北京大學教授，智源研究院院長黃鐵軍：實踐人工智能路徑的共同需求是算力丨智源大會

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2021 年 6 月 1 日，由"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.baai.ac.cn\/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"北京智源人工智能研究院"}]},{"type":"text","text":"主辦的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/2021.baai.ac.cn\/","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2021 北京智源大會"}]},{"type":"text","text":"在中關村國家自主創新示範區會議中心開幕，會期三天。智源大會是北京創建全球人工智能學術和創新最優生態的標誌性學術活動，本文爲 InfoQ 記者帶來的現場報道。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"以下內容根據演講速記進行整理，未經本人確認。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"我代表智源研究院對過去一年的工作做一個報告。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"智源研究院自成立以來，按照《北京市支持建設世界一流新型研發機構實施辦法（試行）》文件精神，積極探索機制體制創新，已在創新研究、學術生態、成果轉化、AI治理等方面取得了重要進展。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"首先簡單回顧一下智源的願景，分四個層次，聚焦原始創新和核心技術，建立自由探索與目標導向相結合的科研體制，支持科學家勇闖人工智能科技前沿“無人區”，營造全球最佳的學術和技術創新生態，推動北京率先成爲國際領先的人工智能創新中心。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"圍繞這個願景，智源在創新研究、學術生態、產業發展、AI治理4個方面開展了工作。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"首先報告創新研究。實現人工智能，公認有三大學派，或者說三大技術途徑。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"一是符號主義，源於計算機的發明和認知科學，基本思路是將智能形式化爲規則、知識和算法，有過輝煌，但不能真正解決智能問題，最主要的原因是常識難以窮盡，人與人之間只能意會不能言傳的東西，不能形式化爲符號。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"二是連接主義，即構造神經網絡，因爲生物智能的物質基礎是神經系統，但並不知道什麼樣的網絡能夠產生預期功能？因此大量探索歸於失敗，深度學習這種成功，只是機器稀少的個案。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"三是行爲主義，認爲智能來自智能主體與環境的互動，思想來源是進化論和控制論，成功案例是波士頓動力的機器人和大狗，困難在於構造什麼樣的主體，遇到的困難與連接主義類似。儘管困難，連接主義和行爲主義的方向是正確的，並在本輪人工智能浪潮中發揮了基礎作用。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"本輪人工智能熱潮，最主要的進展是深度學習和強化學習兩套機器學習方法。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"深度學習主要源於連接主義，將符號主義時代人工從數據中抽取規則和知識的任務，大部分交由深度神經網絡來完成。強化學習思想和行爲主義一脈相承，採用深度神經網絡作爲智能主體，通過與虛擬環境的交互，實現自主智能。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"當然，連接主義最直接的思路是模擬是逼近模擬生物神經系統，這有賴於腦科學特別是神經科學的進展，也將得益於數據和環境的數字化。因此，目前實現智能明確可行的路線有三條：深度學習+大數據+大算力、訓練、信息模型；強化學習+環境模型+大算力訓練自主智能；地球環境在太陽能的作用下進化出生物智能。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"第一種技術途徑是過去十年的主流，因爲深度學習、數據和算力這三個要素都具備了，全世界掀起了“大煉模型”的熱潮，催生了大批人工智能企業。但是，就像其他任何產業一樣，熱潮過後，就將進入集約化發展的新階段，也就是“煉大模型”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"我認爲，未來真正賦值各行各業的大模型，在全世界範圍能都是屈指可數的，應該儘快把資源收斂到少數超大規模智能模型上來。正是因爲認識到這一點，智源研究院發揮新型研發機構人才衆多、機制靈活的優勢，在3月20日率先完成併發布了我國首個超大規模智能模型“悟道1.0”，訓練出包含文源（中文）、文瀾（多模態）、文匯（認知）、文溯（蛋白質）在內的系列大模型。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"“悟道”大規模智能模型取得多項國際領先的AI技術突破和多個世界第一，同時也做出了多項行業貢獻。建設並開放了全球最大的中文語料數據庫WuDaoCorpora2.0，提出了自然語言評測新標準“智源指數”，包含6種主要語言、30餘項主流任務與相關數據集，形成了大模型“權威考卷”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"生命模型，有賴於腦科學特別是神經科學的進步，首先要對大腦進行高精度解析，再在大算力的支持下進行高精度仿真模型。針對生命模型，智源研究院成立了生命模擬研究中心，負責開發高精度生命模擬仿真平臺“天演”，構建和探索感覺、知覺、記憶等智能模型，爭取成爲新一代人工智能發展的不竭源泉。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"生命模型本身就是腦科學研究的中心任務，是探索人類自身、解密智能成因的科學探索需要。“天演”生命模型系統已經開展斑馬魚全腦、靈長類視覺、人類心臟、人類認知等模型構建，推動生命科學、醫療健康和人工智能等前沿科研探索和應用發展。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"第三條路線的挑戰最大，核心是構建地球乃至宇宙的物理模型，培育新一代自主人工智能，應對各類自然挑戰。智源已經啓動了“天道”物理模型建設步伐，從基本粒子模擬開始，已建立了“分子模擬研究中心”，突破了分子模擬“快”與“準”難以兼顧的瓶頸，取得重要突破，將在未來五年內打造全球最具影響力的材料數據庫，推動人工智能驅動的新一代分子動力學模擬邁上新臺階。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"上述三條路徑的核心任務分別是構建信息模型、物理模型和生命模型，共同需求是。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"爲建設超大規模智算平臺，北京市專門安排了專項資金，建設體系架構先進、高速互聯互通、可擴展高效並行的軟硬件系統。在強大的智算體系支持下，三大模型性能快速提升，共同支撐新一代人工智能模型的建立，進而賦智各行各業，賦智萬物。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"智源研究院經過兩年多探索，已經確定將打造智能模型作爲源頭創新的核心任務，在機構設置、資源保障和機制體制上進行了系統部署，全力構建信息模型、生命模型和物理模型“智能三劍客”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"簡單小結一下，首先是"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"“悟道”信息模型"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"：數據是智能的素材，通過“大數據+大算力+強算法”，訓練超大規模信息模型，爲各行各業智能化提供切實可用的共性基礎智能模型，是當前及未來一段時間人工智能全面賦智經濟社會發展的中心任務；然後是"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"“天演”生命模型"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"：生命是智能的第一載體，模擬仿真億萬年進化而成的生物神經系統和身體，構建生命智能模型，挖掘生物智能機制機理，是發展新一代人工智能的不竭源泉；最後是"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"“天道”物理模型"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"：自然是生命的搖籃，地球是人類的搖籃，構建地球環境物理模型，是實現類人智能和人機共處共融的必要條件。建立宇宙物理模型，發展強人工智能，推動智能走出地球、穿越時空。本次智源大會，各位將親眼目睹這三大模型的最新進展。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"第二方面的工作是建設學術生態。智源從成立之初，就開始遴選智源學者，建設智源社區，積極打造全球人工智能學術和技術創新生態。“智源學者計劃”主要支持頂尖科學家開展人工智能重大方向的基礎前沿研究，支持青年科學家開展開放性、探索性研究。包含智源首席科學家、智源研究員、智源青年科學家等六個層次。已經圍繞六大研究方向，遴選上百位智源學者，形成了AI科研的“北京力量”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"下面介紹一下六大重大研究方向的目標及工作進展。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"“人工智能的數理基礎”方向旨在建立以數學和統計理論爲第一原理的新一代人工智能方法論，已取得了一系列成果：深度勢能團隊首次採用智能超算與物理模型結合，將原來可能需要60年才能完成的分子動力學模擬任務縮短到了1天，獲得國際高性能計算應用領域最高獎——戈登貝爾獎；應用層面，團隊提出的MOML算法已應用在冬奧賽場溫度和風速預測，預測準確率大幅提高。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs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