{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"作爲前端開發工程師，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"ES6","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 這個詞想必不陌生，對","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"ECMAScript","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 這個奇怪發音的名字也應該有所瞭解，你是否好奇過 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"ECMA","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 世界的神祕數字代號，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"ECMA262","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 是什麼，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"ESxxx","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 又是什麼，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"TC39","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 是什麼，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"Stage 3","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 、","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"Stage 4","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 又意味着什麼？你是否被層出不窮的 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"ES20XX","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 新特性所迷惑，需要掌握該特性到底是哪年推出的嗎，這些提案在哪裏能夠看到，哪些已經可用，歷年的 ES 標準去哪裏查找？今天我來帶大家揭開 ECMAScript 的神祕面紗，徹底理解掌握這些神祕代號，以及截止到 2021 年 ECMAScript 的特性。","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"另：祝賀","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://www.toutiao.com/i6950609447534412327","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我國首個 JS 語言提案在 ECMA 進入 Stage 3","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":"。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"ECMAScript 歷史","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我們首先來看 ECMA 是什麼。","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"ECMA","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"，讀音類似“埃科媽”，是","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"歐洲計算機制造商協會","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"（European Computer Manufacturers Association）的簡稱，是一家國際性會員制度的信息和電信標準組織。1994 年之後，由於組織的標準牽涉到很多其他國家，爲了體現其國際性，更名爲 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://www.ecma-international.org/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"Ecma 國際","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":"（Ecma International），因此 Ecma 就不再是首字母縮略字了。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/2c/2c5b219c3cca7d0ff354dc6098866ee9.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"瞭解了這段歷史，爲了技術寫的專業性，如果文章中提到 Ecma 的時候，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"可以寫成 Ecma 或者 ecma，不要寫成 ECMA","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"，除非是 ECMAScript 或 ECMA-XXX 這類專有名詞。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"1995 年，著名的網景公司（Netscape）的 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%98%AD%E7%99%BB%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%85%8B","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Brendan Eich","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 開發了一種腳本語言，最初命名爲 Mocha，後來改名爲 LiveScript，最後爲了蹭當時火熱的 Java 熱度重命名爲了 JavaScript。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"瞭解了 Ecma 國際和 JavaScript，就方便了解 ECMAScript 了，ECMAScript 是一種由 Ecma 國際在標準 ECMA-262 中定義的 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%9A%E6%9C%AC%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"腳本語言","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 規範。這種語言在往往被稱爲 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"JavaScript","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 或 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/JScript","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"JScript","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" ，但實際上 JavaScript 和 JScript 是 ECMA-262 標準的實現和擴展。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"神祕的 ECMA-262","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"上文提到了第一個神祕代碼 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"ECMA-262","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"，ECMA-262 到底是什麼呢？原來 Ecma 國際的標準，都會以 Ecma-Number 命名，ECMA-262 就是 ECMA 262 號標準，具體就是","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"指 ECMAScript 遵照的標準","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"。1996 年 11 月，網景公司將 JavaScript 提交給 Ecma 國際進行標準化。ECMA-262 的第一個版本於 1997 年 6 月被 Ecma 國際採納。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"儘管 JavaScript 和 JScript 與 ECMAScript 兼容，但包含超出 ECMAScript 的功能。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我們如何查看最新最全的 Ecma 標準呢，可以查看 Ecma 國際官網的 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Standards","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":"。截止到 2021 年 4 月，最新的 Ecma 標準已經到了 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-418/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"ECMA-418","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":"。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/c7/c767f433a447d2a9a40a8f3b51587ab6.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ecma 標準涉及的類別非常多，官網因此提供了按照類別和最新修改排序的功能，我們來看看 ECMA-262 屬於哪個類別：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/94/94351020c3be56530fad122d2c489aa0.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"ECMA-262 屬於“軟件工程與接口”類別","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"，該類別一共有 12 個標準，詳見上圖。注意，ECMA-262 的最新更新日期是 2020 年 6 月，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"並且會在今年 6 月進行更新，更新之後，ES2021 就會成爲 ECMA 標準。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"探祕 Ecma TC39 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的神祕組織。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/c0/c0dcdc5df176d30a99734df3bcc32ea4.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"其實官網解釋的已經很清楚了，我用中文簡要概括下：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39 是 Technical Committee 39 的簡稱，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"是制定 ECMAScript 標準的委員會","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"，由各個主流瀏覽器廠商的代表構成，主席團三人分別來自 PayPal、Bloomberg 和 Microsoft，下設兩個工作組（task group） ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://www.ecma-international.org/task-groups/tc39-tg1/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39-TG1","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 和 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://www.ecma-international.org/task-groups/tc39-tg2/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39-TG2","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39-TG1 工作組主要工作是通用 ECMAScript® 語言， 包括語法、語義、類庫以及支持該語言的技術。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39-TG2 工作組 ECMAScript® 國際化 API 標準。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我們經常會看到類似的新聞：XX 公司成爲 Ecma TC39 成員。想要加入 TC39 會議，必須先成爲 Ecma 會員：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/c2/c2d3923f0caad7a0476d4886ba089d38.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"那 Ecma 到底有哪些成員呢？","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://www.ecma-international.org/about-ecma/members/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ecma 官網","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":"給出了答案：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/8f/8f94153ee4814107b4ebd5f32362d25a.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"幾大巨頭赫然在列！看到這裏，發現一共有 5 種類別，分別是 Ordinary members、Associate members、SME members、SPC members、NFP members，我們來看 Ordinary members 和 Associate members 的對比：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/c8/c8682feebbaf39da39ad25bd50ec1f1b.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"Associate members 沒有 Ecma 大會（General Assembly）的投票權","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"！在 Associate members 中，我國的阿里巴巴、華爲、騰訊、360 赫然在列。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Wait，CHF 70000，這是 70000 法郎？Ecma 果然是歐洲豪門，頂級會員年費接近 50 萬人民幣。算了一下 Ecma 國際會員費收入每年就有 1,134,000 法郎，約 800 萬人民幣。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/55/554d64b0ea30107fe5e92f0944d47a65.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"瞭解更多關於 TC39 的內容，可以探索其官網 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://tc39.es/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39 – Specifying JavaScript.","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 和 GitHub 倉庫 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://github.com/tc39","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ecma TC39 · GitHub","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":"，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"注意這個倉庫很重要","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"。查看一下 members，發現了 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://github.com/akira-cn","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"月影","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":"、","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://github.com/cncuckoo","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"李松峯","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 和 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://github.com/yuanyan","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"元彥","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 三位國內大佬。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我們熟悉的 ES6","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"探究完神祕的 ECMA-262 和 TC39 之後，我們緩口氣，來看看我們最爲熟悉的 ESX 家族。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"上文提到 ECMAScript 是由 Ecma 國際在標準 ECMA-262 中定義的腳本語言規範。","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"到 2015 年，一共發佈了 1、2、3、4、5、5.1、6 共 7 個版本","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"（其中 4 被廢棄）。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我們常把 5.1 之前的 ECMAScript 版本統稱做 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"ES5","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"，將 6 版本之後的版本統稱做 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"ES6","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"（因爲從 2015 年起，ECMAScript 終於步入正軌，每年發佈一次版本，到了 2021 年，已經發布了 6 個版本了，實在太多，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"所以用變革了 JavaScript 時代的 ES6 作爲後續版本的代稱","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"）。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"劃重點，Web 前端招聘的 JD 中，經常出現的 ES6，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"不僅僅是 ES2015 這個版本，而是指代 ES2015 和其後每年發佈的 ECMAScript 版本","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"從 ECMAScript 第 6 版開始，每年發佈一個 ECMAScript 版本，因此 ECMAScript 版本有了很多名字，包括全名 ECMAScript 6、簡寫 ES6、年份命名 ECMAScript 2015、年份簡寫 ES2015。最常見的名字還是 ES6，之後推出的 ES7、ES8 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國際在標準 ECMA-262 中定義的 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%9A%E6%9C%AC%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"腳本語言","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 規範。這種語言在往往被稱爲 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"JavaScript","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 或 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/JScript","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"JScript","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" ，但實際上 JavaScript 和 JScript 是 ECMA-262 標準的實現和擴展。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"神祕的 ECMA-262","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"上文提到了第一個神祕代碼 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"ECMA-262","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"，ECMA-262 到底是什麼呢？原來 Ecma 國際的標準，都會以 Ecma-Number 命名，ECMA-262 就是 ECMA 262 號標準，具體就是","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"指 ECMAScript 遵照的標準","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"。1996 年 11 月，網景公司將 JavaScript 提交給 Ecma 國際進行標準化。ECMA-262 的第一個版本於 1997 年 6 月被 Ecma 國際採納。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"儘管 JavaScript 和 JScript 與 ECMAScript 兼容，但包含超出 ECMAScript 的功能。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我們如何查看最新最全的 Ecma 標準呢，可以查看 Ecma 國際官網的 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Standards","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":"。截止到 2021 年 4 月，最新的 Ecma 標準已經到了 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-418/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"ECMA-418","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":"。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/c7/c767f433a447d2a9a40a8f3b51587ab6.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ecma 標準涉及的類別非常多，官網因此提供了按照類別和最新修改排序的功能，我們來看看 ECMA-262 屬於哪個類別：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/94/94351020c3be56530fad122d2c489aa0.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"ECMA-262 屬於“軟件工程與接口”類別","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"，該類別一共有 12 個標準，詳見上圖。注意，ECMA-262 的最新更新日期是 2020 年 6 月，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"並且會在今年 6 月進行更新，更新之後，ES2021 就會成爲 ECMA 標準。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"探祕 Ecma TC39 神祕組織","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"揭開了 Ecma-262 神祕面紗之後，我們來探祕一個代號名爲 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://www.ecma-international.org/technical-committees/tc39/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 的神祕組織。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/c0/c0dcdc5df176d30a99734df3bcc32ea4.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"其實官網解釋的已經很清楚了，我用中文簡要概括下：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39 是 Technical Committee 39 的簡稱，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"是制定 ECMAScript 標準的委員會","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"，由各個主流瀏覽器廠商的代表構成，主席團三人分別來自 PayPal、Bloomberg 和 Microsoft，下設兩個工作組（task group） ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://www.ecma-international.org/task-groups/tc39-tg1/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39-TG1","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 和 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://www.ecma-international.org/task-groups/tc39-tg2/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39-TG2","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39-TG1 工作組主要工作是通用 ECMAScript® 語言， 包括語法、語義、類庫以及支持該語言的技術。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39-TG2 工作組 ECMAScript® 國際化 API 標準。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我們經常會看到類似的新聞：XX 公司成爲 Ecma TC39 成員。想要加入 TC39 會議，必須先成爲 Ecma 會員：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/c2/c2d3923f0caad7a0476d4886ba089d38.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"那 Ecma 到底有哪些成員呢？","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://www.ecma-international.org/about-ecma/members/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ecma 官網","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":"給出了答案：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/8f/8f94153ee4814107b4ebd5f32362d25a.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"幾大巨頭赫然在列！看到這裏，發現一共有 5 種類別，分別是 Ordinary members、Associate members、SME members、SPC members、NFP members，我們來看 Ordinary members 和 Associate members 的對比：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/c8/c8682feebbaf39da39ad25bd50ec1f1b.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"Associate members 沒有 Ecma 大會（General Assembly）的投票權","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"！在 Associate members 中，我國的阿里巴巴、華爲、騰訊、360 赫然在列。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Wait，CHF 70000，這是 70000 法郎？Ecma 果然是歐洲豪門，頂級會員年費接近 50 萬人民幣。算了一下 Ecma 國際會員費收入每年就有 1,134,000 法郎，約 800 萬人民幣。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/55/554d64b0ea30107fe5e92f0944d47a65.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"瞭解更多關於 TC39 的內容，可以探索其官網 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://tc39.es/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39 – Specifying JavaScript.","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 和 GitHub 倉庫 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://github.com/tc39","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ecma TC39 · GitHub","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":"，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"注意這個倉庫很重要","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"。查看一下 members，發現了 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://github.com/akira-cn","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"月影","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":"、","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://github.com/cncuckoo","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"李松峯","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 和 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://github.com/yuanyan","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"元彥","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 三位國內大佬。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我們熟悉的 ES6","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"探究完神祕的 ECMA-262 和 TC39 之後，我們緩口氣，來看看我們最爲熟悉的 ESX 家族。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"上文提到 ECMAScript 是由 Ecma 國際在標準 ECMA-262 中定義的腳本語言規範。","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"到 2015 年，一共發佈了 1、2、3、4、5、5.1、6 共 7 個版本","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"（其中 4 被廢棄）。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我們常把 5.1 之前的 ECMAScript 版本統稱做 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"ES5","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"，將 6 版本之後的版本統稱做 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"ES6","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"（因爲從 2015 年起，ECMAScript 終於步入正軌，每年發佈一次版本，到了 2021 年，已經發布了 6 個版本了，實在太多，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"所以用變革了 JavaScript 時代的 ES6 作爲後續版本的代稱","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"）。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"劃重點，Web 前端招聘的 JD 中，經常出現的 ES6，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"不僅僅是 ES2015 這個版本，而是指代 ES2015 和其後每年發佈的 ECMAScript 版本","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"從 ECMAScript 第 6 版開始，每年發佈一個 ECMAScript 版本，因此 ECMAScript 版本有了很多名字，包括全名 ECMAScript 6、簡寫 ES6、年份命名 ECMAScript 2015、年份簡寫 ES2015。最常見的名字還是 ES6，之後推出的 ES7、ES8 等同理。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/cb/cbba606be56a1e8dd9cc5ff5cc8d7269.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"需要注意的是，自從 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://exploringjs.com/impatient-js/ch_history.html#tc39-process","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39 進程","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 制定以來，ECMAScript 版本的重要性就降低了很多。大家不必記住某一個 ES 特性到底是哪年推出的。現在真正重要的是提案處於哪個階段：","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"一旦提案到了第 4 階段，那麼它就可以使用了","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"。但是即使這樣，你仍然需要檢查你的引擎是否支持該功能。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這裏又提到了一個 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://exploringjs.com/impatient-js/ch_history.html#tc39-process","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39 進程","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 和階段（Stage）的概念，我們接下來看看這兩個概念是什麼含義。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39 進程和 Stage X","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://exploringjs.com/impatient-js/ch_history.html#tc39-process","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39 進程","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 故名思義，肯定是 TC39 組織發佈的一個進程。隨着 ECMAScript 6 的發佈，當時的發佈流程出現了兩個明顯的問題：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果在兩個 release 之間多次通過早已準備好的功能，勢必在其 release 之前等待很長一段時間。而且功能準備如果很晚，會增加 deadline 之前匆忙趕工的風險。","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"很多功能在其實現和使用之前就花了很長時間在設計上，發現與實現和使用相關的設計缺陷會非常晚。","attrs":{}}]}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"爲了解決上述問題， TC39 建立了新的 TC39 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