八成計算機處理器市場，並在服務器、特別是數據中心設備領域擁有更高份額。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但問題在於，英特爾傳統意義上的“大客戶”，包括Amazon.com、蘋果與微軟，如今都在着手設計原研芯片並僱用外包製造商進行生產代工。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"英特爾的另一位競爭對手AMD更是鮮明地打出了“無晶圓廠”芯片廠商的旗號，而且AMD的7納米產品已經開售了幾個月之久。這就引起了很多人的質疑：Gelsinger說是要改革，但英特爾真能從停滯當中緩醒過來嗎？Advisors Capital Management LLC合夥人兼長期芯片分析師JoAnne Feeney表示，"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"“目前，芯片製造端的發展進程已經完全脫離了設計端的掌控。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"英特爾的這場頑疾當然不是無源之水。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二十多位現任及前任僱員紛紛表示，這是十年以來持續決策失誤的結果——包括未能在智能手機芯片領域有所建樹以及文化衰退等等。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"正是在一片歌舞昇平之下，英特爾的很多嚴重缺陷被悄悄掩藏了起來。當然，其中也有全球產業轉移的作用，三星電子與臺積電等亞洲製造業巨頭藉此快速崛起。他們開始越來越多地處於行業中心位置，其芯片也越來越多地現身於最高端、最先進的設備平臺。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/4f\/54\/4f14ec832b44205326cd3441f9d33154.jpeg","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"size","attrs":{"size":10}}],"text":"英特爾入駐前的硅谷"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"早在舊金山半島還是一片片種植園時，英特爾的創始人Moore與Noyce就開發出第一批半導體產品。但真正推動芯片巨頭崛起的功臣，當數Andy Grove。這位出生於匈牙利的工程師是Moore與Noyoce時代的第一批僱員，並於1987年至1998年間擔任英特爾公司CEO。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Grove治下的英特爾以規章嚴格著稱，其紀律嚴明、理性誠實與鼓勵專注等原則也影響了整整一代人的管理思維。Grove最具影響力的發明當數期間上馬的“遲到名單”制度：要求早上8點之後纔到達公司的員工將名字寫在前臺的登記簿上，並由排名系統對全部工程師進行績效打分（具體分爲四個級別）。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這套排名系統乃至Grove的很多其他發明，如今已經成爲各大科技企業的必備妙方。Grove的組織紀律方法也成爲暢銷商業書籍中的常見案例。在與高層管理者打交道時，他提倡“建設性對抗”，並認爲坦率表達觀點是確保問題得以有效解決的前提。用Grove的話來說，員工應該擁有“不以爲然但也能全力以赴”的職業素養。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"當然，如此嚴苛的管控讓英特爾的形象受到了一定影響——不少員工把公司稱爲“匈牙利宗教裁判所”。但這也從另一個角度，證明Grove願意聽取批評者的聲音。他虛心聽取基層員工的反對意見（他稱這部分員工爲「預言家」），鼓勵大家暢所欲言、不必擔心遭到報復。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在Grove逝世後不久，Gelsinger就在2016年的一次採訪中回憶道，“跟Andy Grove搭檔就像是拔牙又不給麻藥。”但他強調這是對Grove的稱讚，稱其一直“積極追求正確答案”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在Grove長達十年的任期之內，英特爾最雄心勃勃的工程師們皆以成爲這位CEO的“技術助理”爲榮。如今，這個職能角色已經在Amazon.com與微軟中生根發芽。雖然這份工作涉及不少瑣碎的任務，例如給領導開車和幫助Grove安排日程，但其中也有大量撰寫演講稿、在高層會議中代表CEO發言等極有價值的內容。技術助理當中出過不少英特爾乃至其他競爭企業的高管人才。英特爾前任CEO Paul Otellini就曾經是Grove的技術助理。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Grove的管理方略之所以影響力巨大，部分原因在於其確實帶來了令人印象深刻的技術與業績飛躍。由於表現極佳，英特爾甚至將這種管理原則視爲某種自然法則。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Grove樹立的紀律標杆保證了英特爾芯片能夠在降低成本的同時變得更加強大，摩爾定律（這項定律由英特爾公司聯合創始人Moore命名，預言了芯片改進的方向與速度）也由此得到證明與延續。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"上世紀八十到九十年代，面對日本、韓國及臺灣的製造業衝擊，英特爾成爲少數仍然保持蓬勃發展的美國電子製造商之一。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"錯失移動互聯網浪潮"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Grove擔任英特爾公司董事長直至2005年，而且到去世之前一直在接受公司高管的密切諮詢。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"但即使是如此強有力的管理者，也無法阻止英特爾陷入誕生以來最大的陷坑——時間剛剛進入二十一世紀，蘋果公司正在積極爲新的智能手機做準備。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"時任蘋果CEO的史蒂夫·喬布斯與英特爾掌門人Otellini聯絡，希望由英特爾爲iPhone提供芯片。當時，英特爾已經在爲蘋果提供Mac處理器，但Otellini認爲喬布斯給出的報價過低，最終導致合約旁落於三星。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"最終，蘋果開始自主設計芯片，並將生產業務外包給臺積電。這裏順帶提一句，如今傲視羣雄的臺積電成立於1987年，專爲各類“無晶圓廠”半導體企業提供芯片製造服務。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"英特爾也進行過其他不同的嘗試，希望能在智能手機芯片領域佔得一席之地。"},{"type":"text","text":" 2011年，英特爾曾以14億美元價格收購了生產手機處理器的英飛凌科技公司移動部門，但仍然無法從移動巨頭高通科技的壓力之下真正打贏一場翻身仗。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"英特爾還嘗試向付費用戶（例如韓國LG電子公司）提供採用自家芯片的設備，但產品在市場上一直難以打開銷路。據瞭解英特爾戰略與運營內情的消息人士介紹，"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"芯片巨頭之所以始終無法在移動領域打開局面，主要原因在於不願將生產與設計資源從PC及服務器芯片上劃分出去。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"爲此，英特爾不僅喪失了數十億美元收入，也給競爭者留下了巨大的發展空間以及由此積累起的專業芯片製造知識與經驗。大規模、高規格芯片的生產，讓這些競爭對手快速掌握了等同甚至足以反超英特爾的技術儲備。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"目前，全球智能手機數量已經遠遠超過PC與服務器，其中運行的芯片不僅必須擁有強勁的性能、同時還要保持理想的電池續航。VLSI Research有限公司總裁Risto Pahukka認爲，蘋果公司的批量訂單“成就了臺積電”。事實證明，這種合併不僅極富成效，而且會長期保持下去。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"內部管理混亂"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2010年，Otellini的繼任者Sean Maloney突發中風，這時距他接過英特爾權柄纔剛剛兩年。下一位接班人是公司53歲的老將Brian Krzanich，但他並不太認同Grove強硬的運營風格與不屈不撓的自我批評文化。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"據與他合作過的同事介紹，Krzanich對於英特爾的工程技術路線有着毫不動搖的信心、甚至說偏執。他本人還曾經在英特爾內部負責芯片生產工藝的工程技術部門任職，這也讓他聽不進任何關於英特爾技術能力的反面論調。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2013年，上任不久的Krzanich召集了250位英特爾高層管理人員，在位於俄勒岡州希爾斯伯勒的英特爾研究與製造園區附近開展當面交流。這也是高管們第一次與這位新任掌門“親密接觸”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Krzanich在演講中介紹了一系列新的基本規則。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"作爲英特爾的傳統保留項目，高管結伴慢跑已經被明確取消。據與會者回憶，Krzanich提到“我喜歡一個人跑步，我不怎麼愛跟人打交道。”整場會議就在這樣尷尬而又沉悶氣氛中結束了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在五年任期之內，Krzanich“消滅”了Grove鼓勵基層預言家暢談感受的傳統。相反，他開始公開羞辱那些與他持不同意見的高管，無視英特爾在關鍵產品製造能力已經開始落後的警告。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一位前任高管回憶道，“Brian塑造了一個信息繭房，把真正擁有解決方案的人們隔絕在外。而對於英特爾這樣一樣結構複雜的企業來說，限制信息流通必然死路一條。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"跟他共事過的不少英特爾員工提到，在前任設置的辯論審查會議上，Krzanich會肆無忌憚地回覆郵件、在網上購物或者打電話聊天。同事們覺得，這種行爲實際就是在表明他對發言者的觀點和意見不感興趣、或者自己已經有了明確的答案。十幾位消息人士也衆口一詞，抱怨Krzanich曾經在會議上嘲諷發言者的觀點或者表達方式，甚至反問“你知不知道自己在說什麼？”Krzanich本人沒有就此事迴應我們的評論請求。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Krzanich最強硬的態度留給了Aicha Evans——時任英特爾業務負責人的她，也是芯片行業中最具影響力的黑人女性之一。Evan的工作是將關鍵部件的生產從臺積電轉移回英特爾工廠。當時臺積電負責爲英飛凌製造移動芯片，但她結合調查實際意識到這種轉型根本不可能實現。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"英特爾的自有晶圓廠專爲高性能服務器與PC芯片所設計，並不適合製造需要在性能與功耗之間求取微妙平衡的手機處理器。在長達三個小時的詳盡發言中，她向Krzanich、董事長Andy Bryant以及其他十位高管表達了自己對遷移計劃的擔憂。據與會人員回憶，她的發言透徹且令人印象深刻。她堅持認爲，生產製造應該繼續交由臺積電處理。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但在她發言結束之後，Krzanich好像什麼都沒有聽到。相反，他一拳狠狠砸在桌子上，怒斥“他媽的，Aicha Evans，你不瞭解英特爾，你個沒種的窩囊廢。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"她白了他一眼，“行，你說得對。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"必須承認，在相當長的一段時間裏，Krzanich對於英特爾芯片製造實力的信心似乎頗有依據。2015年，英特爾成爲全球首家發佈14納米晶體管的芯片廠商，性能較上代22納米有了巨大飛躍。但也就在2015年初，另一位工程師向Krzanich發出警告，表示公司的下一代芯片（基於10納米工藝，原定於2017年發佈）的生產進度已經比原計劃晚了六個月。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"根據這位工程師的說法，Krzanich再次拿出了對付Evan的態度，滿滿的憤怒情緒。第二年，另外兩位工程師同樣向Krzanich提供數據，表明即將推出的芯片根本無法保證理想的良品率。所謂良品率，是指在特定生產流程下符合規範標準的正常芯片的百分比。他們指出，從目前的生產情況來看，競爭對手臺積電很可能會搶先發布10納米芯片。而Krzanich還是那句老話，“你們知不知道自己在說什麼？”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"六個月的滯後最終被擴大到了三年。直到2020年，英特爾才發佈其10納米芯片。這直接導致戴爾科技公司（也是英特爾最大的客戶之一）將全年銷售額預期下調超10億美元。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"戴爾公司首席財務官Tom Sweet當時就指出，“我們明顯對現狀很不滿意。”面對這一地雞毛，Krzanich後來承諾的7納米芯片將按時供貨自然受到了諸多質疑——甚至包括公司內部的反對之聲。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/1d\/3a\/1d31ff1yyd89c6f147cbcffd7a4a2c3a.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"size","attrs":{"size":10}}],"text":"CPU處理技術 · 納米尺寸 ；數據來源：伯恩斯坦"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"英特爾於2018年6月撤下Krzanich，官方理由是他與下屬之間有染。但芯片巨頭在此之前對高層管理者與普通員工間的不正當關係其實相當寬容，所以不少人推測這是因爲董事會受夠了Krzanich治下的糟糕業績以及對下屬僱員的惡劣態度。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"移動業務負責人Evans目送Krzanich離去（她於2019年離職並出任Zoox公司CEO，這是一家無人駕駛汽車製造商，於去年被亞馬遜公司收購）。但Evans是幸運的，也有不少英特爾高層管理人員因Krzanich的下位而被迫離職，其中包括負責運營事務的前CFO Stacy Smith、負責公司主要PC芯片業務的Kirk Skaugen、以及英特爾總裁Renee James。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"此外，首席產品官Dadi Perlmutter、負責英特爾核心芯片產品開發的Rani Borkar以及領導微處理器設計團隊的Rony Friedman等主要工程技術負責人也一同離職。這些老將在英特爾的供職時長總計超過200年。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/b4\/cd\/b41284bf7f55fb84fc5c98d32a0f80cd.jpeg","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"size","attrs":{"size":10}}],"text":"2014年時的Krzanich"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"砸200億美元進軍芯片代工 英特爾宣戰臺積電"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"英特爾公司的困境當然不僅僅源自內部失誤，這也反映出整個製造業由美國遷出、並由工業化速度極快的發展中國家吸納的這一波爲期數十年的深遠轉變。"},{"type":"text","text":" 憑藉強有力的出口生產鼓勵政策，他們順利喫下了這塊蛋糕，而變革中最大的受益者之一當數臺積電。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"臺積電位於臺灣新竹，率先發展出芯片製造承包業務。英特爾長期競爭對手AMD、英偉達、高通、博通以及英特爾的不少客戶都是臺積電的忠實擁躉。亞馬遜雲科技公司曾在2018年設計出一款內部服務器芯片Graviton，用於替代英特爾的部分至強服務器芯片。此後，亞馬遜方面又先後公佈了多款其他芯片，全部由臺積電負責代工生產。谷歌及微軟也有類似的內部芯片原研計劃，臺積電同樣扮演着重要角色。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"更要命的是，英特爾引以爲傲的高端個人計算機芯片業務同樣陷入風險當中。蘋果目前已經開始設計用於Mac筆記本電腦及臺式機的原研芯片，並於去年11月推出三款全新機型。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這些產品全部採用由蘋果工程師設計、由臺積電負責製造的中央處理器。蘋果當時就表示最終計劃是全面淘汰英特爾芯片，並將新的Mac產品線稱爲“完全不同的全新產品類別”。據知情人士介紹，蘋果還計劃在今年上半年發佈一系列用於高端Mac的更強芯片。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"受到新冠疫情影響，臺積電產能縮水導致全球芯片供應短缺，汽車製造業成爲這波衝擊下的最大輸家。此事也從一個側面反映出臺積電強大的影響力與實力定位，目前歐洲、日本及美國的無數企業都在敦促臺積電加快恢復生產。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"今年2月，美國總統拜登甚至簽署一項行政命令，希望解決供應制品並減輕美國對於外國製造產能的依賴。4月12日，拜登政府還與包括Gelsinger在內的各汽車與半導體企業高管舉行會議，進一步討論這方面供應制品。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"與此同時，半導體行業也一直在向聯邦政府高血壓，要求其提供關稅及其他鼓勵國內投資的激勵措施。事實上，上一任總統特朗普就已經做出過類似的嘗試，希望減緩中國在電子與芯片製造領域的快速進步。特朗普政府宣佈多家中國企業對美國國家安全構成威脅，並將上海的中芯國際、華爲、中興以及其他多家中國廠商列入管控名單，禁止其接觸美國軟件與半導體設計事務。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"從長遠來看，此舉也許會給英特爾提供助力，但能否解決眼下難題仍然取決於Gelsinger和他組建的管理團隊。甚至在正式上任之前，Gelsinger就開始招募Krzanich任期下的多位英特爾高管。於2014年離職的Sunil Shenoy再次出山，擔任英特爾工程設計高級副總裁；此前負責關鍵芯片設計開發的Glenn Hinton也順利迴歸。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在上任的第一天，Gelsinger的表現就讓人們恍惚間回到了Noyce、Moore以及Grove所代表的那個黃金年代。他也在備忘錄中強調，自己“將沿英特爾創始者們開拓出的道路奮力前行。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"今年1月，他在華爾街分析師電話會議上說起一段掌故：當時是新世紀的頭幾年，英特爾曾經遭遇服務器芯片市場份額，但隨後又成功奪回。在他看來，“偉大的企業必須有能力從困境與挑戰中成功復甦，而且變得更高、更快、更強。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Gelsinger在今年3月再次強調這一主張，並承諾將建立新的晶圓工廠、涉足代工業務。"},{"type":"text","text":" 但要想取得成功，英特爾必須先得搞定製造層面的現實難題，再推動新建晶圓廠順利啓動運營。而且在可能需要數年的建設週期之後，英特爾還得在現有龐大製造需求與新客戶羣體代工需求之間找到理想的平衡點。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"相比之下，臺積電一直堅定不移地維持着晶圓代工業務這條主線並探索了超過三十年。自2018年以來，臺積電就一直在生產7納米芯片，並從去年開始爲蘋果提供5納米處理器。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Gelsinger讓英特爾重歸領導地位的決心我們已經看到了，砸向晶圓代工業務的200億美元就是明證。但即使是在這樣的不利情境下，英特爾在2021年內的計劃資本支出也僅僅增加約35%，還是要比臺積電年內的支出少近100億美元。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"更何況單靠金錢，還不足以讓英特爾重新振作。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"前景如何，恐怕只有時間能帶給我們答案。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"原文鏈接："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/features\/2021-04-07\/how-intel-intc-missed-the-mobile-revolution-and-fell-behind?fileGuid=WaiPQHxwpy4XSIk3","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/features\/2021-04-07\/how-intel-intc-missed-the-mobile-revolution-and-fell-behind"}],"marks":[{"type":"italic"}]}]}]}