最近在學習uiautomator2，這是一款開源的UI自動化測試框架，可結合Python用於Android應用的自動化測試。
uiautomator2，其底層基於谷歌下的uiautomator庫進行了封裝，提供了便利的Python接口，允許測試人員直接在PC上編寫Python代碼，來獲取屏幕上任一App的任意控件屬性，並對其進行任意操作，極大提高了自動化代碼編寫的效率。
更多的介紹，大家可以前往 Github 進行學習：https://github.com/openatx/uiautomator2
uiautomator2支持 Python2 和 Python3.x ，但該項目作者目前不再對 Python 3.6 以下的版本使用進行維護，我們最好使用 Python 3.6+ 版本來進行學習和實踐。
安裝 ADB
命令行窗口下，輸入命令：adb devices，如果出現報錯則說明未安裝配置好adb相關環境。
如果未安裝 adb，那麼需要到谷歌官網下載 Android SDK Platform Tools，地址：https://developer.android.com/studio/releases/platform-tools.html，下載並解壓，完成後把包含 adb.exe 的目錄添加到系統的環境變量PATH中。如果上面地址訪問不了，也可以通過下面的鏈接獲取文件。
鏈接：https://pan.baidu.com/s/18ex49zLLB0UBDsylxhYX0g
提取碼：4fq1
安裝 uiautomator2
通過 Python 的 pip 工具進行安裝，命令如下：pip install --pre -U uiautomator2 。
(venv) D:\pycharm\Code\atxDemo2\venv\Scripts>pip install --pre -U uiautomator2
Collecting uiautomator2
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/3a/3d/731395da6692447598786f35a6921f816498dcdaf7247aaf5d788a2a11a8/uiautomator2-2.15.2.tar.gz (677kB)
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Collecting six (from uiautomator2)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/d9/5a/e7c31adbe875f2abbb91bd84cf2dc52d792b5a01506781dbcf25c91daf11/six-1.16.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting requests (from uiautomator2)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/29/c1/24814557f1d22c56d50280771a17307e6bf87b70727d975fd6b2ce6b014a/requests-2.25.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl (61kB)
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Collecting whichcraft (from uiautomator2)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/b5/a2/81887a0dae2e4d2adc70d9a3557fdda969f863ced51cd3c47b587d25bce5/whichcraft-0.6.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting logzero~=1.5 (from uiautomator2)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/b3/68/aa714515d65090fcbcc9a1f3debd5a644b14aad11e59238f42f00bd4b298/logzero-1.7.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting progress~=1.3 (from uiautomator2)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/38/ef/2e887b3d2b248916fc2121889ce68af8a16aaddbe82f9ae6533c24ff0d2b/progress-1.5.tar.gz
Collecting retry~=0.9 (from uiautomator2)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/4b/0d/53aea75710af4528a25ed6837d71d117602b01946b307a3912cb3cfcbcba/retry-0.9.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting adbutils<1.0,>=0.11.0 (from uiautomator2)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/e7/d7/cf5d49c69ebc480c4422ead0d16e22c22df0a0bd6cfd1ae292f7499568fe/adbutils-0.11.0-py3-none-win_amd64.whl (1.4MB)
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Collecting Deprecated~=1.2.6 (from uiautomator2)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/fb/73/994edfcba74443146c84b91921fcc269374354118d4f452fb0c54c1cbb12/Deprecated-1.2.12-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting Pillow (from uiautomator2)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/84/41/b233abcfb9bae12768bffae92e2c96d2d807cd92a3cef7d24987df0e3d64/Pillow-8.2.0-cp37-cp37m-win_amd64.whl (2.2MB)
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Collecting lxml>=4.3 (from uiautomator2)
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Collecting cached-property<2.0,>=1.5.1 (from uiautomator2)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/48/19/f2090f7dad41e225c7f2326e4cfe6fff49e57dedb5b53636c9551f86b069/cached_property-1.5.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting packaging~=20.3 (from uiautomator2)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/3e/89/7ea760b4daa42653ece2380531c90f64788d979110a2ab51049d92f408af/packaging-20.9-py2.py3-none-any.whl (40kB)
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Collecting urllib3<1.27,>=1.21.1 (from requests->uiautomator2)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/09/c6/d3e3abe5b4f4f16cf0dfc9240ab7ce10c2baa0e268989a4e3ec19e90c84e/urllib3-1.26.4-py2.py3-none-any.whl (153kB)
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Collecting chardet<5,>=3.0.2 (from requests->uiautomator2)
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Collecting certifi>=2017.4.17 (from requests->uiautomator2)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/5e/a0/5f06e1e1d463903cf0c0eebeb751791119ed7a4b3737fdc9a77f1cdfb51f/certifi-2020.12.5-py2.py3-none-any.whl (147kB)
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Collecting idna<3,>=2.5 (from requests->uiautomator2)
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Collecting colorama; sys_platform == "win32" (from logzero~=1.5->uiautomator2)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/44/98/5b86278fbbf250d239ae0ecb724f8572af1c91f4a11edf4d36a206189440/colorama-0.4.4-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting decorator>=3.4.2 (from retry~=0.9->uiautomator2)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/6a/36/b1b9bfdf28690ae01d9ca0aa5b0d07cb4448ac65fb91dc7e2d094e3d992f/decorator-5.0.9-py3-none-any.whl
Collecting py<2.0.0,>=1.4.26 (from retry~=0.9->uiautomator2)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/67/32/6fe01cfc3d1a27c92fdbcdfc3f67856da8cbadf0dd9f2e18055202b2dc62/py-1.10.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (97kB)
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Collecting apkutils2<2.0,>=1.0.0 (from adbutils<1.0,>=0.11.0->uiautomator2)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/e5/d0/432fb6fb1fe48aa0ea1c80e8dec4a26f70c868999c076f92af88582ae91a/apkutils2-1.0.0.tar.gz (60kB)
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Collecting deprecation<3.0,>=2.0.6 (from adbutils<1.0,>=0.11.0->uiautomator2)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/02/c3/253a89ee03fc9b9682f1541728eb66db7db22148cd94f89ab22528cd1e1b/deprecation-2.1.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting wrapt<2,>=1.10 (from Deprecated~=1.2.6->uiautomator2)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/82/f7/e43cefbe88c5fd371f4cf0cf5eb3feccd07515af9fd6cf7dbf1d1793a797/wrapt-1.12.1.tar.gz
Collecting pyparsing>=2.0.2 (from packaging~=20.3->uiautomator2)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ff/c5/14a5edf227544a6da3cb99a1481fc894db9a81306c9a18b736d3ac9fe8d5/pyparsing-3.0.0b2-py3-none-any.whl (84kB)
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Collecting pyelftools (from apkutils2<2.0,>=1.0.0->adbutils<1.0,>=0.11.0->uiautomator2)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/6f/50/3d7729d64bb23393aa4c166af250a6e6f9def40c90bf0e9af3c5ad25b6f7/pyelftools-0.27-py2.py3-none-any.whl (151kB)
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Collecting cigam (from apkutils2<2.0,>=1.0.0->adbutils<1.0,>=0.11.0->uiautomator2)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/3c/d0/19ff49c1938aea4e0076ee084ca23845408cffb51582b2be975f926533b5/cigam-0.0.3-py3-none-any.whl
Collecting xmltodict (from apkutils2<2.0,>=1.0.0->adbutils<1.0,>=0.11.0->uiautomator2)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/28/fd/30d5c1d3ac29ce229f6bdc40bbc20b28f716e8b363140c26eff19122d8a5/xmltodict-0.12.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Installing collected packages: six, urllib3, chardet, certifi, idna, requests, whichcraft, colorama, logzero, progress, decorator, py, retry, pyelftools, cigam, xmltodict, apkutils2, pyparsing, packaging, deprecation, adbutils, wrapt, Deprecated, Pillow, lxml, cached-property, uiautomator2
Running setup.py install for progress ... done
Running setup.py install for apkutils2 ... done
Running setup.py install for wrapt ... done
Running setup.py install for uiautomator2 ... done
Successfully installed Deprecated-1.2.12 Pillow-8.2.0 adbutils-0.11.0 apkutils2-1.0.0 cached-property-1.5.2 certifi-2020.12.5 chardet-4.0.0 cigam-0.0.3 colorama-0.4.4 decorator-5.0.9 deprecation-2.1.0 idna-2.10 logzero-1.7.0 lxml-4.6.3 packaging-20.9 progress-1.5 py-1.10.0 pyelftools-0.27 pyparsing-3.0.0b2 requests-2.25.1 retry-0.9.2 six-1.16.0 uiautomator2-2.15.2 urllib3-1.26.4 whichcraft-0.6.1 wrapt-1.12.1 xmltodict-0.12.0
You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 21.1.1 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.
安裝 atx-agent
首先，確保手機已經連接到電腦，輸入命令：adb devices 查看連接狀態，如果顯示出手機 device 序列號，那麼表示連接成功。
D:\>adb devices
List of devices attached
c01bcd5d device
最後，輸入命令：python -m uiautomator2 init 進行 atx-agent 初始化。
(venv) D:\pycharm\Code\atxDemo2\venv\Scripts>python -m uiautomator2 init
[I 210516 17:32:39 init:156] uiautomator2 version: 2.15.2
[I 210516 17:32:39 init:351] Install minicap, minitouch
[D 210516 17:32:39 init:59] Use cached assets: C:\Users\wintest\.uiautomator2\cache\minitouch-f7a806902f\minitouch
[D 210516 17:32:39 init:237] Push to /data/local/tmp/minitouch:0755
[D 210516 17:32:39 init:59] Use cached assets: C:\Users\wintest\.uiautomator2\cache\minicap.so-031700ed26\minicap.so
[D 210516 17:32:39 init:237] Push to /data/local/tmp/minicap.so:0755
[D 210516 17:32:40 init:59] Use cached assets: C:\Users\wintest\.uiautomator2\cache\minicap-4ad740a772\minicap
[D 210516 17:32:40 init:237] Push to /data/local/tmp/minicap:0755
[D 210516 17:32:40 init:255] apk-debug package-info: None
[D 210516 17:32:40 init:256] apk-debug-test package-info: {'package_name': 'com.github.uiautomator.test', 'version_name': '', 'version_code': '', 'flags': ['DEBUGGABLE', 'HAS_CODE', 'ALLOW_CLEAR_USER_DATA', 'ALLOW_BACKUP'], 'first_install_time': datetime.datetime(2021, 3, 18, 21, 42, 21), 'last_update_time': datetime.datetime(2021, 3, 18, 21, 42, 21), 'signature': '8376b3fb'}
[I 210516 17:32:40 init:366] Install com.github.uiautomator, com.github.uiautomator.test 2.3.3
[D 210516 17:32:40 init:167] Shell: ('pm', 'uninstall', 'com.github.uiautomator')
[D 210516 17:32:41 init:167] Shell: ('pm', 'uninstall', 'com.github.uiautomator.test')
[D 210516 17:32:43 init:62] Download https://tool.appetizer.io/openatx/android-uiautomator-server/releases/download/2.3.3/app-uiautomator.apk
app-uiautomator.apk |⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿| 2.1 MB/2.1 MB
[?25h[D 210516 17:32:43 init:237] Push to /data/local/tmp/app-uiautomator.apk:0644
[D 210516 17:32:43 init:167] Shell: ('pm', 'install', '-r', '-t', '/data/local/tmp/app-uiautomator.apk')
[I 210516 17:32:55 init:336] - app-uiautomator.apk installed
[D 210516 17:32:55 init:62] Download https://tool.appetizer.io/openatx/android-uiautomator-server/releases/download/2.3.3/app-uiautomator-test.apk
app-uiautomator-test.apk |⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿| 1.0 MB/1.0 MB
[?25h[D 210516 17:32:55 init:237] Push to /data/local/tmp/app-uiautomator-test.apk:0644
[D 210516 17:32:55 init:167] Shell: ('pm', 'install', '-r', '-t', '/data/local/tmp/app-uiautomator-test.apk')
[I 210516 17:33:06 init:336] - app-uiautomator-test.apk installed
[D 210516 17:33:06 init:167] Shell: ('/data/local/tmp/atx-agent', 'server', '--stop')
[D 210516 17:33:06 init:295] Real version: [0, 9, 6], Expect version: [0, 10, 0]
[I 210516 17:33:06 init:344] Install atx-agent 0.10.0
[D 210516 17:33:06 init:62] Download https://tool.appetizer.io/openatx/atx-agent/releases/download/0.10.0/atx-agent_0.10.0_linux_armv7.tar.gz
atx-agent_0.10.0_linux_armv7.tar.gz |⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿| 4.1 MB/4.1 MB
[?25h[D 210516 17:33:07 init:237] Push to /data/local/tmp/atx-agent:0755
[D 210516 17:33:08 init:167] Shell: ('/data/local/tmp/atx-agent', 'server', '--nouia', '-d', '--addr', '127.0.0.1:7912')
[I 210516 17:33:08 init:379] Check atx-agent version
[D 210516 17:33:08 init:392] Forward: local:tcp:49709 -> remote:tcp:7912
[D 210516 17:33:08 init:392] Forward: local:tcp:49709 -> remote:tcp:7912
[D 210516 17:33:09 init:395] atx-agent version 0.10.0
[D 210516 17:33:09 init:398] device wlan ip: 192.168.1.12
Successfully init AdbDevice(serial=c00bad6d)
如果界面顯示 Successfully 則說明安裝成功，同時手機上會出現一個 ATX 的應用。
連接手機的兩種方式
python-uiautomator2 提供了兩種方式來連接手機：WiFi 連接 和 USB 連接
- 通過 USB 連接
手機通過USB連接到電腦後，輸入命令：adb devices 查看狀態並獲取手機 device 序列號。然後到命令行中打開Python交互窗口，執行以下命令：
>>> import uiautomator2 as u2
>>> d = u2.connect_usb('c00bad6d')
>>> d.info
[D 210516 17:45:24 __init__:630] kill process(ps): uiautomator
[D 210516 17:45:27 __init__:648] uiautomator-v2 is starting ... left: 40.0s
[D 210516 17:45:28 __init__:648] uiautomator-v2 is starting ... left: 39.0s
[D 210516 17:45:29 __init__:648] uiautomator-v2 is starting ... left: 37.9s
[I 210516 17:45:30 __init__:613] uiautomator back to normal
{'currentPackageName': 'com.sec.android.app.launcher', 'displayHeight': 1920, 'displayRotation': 0, 'displaySizeDpX': 360, 'displaySizeDpY': 640, 'displayWidth': 1080, 'productName': 'hel-2qec', 'screenOn': True, 'sdkInt': 26, 'naturalOrientation': True}
該方式可以用於手機和電腦不在同一網絡下的情況，只需要連接上USB數據線就可以實現連接。
- 通過 WiFi 連接
假設當前設備的IP爲 192.168.1.12，並和電腦處於同一網絡下，在電腦上可以 Ping 通手機的IP。
>>> import uiautomator2 as u2
>>> d = u2.connect('192.168.1.12')
[W 210516 18:14:44 __init__:203] atx-agent has something wrong, auto recovering
[I 210516 18:14:44 __init__:331] wait-for-device, time left(3.0s)
[I 210516 18:14:45 __init__:331] wait-for-device, time left(2.0s)
[I 210516 18:14:46 __init__:331] wait-for-device, time left(1.0s)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "D:\pycharm\Code\atxDemo2\venv\lib\site-packages\uiautomator2\__init__.py", line 1864, in connect
return connect_usb(addr)
File "D:\pycharm\Code\atxDemo2\venv\lib\site-packages\uiautomator2\__init__.py", line 1905, in connect_usb
return Device(serial)
File "D:\pycharm\Code\atxDemo2\venv\lib\site-packages\uiautomator2\__init__.py", line 242, in __init__
wlan_ip = self.wlan_ip
File "D:\pycharm\Code\atxDemo2\venv\lib\site-packages\uiautomator2\__init__.py", line 421, in wlan_ip
ip = self.http.get("/wlan/ip").text.strip()
File "D:\pycharm\Code\atxDemo2\venv\lib\site-packages\requests\sessions.py", line 555, in get
return self.request('GET', url, **kwargs)
File "D:\pycharm\Code\atxDemo2\venv\lib\site-packages\uiautomator2\__init__.py", line 208, in request
self.__client._prepare_atx_agent()
File "D:\pycharm\Code\atxDemo2\venv\lib\site-packages\uiautomator2\__init__.py", line 286, in _prepare_atx_agent
raise RuntimeError("USB device %s is offline" % self._serial)
RuntimeError: USB device 192.168.1.12 is offline
>>>
上面連接出現了錯誤，原因是有些手機系統上uiautomator2的 atx-agent 無法自動拉起，所以需要手動通過adb命令啓動。執行如下 adb 命令：
# 1，通過USB連接電腦，開啓遠程ADB，下面指定的端口爲 5555
D:\>adb devices
List of devices attached
D:\>adb tcpip 5555
restarting in TCP mode port: 5555
# 2，斷開USB連接，連接WiFi
D:\>adb connect 192.168.1.12:5555
already connected to 192.168.1.12:5555
# 3，查看連接狀態
D:\>adb devices
List of devices attached
192.168.1.12:5555 device
最後，再到Python交互窗口，執行以下命令：
>>> import uiautomator2 as u2
>>> d = u2.connect('192.168.1.12')
[W 210516 18:26:03 __init__:203] atx-agent has something wrong, auto recovering
[I 210516 18:26:03 __init__:331] wait-for-device, time left(3.0s)
[D 210516 18:26:03 __init__:287] device 192.168.1.12 is online
[I 210516 18:26:04 init:156] uiautomator2 version: 2.15.2
>>> d.info
[D 210516 18:26:10 __init__:630] kill process(ps): uiautomator
[D 210516 18:26:13 __init__:648] uiautomator-v2 is starting ... left: 40.0s
[D 210516 18:26:15 __init__:648] uiautomator-v2 is starting ... left: 38.7s
[I 210516 18:26:15 __init__:613] uiautomator back to normal
{'currentPackageName': 'com.sec.android.app.launcher', 'displayHeight': 1920, 'displayRotation': 0, 'displaySizeDpX': 360, 'displaySizeDpY': 640, 'displayWidth': 1080, 'productName': 'hel-2qec', 'screenOn': True, 'sdkInt': 26, 'naturalOrientation': True}
>>>
如果需要斷開WiFi連接，可執行 adb 命令：
D:\>adb disconnect 192.168.1.12:5555
disconnected 192.168.1.12:5555
該方式可以不需要USB數據線就實現連接，但可能會因網絡問題而出現不穩定的現象。