{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"摘要：Python沒有像 java 中的“private”這樣的訪問說明符。除了強封裝外，它支持大多數與“面向對象”編程語言相關的術語。因此它不是完全面向對象的。","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"本文分享自華爲雲社區","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://bbs.huaweicloud.com/blogs/273115?utm_source=infoq&utm_medium=bbs-ex&utm_campaign=other&utm_content=content","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"《從零開始學python| 面向對象編程 Python：你需要知道的一切》","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":"，原文作者：Yuchuan 。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" ","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"面向對象的編程作爲一門學科在開發人員中得到了普遍的追隨。Python，一種受歡迎的編程語言，也遵循面向對象的編程範式。它處理爲 OOP 概念奠定基礎的 Python 類和對象的聲明。這篇關於“面向對象的Python 編程”的文章將帶您瞭解如何聲明Python 類、從它們實例化對象以及 OOP 的四種方法。 ","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"什麼是面向對象編程？（Python 中的 OOP 概念）","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/e9/e92f3279278bbf8ef89b304710371f64.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"面向對象編程是一種使用“對象”的思想來表示數據和方法的計算機編程方式。它也是一種用於創建整潔且可重用的代碼而不是冗餘代碼的方法。程序分爲獨立的對象或幾個小程序。每個單獨的對象都代表應用程序的不同部分，它們具有自己的邏輯和數據以在它們內部進行通信。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"現在，爲了更清楚地瞭解爲什麼我們使用 oops 而不是 pop，我在下面列出了不同之處。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"面向對象和麪向過程編程的區別","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/4c/4c1e1e8d0ecba7a5e9e22507c54f3d4f.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這就是差異的全部，繼續前進，讓我們瞭解 Python OOPs Conceots。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"什麼是 Python OOP 概念？","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Python 中的主要 OOP（面向對象編程）概念包括類、對象、方法、繼承、多態、數據抽象和封裝。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這就是差異的全部，讓我們繼續瞭解類和對象。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"什麼是類和對象？","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"類是對象的集合，或者您可以說它是定義公共屬性和行爲的對象的藍圖。現在問題來了，你是怎麼做到的？ ","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"嗯，它以一種使代碼可重用性變得容易的方式對數據進行邏輯分組。我可以給你一個現實生活中的例子——把一個辦公室把“員工”想象成一個類，以及與它相關的所有屬性，比如“emp_name”、“emp_age”、“emp_salary”、“emp_id”作爲Python 中的對象。讓我們從編碼的角度來看看如何實例化一個類和一個對象。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"類是在“類”關鍵字下定義的。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"例子：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"text"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"class class1(): // class 1 is the name of the class","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"注意： ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"Python 不區分大小寫。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"對象：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對象是類的實例。它是一個具有狀態和行爲的實體。簡而言之，它是一個可以訪問數據的類的實例。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"語法： ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"obj= class1()","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這裏 obj 是 class1 的“對象”。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"在 python 中創建對象和類：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"例子：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"text"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"class employee():\n def __init__(self,name,age,id,salary): //creating a function\n self.name = name // self is an instance of a class\n self.age = age\n self.salary = salary\n self.id = id\n \nemp1 = employee(\"harshit\",22,1000,1234) //creating objects\nemp2 = employee(\"arjun\",23,2000,2234)\nprint(emp1.__dict__)//Prints dictionary","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"說明：","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 'emp1' 和 'emp2' 是針對類 'employee' 實例化的對象。這裏，單詞 (__dict__) 是一個“字典”，它根據給定的參數（姓名、年齡、薪水）打印對象 'emp1' 的所有值。(__init__) 就像一個構造函數，無論何時創建對象都會調用它。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我希望現在你們將來在處理“類”和“對象”時不會遇到任何問題。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有了這個，讓我帶你瞭解一下面向對象的編程方法：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"面向對象的編程方法：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"面向對象的編程方法涉及以下概念。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Inheritance","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Polymorphism","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Encapsulation","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Abstraction","attrs":{}}]}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"讓我們詳細瞭解繼承的第一個概念。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"繼承：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"曾經聽親戚說過這樣的對話“你長得像你的父親/母親”，這背後的原因被稱爲'繼承'。從編程方面來說，一般是指“不加任何修改地將父類的特性繼承或轉移到子類”。新類稱爲","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"派生/子 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"類，從中派生的類稱爲","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"父 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"類","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"/基","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"類。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/81/81b6faad544a76b0e11f8e4e461e199c.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"讓我們詳細瞭解每個子主題。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"單一繼承：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"單級繼承使派生類能夠從單個父類繼承特徵。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"例子：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"text"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"class employee1()://This is a parent class\ndef __init__(self, name, age, salary): \nself.name = name\nself.age = age\nself.salary = salary\n \nclass childemployee(employee1)://This is a child class\ndef __init__(self, name, age, salary,id):\nself.name = name\nself.age = age\nself.salary = salary\nself.id = id\nemp1 = employee1('harshit',22,1000)\n \nprint(emp1.age)","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"輸出","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"：22","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"解釋：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我正在使用父類並創建一個構造函數 (__init__)，類本身正在使用參數（'name'、'age' 和 'salary'）初始化屬性。","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"創建了一個子類“childemployee”，它繼承了父類的屬性，最後根據參數實例化了對象“emp1”和“emp2”。","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"最後，我已經打印了 emp1 的年齡。嗯，你可以做很多事情，比如打印整本字典或姓名或薪水。","attrs":{}}]}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"多級繼承：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"多級繼承使派生類能夠從直接父類繼承屬性，而直接父類又從其父類繼承屬性。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"例子：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"text"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"class employee()://Super class\ndef __init__(self,name,age,salary): \nself.name = name\nself.age = age\nself.salary = salary\nclass childemployee1(employee)://First child class\ndef __init__(self,name,age,salary):\nself.name = name\nself.age = age\nself.salary = salary\n \nclass childemployee2(childemployee1)://Second child class\ndef __init__(self, name, age, salary):\nself.name = name\nself.age = age\nself.salary = salary\nemp1 = employee('harshit',22,1000)\nemp2 = childemployee1('arjun',23,2000)\n \nprint(emp1.age)\nprint(emp2.age)","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"輸出：22,23","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"解釋：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"上面寫的代碼中已經說明得很清楚了，這裏我把超類定義爲employee，子類定義爲childemployee1。現在，childemployee1 充當 childemployee2 的父級。","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我已經實例化了兩個對象“emp1”和“emp2”，其中我從超類“employee”和“name”、“age、salary”和“id”中爲 emp1 傳遞參數“name”、“age”、“salary” ” 來自父類“childemployee1”","attrs":{}}]}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"層次繼承：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"分層級繼承使多個派生類能夠從父類繼承屬性。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"例子：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"text"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"class employee():\ndef __init__(self, name, age, salary): //Hierarchical Inheritance\nself.name = name\nself.age = age\nself.salary = salary\n \nclass childemployee1(employee):\ndef __init__(self,name,age,salary):\nself.name = name\nself.age = age\nself.salary = salary\n \nclass childemployee2(employee):\ndef __init__(self, name, age, salary):\nself.name = name\nself.age = age\nself.salary = salary\nemp1 = employee('harshit',22,1000)\nemp2 = employee('arjun',23,2000)\n \nprint(emp1.age)\nprint(emp2.age)","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"輸出：22,23","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"解釋：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在上面的例子中，你可以清楚地看到有兩個子類“childemployee1”和“childemployee2”。他們從一個共同的父類“員工”繼承功能。","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對象 'emp1' 和 'emp2' 根據參數 'name'、'age'、'salary' 進行實例化。","attrs":{}}]}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"多重繼承：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"多級繼承使一個派生類可以從多個基類繼承屬性。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"例子：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"text"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"class employee1()://Parent class\n def __init__(self, name, age, salary): \n self.name = name\n self.age = age\n self.salary = salary\n \nclass employee2()://Parent class\n def __init__(self,name,age,salary,id):\n self.name = name\n self.age = age\n self.salary = salary\n self.id = id\n \nclass childemployee(employee1,employee2):\n def __init__(self, name, age, salary,id):\n self.name = name\n self.age = age\n self.salary = salary\n self.id = id\nemp1 = employee1('harshit',22,1000)\nemp2 = employee2('arjun',23,2000,1234)\n \nprint(emp1.age)\nprint(emp2.id)","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"輸出：22,1234","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"解釋： ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"在上面的例子中，我取了兩個父類“employee1”和“employee2”。還有一個子類“childemployee”，它通過針對父類的參數實例化對象“emp1”和“emp2”來繼承父類。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這完全是關於繼承，在面向對象編程 Python 中繼續前進，讓我們深入研究“多態”。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"多態：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"你們一定都使用過 GPS 導航路線，根據交通情況，您在同一目的地遇到多少條不同的路線，這不是很神奇嗎，從編程的角度來看，這被稱爲“多態性”。這是一種這樣的 OOP 方法，其中一項任務可以以多種不同的方式執行。簡單來說，它是一個對象的屬性，它允許它採取多種形式。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/f0/f012f5663e0440cb80ad22ecd7a8d638.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"多態有兩種類型：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"編譯時多態","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"運行時多態性","attrs":{}}]}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"編譯時多態：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"編譯時多態性也稱爲靜態多態性，它在程序編譯時得到解決。一個常見的例子是“方法重載”。讓我向您展示一個相同的快速示例。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"例子：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"text"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"class employee1():\ndef name(self):\nprint(\"Harshit is his name\") \ndef salary(self):\nprint(\"3000 is his salary\")\n \ndef age(self):\nprint(\"22 is his age\")\n \nclass employee2():\ndef name(self):\nprint(\"Rahul is his name\")\n \ndef salary(self):\nprint(\"4000 is his salary\")\n \ndef age(self):\nprint(\"23 is his age\")\n \ndef func(obj)://Method Overloading\nobj.name()\nobj.salary()\nobj.age()\n \nobj_emp1 = employee1()\nobj_emp2 = employee2()\n \nfunc(obj_emp1)\nfunc(obj_emp2)","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"輸出：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Harshit是他的名字3000 是他的薪水22 是他的年齡Rahul 是他的名字4000 是他的薪水23 是他的年齡","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"解釋：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在上面的程序中，我創建了兩個類 'employee1' 和 'employee2' 併爲 'name'、'salary' 和 'age' 創建了函數，並打印了相同的值而不從用戶那裏獲取它。","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"現在，歡迎來到主要部分，我創建了一個以“obj”爲參數的函數，並調用了所有三個函數，即“name”、“age”和“salary”。","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"後來，針對這兩個類實例化了對象 emp_1 和 emp_2 並簡單地調用了函數。這種類型稱爲方法重載，它允許一個類具有多個同名的方法。","attrs":{}}]}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"運行時多態：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"運行時多態性也稱爲動態多態性，它在運行時解析。運行時多態性的一個常見示例是“方法覆蓋”。讓我通過一個示例向您展示以便更好地理解。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"例子：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"text"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"class employee():\n def __init__(self,name,age,id,salary): \n self.name = name\n self.age = age\n self.salary = salary\n self.id = id\ndef earn(self):\n pass\n \nclass childemployee1(employee):\n \n def earn(self)://Run-time polymorphism\n print(\"no money\")\n \nclass childemployee2(employee):\n \n def earn(self):\n print(\"has money\")\n \nc = childemployee1\nc.earn(employee)\nd = childemployee2\nd.earn(employee)","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"輸出：","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"沒錢，有錢","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"說明：","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"在上面的例子中，我創建了兩個類 'childemployee1' 和 'childemployee2'，它們派生自同一個基類 'employee'。這是一個沒有收到錢而另一個得到的問題。現在真正的問題是這是怎麼發生的？好吧，如果您仔細觀察，我在這裏創建了一個空函數並使用了Pass（當您不想執行任何命令或代碼時使用的語句）。現在，在兩個派生類下，我使用了相同的空函數，並將打印語句用作 'no money' 和 'has money' 。最後，創建了兩個對象並調用了函數。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"繼續討論下一個面向對象的 Python 編程方法，我將討論封裝。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"封裝：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在原始形式中，封裝基本上意味着將數據綁定到單個類中。與Java不同，Python 沒有任何私有關鍵字。不應直接訪問類，而應以下劃線爲前綴。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"讓我向您展示一個示例以便更好地理解。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"例子：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"text"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"class employee(object):\ndef __init__(self): \nself.name = 1234\nself._age = 1234\nself.__salary = 1234\n \nobject1 = employee()\nprint(object1.name)\nprint(object1._age)\nprint(object1.__salary)","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"輸出：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"1234回溯（最近一次通話）：1234文件“C:/Users/Harshit_Kant/PycharmProjects/test1/venv/encapsu.py”，第 10 行，在打印（object1.__salary）中","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"AttributeError:","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 'employee'object has no attribute ' __薪水'","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"說明：","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"你會得到這個問題，下劃線和錯誤是什麼？好吧，python 類將私有變量視爲不能直接訪問的 (__salary)。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"因此，我在下一個示例中使用了 setter 方法，該方法提供對它們的間接訪問。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"例子：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"text"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"class employee():\ndef __init__(self):\nself.__maxearn = 1000000\ndef earn(self):\nprint(\"earning is:{}\".format(self.__maxearn))\n \ndef setmaxearn(self,earn)://setter method used for accesing private class\nself.__maxearn = earn\n \nemp1 = employee()\nemp1.earn()\n \nemp1.__maxearn = 10000\nemp1.earn()\n \nemp1.setmaxearn(10000)\nemp1.earn()","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"輸出：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"收益爲：1000000，收益爲：1000000，收益爲：10000","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"說明： ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"使用","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"setter 方法","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"提供對私有類方法的間接訪問。這裏我定義了一個員工類，並使用了一個(__maxearn)，它是這裏用來存儲員工最大收入的setter方法，以及一個以價格爲參數的setter函數setmaxearn()。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這是一個明顯的封裝示例，我們限制對私有類方法的訪問，然後使用 setter 方法授予訪問權限。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"接下來在面向對象編程中，python 方法論討論了一個稱爲抽象的關鍵概念。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"抽象：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"假設您使用網上銀行或任何其他流程從 bookmyshow 預訂了一張電影票。您不知道如何生成 pin 或如何完成驗證的過程。這在編程方面被稱爲“抽象”，它基本上意味着您只顯示特定流程的實現細節，而對用戶隱藏細節。它用於通過對適合問題的類進行建模來簡化複雜問題。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"抽象類不能被實例化，這僅僅意味着你不能爲這種類型的類創建對象。它只能用於繼承功能。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"例子：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"text"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"from abc import ABC,abstractmethod\nclass employee(ABC):\ndef emp_id(self,id,name,age,salary): //Abstraction\npass\n \nclass childemployee1(employee):\ndef emp_id(self,id):\nprint(\"emp_id is 12345\")\n \nemp1 = childemployee1()\nemp1.emp_id(id)","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"輸出","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"：emp_id 是 12345","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"說明： ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"正如你在上面的例子中看到的，我們導入了一個抽象方法，程序的其餘部分有一個父類和一個派生類。爲“childemployee”基類實例化了一個對象，並且正在使用抽象的功能。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Python 是 100% 面向對象的嗎？","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Python 沒有像 java 中的“private”這樣的訪問說明符。除了強封裝外，它支持大多數與“面向對象”編程語言相關的術語。因此它不是完全面向對象的。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這使我們結束了關於“面向對象的Python 編程”的文章。我希望您已經瞭解了與 Python 中的類、對象和麪向對象的概念相關的所有概念。確保您儘可能多地練習並恢復您的經驗。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://bbs.huaweicloud.com/blogs?utm_source=infoq&utm_medium=bbs-ex&utm_campaign=other&utm_content=content","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"點擊關注，第一時間瞭解華爲雲新鮮技術~","attrs":{}}]}]}]}
面向對象的Python編程，你需要知道這些！
{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"摘要：Python沒有像 java 中的“private”這樣的訪問說明符。除了強封裝外，它支持大多數與“面向對象”編程語言相關的術語。因此它不是完全面向對象的。","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"本文分享自華爲雲社區","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://bbs.huaweicloud.com/blogs/273115?utm_source=infoq&utm_medium=bbs-ex&utm_campaign=other&utm_content=content","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"《從零開始學python| 面向對象編程 Python：你需要知道的一切》","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":"，原文作者：Yuchuan 。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" ","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"面向對象的編程作爲一門學科在開發人員中得到了普遍的追隨。Python，一種受歡迎的編程語言，也遵循面向對象的編程範式。它處理爲 OOP 概念奠定基礎的 Python 類和對象的聲明。這篇關於“面向對象的Python 編程”的文章將帶您瞭解如何聲明Python 類、從它們實例化對象以及 OOP 的四種方法。 ","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"什麼是面向對象編程？（Python 中的 OOP 概念）","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/e9/e92f3279278bbf8ef89b304710371f64.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"面向對象編程是一種使用“對象”的思想來表示數據和方法的計算機編程方式。它也是一種用於創建整潔且可重用的代碼而不是冗餘代碼的方法。程序分爲獨立的對象或幾個小程序。每個單獨的對象都代表應用程序的不同部分，它們具有自己的邏輯和數據以在它們內部進行通信。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"現在，爲了更清楚地瞭解爲什麼我們使用 oops 而不是 pop，我在下面列出了不同之處。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"面向對象和麪向過程編程的區別","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/4c/4c1e1e8d0ecba7a5e9e22507c54f3d4f.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這就是差異的全部，繼續前進，讓我們瞭解 Python OOPs Conceots。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"什麼是 Python OOP 概念？","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Python 中的主要 OOP（面向對象編程）概念包括類、對象、方法、繼承、多態、數據抽象和封裝。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這就是差異的全部，讓我們繼續瞭解類和對象。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"什麼是類和對象？","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"類是對象的集合，或者您可以說它是定義公共屬性和行爲的對象的藍圖。現在問題來了，你是怎麼做到的？ ","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"嗯，它以一種使代碼可重用性變得容易的方式對數據進行邏輯分組。我可以給你一個現實生活中的例子——把一個辦公室把“員工”想象成一個類，以及與它相關的所有屬性，比如“emp_name”、“emp_age”、“emp_salary”、“emp_id”作爲Python 中的對象。讓我們從編碼的角度來看看如何實例化一個類和一個對象。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"類是在“類”關鍵字下定義的。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"例子：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"text"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"class class1(): // class 1 is the name of the class","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"注意： ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"Python 不區分大小寫。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"對象：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對象是類的實例。它是一個具有狀態和行爲的實體。簡而言之，它是一個可以訪問數據的類的實例。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"語法： ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"obj= class1()","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這裏 obj 是 class1 的“對象”。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"在 python 中創建對象和類：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"例子：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"text"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"class employee():\n def __init__(self,name,age,id,salary): //creating a function\n self.name = name // self is an instance of a class\n self.age = age\n self.salary = salary\n self.id = id\n \nemp1 = employee(\"harshit\",22,1000,1234) //creating objects\nemp2 = employee(\"arjun\",23,2000,2234)\nprint(emp1.__dict__)//Prints dictionary","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"說明：","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 'emp1' 和 'emp2' 是針對類 'employee' 實例化的對象。這裏，單詞 (__dict__) 是一個“字典”，它根據給定的參數（姓名、年齡、薪水）打印對象 'emp1' 的所有值。(__init__) 就像一個構造函數，無論何時創建對象都會調用它。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我希望現在你們將來在處理“類”和“對象”時不會遇到任何問題。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"有了這個，讓我帶你瞭解一下面向對象的編程方法：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"面向對象的編程方法：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"面向對象的編程方法涉及以下概念。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Inheritance","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Polymorphism","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Encapsulation","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Abstraction","attrs":{}}]}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"讓我們詳細瞭解繼承的第一個概念。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"繼承：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"曾經聽親戚說過這樣的對話“你長得像你的父親/母親”，這背後的原因被稱爲'繼承'。從編程方面來說，一般是指“不加任何修改地將父類的特性繼承或轉移到子類”。新類稱爲","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"派生/子 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"類，從中派生的類稱爲","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"父 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"類","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"/基","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"類。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/81/81b6faad544a76b0e11f8e4e461e199c.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"讓我們詳細瞭解每個子主題。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"單一繼承：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"單級繼承使派生類能夠從單個父類繼承特徵。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"例子：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"text"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"class employee1()://This is a parent class\ndef __init__(self, name, age, salary): \nself.name = name\nself.age = age\nself.salary = salary\n \nclass childemployee(employee1)://This is a child class\ndef __init__(self, name, age, salary,id):\nself.name = name\nself.age = age\nself.salary = salary\nself.id = id\nemp1 = employee1('harshit',22,1000)\n \nprint(emp1.age)","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"輸出","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"：22","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"解釋：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我正在使用父類並創建一個構造函數 (__init__)，類本身正在使用參數（'name'、'age' 和 'salary'）初始化屬性。","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"創建了一個子類“childemployee”，它繼承了父類的屬性，最後根據參數實例化了對象“emp1”和“emp2”。","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"最後，我已經打印了 emp1 的年齡。嗯，你可以做很多事情，比如打印整本字典或姓名或薪水。","attrs":{}}]}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"多級繼承：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"多級繼承使派生類能夠從直接父類繼承屬性，而直接父類又從其父類繼承屬性。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"例子：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"text"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"class employee()://Super class\ndef __init__(self,name,age,salary): \nself.name = name\nself.age = age\nself.salary = salary\nclass childemployee1(employee)://First child class\ndef __init__(self,name,age,salary):\nself.name = name\nself.age = age\nself.salary = salary\n \nclass childemployee2(childemployee1)://Second child class\ndef __init__(self, name, age, salary):\nself.name = name\nself.age = age\nself.salary = salary\nemp1 = employee('harshit',22,1000)\nemp2 = childemployee1('arjun',23,2000)\n \nprint(emp1.age)\nprint(emp2.age)","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"輸出：22,23","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"解釋：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"上面寫的代碼中已經說明得很清楚了，這裏我把超類定義爲employee，子類定義爲childemployee1。現在，childemployee1 充當 childemployee2 的父級。","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我已經實例化了兩個對象“emp1”和“emp2”，其中我從超類“employee”和“name”、“age、salary”和“id”中爲 emp1 傳遞參數“name”、“age”、“salary” ” 來自父類“childemployee1”","attrs":{}}]}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"層次繼承：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"分層級繼承使多個派生類能夠從父類繼承屬性。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"例子：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"text"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"class employee():\ndef __init__(self, name, age, salary): //Hierarchical Inheritance\nself.name = name\nself.age = age\nself.salary = salary\n \nclass childemployee1(employee):\ndef __init__(self,name,age,salary):\nself.name = name\nself.age = age\nself.salary = salary\n \nclass childemployee2(employee):\ndef __init__(self, name, age, salary):\nself.name = name\nself.age = age\nself.salary = salary\nemp1 = employee('harshit',22,1000)\nemp2 = employee('arjun',23,2000)\n \nprint(emp1.age)\nprint(emp2.age)","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"輸出：22,23","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"解釋：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在上面的例子中，你可以清楚地看到有兩個子類“childemployee1”和“childemployee2”。他們從一個共同的父類“員工”繼承功能。","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對象 'emp1' 和 'emp2' 根據參數 'name'、'age'、'salary' 進行實例化。","attrs":{}}]}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"多重繼承：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"多級繼承使一個派生類可以從多個基類繼承屬性。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"例子：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"text"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"class employee1()://Parent class\n def __init__(self, name, age, salary): \n self.name = name\n self.age = age\n self.salary = salary\n \nclass employee2()://Parent class\n def __init__(self,name,age,salary,id):\n self.name = name\n self.age = age\n self.salary = salary\n self.id = id\n \nclass childemployee(employee1,employee2):\n def __init__(self, name, age, salary,id):\n self.name = name\n self.age = age\n self.salary = salary\n self.id = id\nemp1 = employee1('harshit',22,1000)\nemp2 = employee2('arjun',23,2000,1234)\n \nprint(emp1.age)\nprint(emp2.id)","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"輸出：22,1234","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"解釋： ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"在上面的例子中，我取了兩個父類“employee1”和“employee2”。還有一個子類“childemployee”，它通過針對父類的參數實例化對象“emp1”和“emp2”來繼承父類。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這完全是關於繼承，在面向對象編程 Python 中繼續前進，讓我們深入研究“多態”。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"多態：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"你們一定都使用過 GPS 導航路線，根據交通情況，您在同一目的地遇到多少條不同的路線，這不是很神奇嗎，從編程的角度來看，這被稱爲“多態性”。這是一種這樣的 OOP 方法，其中一項任務可以以多種不同的方式執行。簡單來說，它是一個對象的屬性，它允許它採取多種形式。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/f0/f012f5663e0440cb80ad22ecd7a8d638.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"多態有兩種類型：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"編譯時多態","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"運行時多態性","attrs":{}}]}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"編譯時多態：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"編譯時多態性也稱爲靜態多態性，它在程序編譯時得到解決。一個常見的例子是“方法重載”。讓我向您展示一個相同的快速示例。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"例子：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"text"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"class employee1():\ndef name(self):\nprint(\"Harshit is his name\") \ndef salary(self):\nprint(\"3000 is his salary\")\n \ndef age(self):\nprint(\"22 is his age\")\n \nclass employee2():\ndef name(self):\nprint(\"Rahul is his name\")\n \ndef salary(self):\nprint(\"4000 is his salary\")\n \ndef age(self):\nprint(\"23 is his age\")\n \ndef func(obj)://Method Overloading\nobj.name()\nobj.salary()\nobj.age()\n \nobj_emp1 = employee1()\nobj_emp2 = employee2()\n \nfunc(obj_emp1)\nfunc(obj_emp2)","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"輸出：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Harshit是他的名字3000 是他的薪水22 是他的年齡Rahul 是他的名字4000 是他的薪水23 是他的年齡","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"解釋：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在上面的程序中，我創建了兩個類 'employee1' 和 'employee2' 併爲 'name'、'salary' 和 'age' 創建了函數，並打印了相同的值而不從用戶那裏獲取它。","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"現在，歡迎來到主要部分，我創建了一個以“obj”爲參數的函數，並調用了所有三個函數，即“name”、“age”和“salary”。","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"後來，針對這兩個類實例化了對象 emp_1 和 emp_2 並簡單地調用了函數。這種類型稱爲方法重載，它允許一個類具有多個同名的方法。","attrs":{}}]}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"運行時多態：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"運行時多態性也稱爲動態多態性，它在運行時解析。運行時多態性的一個常見示例是“方法覆蓋”。讓我通過一個示例向您展示以便更好地理解。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"例子：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"text"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"class employee():\n def __init__(self,name,age,id,salary): \n self.name = name\n self.age = age\n self.salary = salary\n self.id = id\ndef earn(self):\n pass\n \nclass childemployee1(employee):\n \n def earn(self)://Run-time polymorphism\n print(\"no money\")\n \nclass childemployee2(employee):\n \n def earn(self):\n print(\"has money\")\n \nc = childemployee1\nc.earn(employee)\nd = childemployee2\nd.earn(employee)","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"輸出：","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"沒錢，有錢","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"說明：","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"在上面的例子中，我創建了兩個類 'childemployee1' 和 'childemployee2'，它們派生自同一個基類 'employee'。這是一個沒有收到錢而另一個得到的問題。現在真正的問題是這是怎麼發生的？好吧，如果您仔細觀察，我在這裏創建了一個空函數並使用了Pass（當您不想執行任何命令或代碼時使用的語句）。現在，在兩個派生類下，我使用了相同的空函數，並將打印語句用作 'no money' 和 'has money' 。最後，創建了兩個對象並調用了函數。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"繼續討論下一個面向對象的 Python 編程方法，我將討論封裝。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"封裝：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在原始形式中，封裝基本上意味着將數據綁定到單個類中。與Java不同，Python 沒有任何私有關鍵字。不應直接訪問類，而應以下劃線爲前綴。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"讓我向您展示一個示例以便更好地理解。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"例子：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"text"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"class employee(object):\ndef __init__(self): \nself.name = 1234\nself._age = 1234\nself.__salary = 1234\n \nobject1 = employee()\nprint(object1.name)\nprint(object1._age)\nprint(object1.__salary)","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"輸出：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"1234回溯（最近一次通話）：1234文件“C:/Users/Harshit_Kant/PycharmProjects/test1/venv/encapsu.py”，第 10 行，在打印（object1.__salary）中","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"AttributeError:","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 'employee'object has no attribute ' __薪水'","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"說明：","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"你會得到這個問題，下劃線和錯誤是什麼？好吧，python 類將私有變量視爲不能直接訪問的 (__salary)。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"因此，我在下一個示例中使用了 setter 方法，該方法提供對它們的間接訪問。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"例子：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"text"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"class employee():\ndef __init__(self):\nself.__maxearn = 1000000\ndef earn(self):\nprint(\"earning is:{}\".format(self.__maxearn))\n \ndef setmaxearn(self,earn)://setter method used for accesing private class\nself.__maxearn = earn\n \nemp1 = employee()\nemp1.earn()\n \nemp1.__maxearn = 10000\nemp1.earn()\n \nemp1.setmaxearn(10000)\nemp1.earn()","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"輸出：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"收益爲：1000000，收益爲：1000000，收益爲：10000","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"說明： ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"使用","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"setter 方法","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"提供對私有類方法的間接訪問。這裏我定義了一個員工類，並使用了一個(__maxearn)，它是這裏用來存儲員工最大收入的setter方法，以及一個以價格爲參數的setter函數setmaxearn()。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這是一個明顯的封裝示例，我們限制對私有類方法的訪問，然後使用 setter 方法授予訪問權限。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"接下來在面向對象編程中，python 方法論討論了一個稱爲抽象的關鍵概念。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"抽象：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"假設您使用網上銀行或任何其他流程從 bookmyshow 預訂了一張電影票。您不知道如何生成 pin 或如何完成驗證的過程。這在編程方面被稱爲“抽象”，它基本上意味着您只顯示特定流程的實現細節，而對用戶隱藏細節。它用於通過對適合問題的類進行建模來簡化複雜問題。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"抽象類不能被實例化，這僅僅意味着你不能爲這種類型的類創建對象。它只能用於繼承功能。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"例子：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"text"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"from abc import ABC,abstractmethod\nclass employee(ABC):\ndef emp_id(self,id,name,age,salary): //Abstraction\npass\n \nclass childemployee1(employee):\ndef emp_id(self,id):\nprint(\"emp_id is 12345\")\n \nemp1 = childemployee1()\nemp1.emp_id(id)","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"輸出","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"：emp_id 是 12345","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"說明： ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"正如你在上面的例子中看到的，我們導入了一個抽象方法，程序的其餘部分有一個父類和一個派生類。爲“childemployee”基類實例化了一個對象，並且正在使用抽象的功能。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Python 是 100% 面向對象的嗎？","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Python 沒有像 java 中的“private”這樣的訪問說明符。除了強封裝外，它支持大多數與“面向對象”編程語言相關的術語。因此它不是完全面向對象的。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這使我們結束了關於“面向對象的Python 編程”的文章。我希望您已經瞭解了與 Python 中的類、對象和麪向對象的概念相關的所有概念。確保您儘可能多地練習並恢復您的經驗。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://bbs.huaweicloud.com/blogs?utm_source=infoq&utm_medium=bbs-ex&utm_campaign=other&utm_content=content","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"點擊關注，第一時間瞭解華爲雲新鮮技術~","attrs":{}}]}]}]}
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