{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"萬維網之父 Tim Berners-Lee 爵士正以 NFT 形式出售建立現代互聯網體系的原始代碼。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"NFT 是一種對於純數字項目的獨特所有權形式，在這兩年火極一時。今年 3 月份，一幅數字拼貼畫曾以 100 美元起拍，最終以 4.5 億元的天價成交。此次 Tim 爵士的拍賣活動將由蘇富比拍賣行負責處理，拍賣定於 6 月 23 日至 30 日舉行，起拍價爲 1000 美元，所得款項將用於 Tim 爵士及其妻子指定的用途。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Tim 爵士於 1989 年發明了萬維網，也就是我們使用互聯網基礎設施的主要方式。這批代碼總共 9555 行，可謂極具歷史價值，而拍得者將獲得 Tim 爵士本人的認可，並由“數字簽名”證實自己的所有權。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"蘇富比將這份藏品宣傳爲“現在首款網絡瀏覽器的唯一簽名"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.sothebys.com\/en\/buy\/auction\/2021\/this-changed-everything-source-code-for-www-x-tim-berners-lee-an-nft\/source-code-for-the-www","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"代碼副本"}]},{"type":"text","text":"”，在定位上類似於出售名人手稿。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/wechat\/images\/17\/1724719837874ae9a563d5df81dda5d2.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"蘇富比此次將以單一數字 NFT 的形式拍賣包含 4 個不同項目的統一集合。其中包括爲萬維網項目編寫的“原始時間戳文件”源代碼、“動畫可視化”源代碼、Tim 爵士回顧開發過程的一封信，以及由他親自設計的“數字海報”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在不少人眼中，NFT 屬於純粹的圈錢工具而且有損於軟件開發領域的整體環境。Tim 爵士之前也從未直接借自己的發明牟利，時至今日萬維網仍然遵循開放標準。因此在 Tim 爵士宣佈此次拍賣時，不少人感到相當意外——當年那位拒絕爲萬維網申請專利的偉人，現在是怎麼了？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"三十年前寫出的改變世界的代碼行"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"英國科學家 Tim 爵士於 1989 年在歐洲核子研究中心 (CERN) 工作期間發明了萬維網 (WWW)。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這次在蘇富比拍賣的原始代碼寫於 1990 年 10 月 3 日至 1991 年 8 月 24 日之間，由 Objective C 編程語言編寫，在 NeXT 計算機上使用 Interface Builder 編譯。只是三十年後的現在，NFT 的買家不一定還能實際運行這個初始版本。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"今天網絡上也出現了一個非常早期的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/cynthia\/WorldWideWeb\/tree\/master\/NextStep\/Implementation","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"源代碼副本"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，蘇富比說這類似於 NFT 中出售的代碼，但不是原始代碼。而且根據 CERN 的說法也證實現在很難編譯萬維網網站，即使買家運行了原始瀏覽器，也可能很少有網站可以很好地使用。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這批文件共包含 9555 行代碼，其中包括三個核心創新成果，分別是 HTTP（超文本傳輸協議）、URL（通用資源定位符，Tim 最初稱其爲 URI，即通用資源指示符）以及 HTML（超文本標記語言）。HTTP 允許您單擊鏈接並直接轉向對應的文檔或網頁；URL 爲用於查找該文檔或頁面的地址；HTML 則允許您在文檔及頁面中放置鏈接，實現了資源的相互連接。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/wechat\/images\/10\/1053f30be9a1351de9462467942f97e7.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"萬維網的出現，徹底改變了人類世界的交流方式，但其崛起自然非"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/day-the-web-was-born\/","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"一日之功"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在 Tim 和 Robert Cailliau 確定萬維網能夠順利起效之後，就開始努力推廣萬維網和 Web 這個詞彙。在得到 CERN 的支持之後，Tim 從 1991 年開始飛遍世界各地，與衆多對超文本及互聯網抱有興趣的人們會面，並創建出更多網絡瀏覽器以訪問 CERN 計算機上不斷擴大的信息庫。他還鼓勵愛好者們佈設自己的服務器。從這時候開始，listservs 開始掀起一輪熱潮；此外，大學的計算機科學課程中也逐步引入萬維網的相關知識，並將瀏覽器與服務器編碼作爲理想的學生實驗場景。其中最著名的項目之一正是由伊利諾伊大學的 Marc Andreessen 所領導，並最終轉爲網景網絡瀏覽器。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/wechat\/images\/22\/22aed8379e0f9339a398a4ad5596750b.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但 Tim 後來開始擔心像微軟這樣的大型企業及各所高校可能會建立自己的網絡以對抗公共互聯網，或者對內容收費——這就違反了他最初提出的每個人都應該能與他人自由溝通的核心原則。爲了阻止這種情況，他要求 CERN 管理層基於通用許可發佈了所有源代碼，以供全球各地的程序員免費使用。在 Tim 看來，只要全世界都在共同構建這套網絡，那就沒有哪家企業能夠單獨將其控制。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Tim 首先把萬維網視爲一種社交媒體，他認爲萬維網是一種通過計算機將人們聯繫起來的系統，這也成就了萬維網源自草根的天然屬性。但直到上世紀九十年代中期，網景與美國在線等公司實現瀏覽器商業化之後，公衆才真正參與進來。這些廠商通過免費郵寄 CD 的形式發佈自己的瀏覽器軟件，這樣人們就能獲得上網能力。而在接入網絡後，公司會進一步提供其他收費服務，例如電子郵件。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在萬維網的發展歷程中，最讓他感到驚訝的是，多年以來人們對內容的瀏覽與閱讀興趣，要遠遠高於內容創建。他開發的第一款瀏覽器 WorldWideWeb 本身既是瀏覽器、也是編輯器。大家可以在其中編寫自己的頁面、將頁面發佈到網上，也可以編輯其他人發佈的面面。但後來的商業瀏覽器並不提供這類編輯功能。這讓他沮喪了好幾年，因爲對他來說萬維網的意義不僅在於查看信息、更在於發佈信息。直到博客乃至後來 Facebook 的出現，才真正降低了人們發佈內容的門檻，當然這都是後話了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“蒂姆爵士的發明創造了一個新世界，使信息共享民主化，創造了新的思考和互動方式”，蘇富比全球科學和流行文化主管卡桑德拉哈頓女士說。“在過去的幾個世紀裏，人類經歷了一系列的範式轉變，這些發明將我們帶入了現代世界……但沒有一個像萬維網的創建那樣對我們日常生活產生如此大的影響。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"拍賣的原因：“跟着感覺走”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Tim 爵士從未直接借自己的發明牟利，時至今日萬維網仍然遵循開放標準。Tim 爵士曾經供職的歐洲核子研究中心（CERN）也於 1993 年放棄了對萬維網技術的所有權利，支持其始終保持全面開放。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這次不同尋常的拍賣有望爲 Tim 爵士及其夫人籌集一大筆款項。雖然 NFT 在經歷了早期的短暫輝煌之後逐漸遇冷，但萬維網源代碼在加密貨幣支持者眼中應該算是一種極具吸引力的收藏品。但也有不少人對此表示質疑，認爲 Tim 爵士應該繼續堅守不從萬維網中獲利所建立起的偉大人設，至少別恰這種爛錢。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"圍繞 NFT 本身的爭議也不少——有些人認爲這是一項卓越的創新，代表着數字藝術及其他收藏品也能實現貨幣化。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2021 年 2 月 19 日，35 歲的美國業餘漫畫家克里斯托弗·託雷斯，以 58 萬美元的價格，賣出了在他過去十年的創作生涯中，唯一的一幅 SNS 熱榜大作：“彩虹貓”（Nyan Cat）。面對彷彿是從天而降的幾十萬美元，克里斯托弗·託雷斯差點當場被錢砸暈，他興奮地預測會有更多的此類交易：“我感覺，我彷彿拉開了防洪閘……”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/wechat\/images\/53\/5397c20cf8ff81b7e0573deb788f9a5c.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"接下來的一個月裏，果真就發生了更多的顛覆我們認知的拍賣活動。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"埃隆·馬斯克的現任女友、來自加拿大的女歌手克萊爾·伊萊絲·布徹（Grimes），用 20 分鐘拍出 10 首數字單曲，成交總價接近 600 萬美元… 據 CNBC 報道，全球 NFT 市場 2020 年全年的交易總額爲 2.5 億美元，而僅在今年二月這一個月的時間裏，就已經實現了 2.2 億美元的交易額。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"真正刷新紀錄的拍賣發生在今年 3 月 11 日，數字藝術家 Beeple（真名 Mike Winkelmann）推出了他耗時 14 年創作的作品《Everydays: The First 5000 Days》。他從 2007 年開始每天作圖一張，最終把 5000 張圖片拼接成一個 316MB 的 JPG 文件，並將其作爲 NFT 出售。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這場線上拍賣會，其競拍激烈程度遠超預期。距離拍賣結束還剩 30 分鐘時，競拍價格突破 1000 萬美元；最後十分鐘時，競拍價格突破 2000 萬美元；而在拍賣倒計時歸零的那一刻，成交價定格在了 6025 萬美元，加上佣金，總價爲 6934.6 萬美元，約合人民幣 4.5 億元。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/wechat\/images\/d5\/d5eae5279a984b8d20151470f58f7914.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"作爲今年區塊鏈與虛擬幣圈子裏最熱門的投機概念之一，更多人認爲這些都是騙局，留給買家的只是一種真實持有的幻覺。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"還有一個更大的問題，在於以以太坊區塊鏈爲依託建立的 NFT 給環境帶來的惡劣影響。一位分析師認爲，單筆以太坊交易產生的碳足跡可達實體藝術品印刷的 14 倍以上。出於對環境問題的重視，不少數字藝術家拒絕加入 NFT，甚至有人將其稱爲“一場噩夢般的生態災難”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在由蘇富比發佈的新聞稿中，Tim 爵士表示“爲什麼選擇 NFT？作爲一名計算機科學家，又掌握着編寫了很多年的代碼素材，那 NFT 就是很自然的平臺選項。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“對於這種純數字化成果加個人簽名的全新所有權形式，"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"我決定跟着感覺走"},{"type":"text","text":"。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"他還對萬維網本身的抽象屬性與 NFT 拍賣的全新思路進行了比較。“無論是藝術品還是數字成品，都是 NFT 這一領域中的有趣創作，而 NFT 又是這些作品的理想所有權表現形式。” “能用它把萬維網的起源精心「打包」起來，實在再合適不過了。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"拍賣行則堅持認爲“本 NFT 的碳足跡可以忽略不計”，儘管交易發生的區塊鏈本身確實會帶來巨大的日常運行成本，但仍足以抵消往來賬目及交易活動產生的碳排放量。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"延伸閱讀："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.sothebys.com\/en\/buy\/auction\/2021\/this-changed-everything-source-code-for-www-x-tim-berners-lee-an-nft\/source-code-for-the-www","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.sothebys.com\/en\/buy\/auction\/2021\/this-changed-everything-source-code-for-www-x-tim-berners-lee-an-nft\/source-code-for-the-www"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/technology\/world-wide-web-code-that-changed-world-up-auction-nft-2021-06-15\/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/technology\/world-wide-web-code-that-changed-world-up-auction-nft-2021-06-15\/"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"今日好文推薦"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"http:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MjM5MDE0Mjc4MA==&mid=2651079422&idx=1&sn=72284664c46f57a5366f57713d1f49e5&chksm=bdb9baad8ace33bb709fde99de2131aacfa6a7e4b7a362b76e3899e109d2f86d747701f17cf1&scene=21#wechat_redirect","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"IT費用“飈上天”才能做好數字化轉型？那是沒想清楚這幾個問題"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"http:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MjM5MDE0Mjc4MA==&mid=2651079407&idx=1&sn=ca33879acccd789c82943cdcffeddf4d&chksm=bdb9babc8ace33aaa5f9e81906229e04fe49995f46edb8bf79ce2a257c527534f7d9a1884ebd&scene=21#wechat_redirect","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"騰訊試點強制6點下班；滴滴遞交上市申請；某Top級互聯網公司被攻陷，超11億條信息外泄 | Q資訊"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"http:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MjM5MDE0Mjc4MA==&mid=2651079408&idx=1&sn=a97a8f62d77e1681d2a6b6e7c84eddbd&chksm=bdb9baa38ace33b5c42f65cc73a55a07c80100c9779fb5757b21ab6b05d1c7532e164c29c991&scene=21#wechat_redirect","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"稅務網站上線首日就宕機，財政部長怒噴印度第二大IT公司"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}}]}
價值或超4.5億？改變世界的9555行原始代碼，正被萬維網之父作爲NFT拍賣
{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"萬維網之父 Tim Berners-Lee 爵士正以 NFT 形式出售建立現代互聯網體系的原始代碼。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"NFT 是一種對於純數字項目的獨特所有權形式，在這兩年火極一時。今年 3 月份，一幅數字拼貼畫曾以 100 美元起拍，最終以 4.5 億元的天價成交。此次 Tim 爵士的拍賣活動將由蘇富比拍賣行負責處理，拍賣定於 6 月 23 日至 30 日舉行，起拍價爲 1000 美元，所得款項將用於 Tim 爵士及其妻子指定的用途。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Tim 爵士於 1989 年發明了萬維網，也就是我們使用互聯網基礎設施的主要方式。這批代碼總共 9555 行，可謂極具歷史價值，而拍得者將獲得 Tim 爵士本人的認可，並由“數字簽名”證實自己的所有權。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"蘇富比將這份藏品宣傳爲“現在首款網絡瀏覽器的唯一簽名"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.sothebys.com\/en\/buy\/auction\/2021\/this-changed-everything-source-code-for-www-x-tim-berners-lee-an-nft\/source-code-for-the-www","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"代碼副本"}]},{"type":"text","text":"”，在定位上類似於出售名人手稿。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/wechat\/images\/17\/1724719837874ae9a563d5df81dda5d2.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"蘇富比此次將以單一數字 NFT 的形式拍賣包含 4 個不同項目的統一集合。其中包括爲萬維網項目編寫的“原始時間戳文件”源代碼、“動畫可視化”源代碼、Tim 爵士回顧開發過程的一封信，以及由他親自設計的“數字海報”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在不少人眼中，NFT 屬於純粹的圈錢工具而且有損於軟件開發領域的整體環境。Tim 爵士之前也從未直接借自己的發明牟利，時至今日萬維網仍然遵循開放標準。因此在 Tim 爵士宣佈此次拍賣時，不少人感到相當意外——當年那位拒絕爲萬維網申請專利的偉人，現在是怎麼了？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"三十年前寫出的改變世界的代碼行"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"英國科學家 Tim 爵士於 1989 年在歐洲核子研究中心 (CERN) 工作期間發明了萬維網 (WWW)。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這次在蘇富比拍賣的原始代碼寫於 1990 年 10 月 3 日至 1991 年 8 月 24 日之間，由 Objective C 編程語言編寫，在 NeXT 計算機上使用 Interface Builder 編譯。只是三十年後的現在，NFT 的買家不一定還能實際運行這個初始版本。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"今天網絡上也出現了一個非常早期的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/cynthia\/WorldWideWeb\/tree\/master\/NextStep\/Implementation","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"源代碼副本"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，蘇富比說這類似於 NFT 中出售的代碼，但不是原始代碼。而且根據 CERN 的說法也證實現在很難編譯萬維網網站，即使買家運行了原始瀏覽器，也可能很少有網站可以很好地使用。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這批文件共包含 9555 行代碼，其中包括三個核心創新成果，分別是 HTTP（超文本傳輸協議）、URL（通用資源定位符，Tim 最初稱其爲 URI，即通用資源指示符）以及 HTML（超文本標記語言）。HTTP 允許您單擊鏈接並直接轉向對應的文檔或網頁；URL 爲用於查找該文檔或頁面的地址；HTML 則允許您在文檔及頁面中放置鏈接，實現了資源的相互連接。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/wechat\/images\/10\/1053f30be9a1351de9462467942f97e7.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"萬維網的出現，徹底改變了人類世界的交流方式，但其崛起自然非"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/day-the-web-was-born\/","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"一日之功"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在 Tim 和 Robert Cailliau 確定萬維網能夠順利起效之後，就開始努力推廣萬維網和 Web 這個詞彙。在得到 CERN 的支持之後，Tim 從 1991 年開始飛遍世界各地，與衆多對超文本及互聯網抱有興趣的人們會面，並創建出更多網絡瀏覽器以訪問 CERN 計算機上不斷擴大的信息庫。他還鼓勵愛好者們佈設自己的服務器。從這時候開始，listservs 開始掀起一輪熱潮；此外，大學的計算機科學課程中也逐步引入萬維網的相關知識，並將瀏覽器與服務器編碼作爲理想的學生實驗場景。其中最著名的項目之一正是由伊利諾伊大學的 Marc Andreessen 所領導，並最終轉爲網景網絡瀏覽器。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/wechat\/images\/22\/22aed8379e0f9339a398a4ad5596750b.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但 Tim 後來開始擔心像微軟這樣的大型企業及各所高校可能會建立自己的網絡以對抗公共互聯網，或者對內容收費——這就違反了他最初提出的每個人都應該能與他人自由溝通的核心原則。爲了阻止這種情況，他要求 CERN 管理層基於通用許可發佈了所有源代碼，以供全球各地的程序員免費使用。在 Tim 看來，只要全世界都在共同構建這套網絡，那就沒有哪家企業能夠單獨將其控制。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Tim 首先把萬維網視爲一種社交媒體，他認爲萬維網是一種通過計算機將人們聯繫起來的系統，這也成就了萬維網源自草根的天然屬性。但直到上世紀九十年代中期，網景與美國在線等公司實現瀏覽器商業化之後，公衆才真正參與進來。這些廠商通過免費郵寄 CD 的形式發佈自己的瀏覽器軟件，這樣人們就能獲得上網能力。而在接入網絡後，公司會進一步提供其他收費服務，例如電子郵件。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在萬維網的發展歷程中，最讓他感到驚訝的是，多年以來人們對內容的瀏覽與閱讀興趣，要遠遠高於內容創建。他開發的第一款瀏覽器 WorldWideWeb 本身既是瀏覽器、也是編輯器。大家可以在其中編寫自己的頁面、將頁面發佈到網上，也可以編輯其他人發佈的面面。但後來的商業瀏覽器並不提供這類編輯功能。這讓他沮喪了好幾年，因爲對他來說萬維網的意義不僅在於查看信息、更在於發佈信息。直到博客乃至後來 Facebook 的出現，才真正降低了人們發佈內容的門檻，當然這都是後話了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“蒂姆爵士的發明創造了一個新世界，使信息共享民主化，創造了新的思考和互動方式”，蘇富比全球科學和流行文化主管卡桑德拉哈頓女士說。“在過去的幾個世紀裏，人類經歷了一系列的範式轉變，這些發明將我們帶入了現代世界……但沒有一個像萬維網的創建那樣對我們日常生活產生如此大的影響。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"拍賣的原因：“跟着感覺走”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Tim 爵士從未直接借自己的發明牟利，時至今日萬維網仍然遵循開放標準。Tim 爵士曾經供職的歐洲核子研究中心（CERN）也於 1993 年放棄了對萬維網技術的所有權利，支持其始終保持全面開放。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這次不同尋常的拍賣有望爲 Tim 爵士及其夫人籌集一大筆款項。雖然 NFT 在經歷了早期的短暫輝煌之後逐漸遇冷，但萬維網源代碼在加密貨幣支持者眼中應該算是一種極具吸引力的收藏品。但也有不少人對此表示質疑，認爲 Tim 爵士應該繼續堅守不從萬維網中獲利所建立起的偉大人設，至少別恰這種爛錢。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"圍繞 NFT 本身的爭議也不少——有些人認爲這是一項卓越的創新，代表着數字藝術及其他收藏品也能實現貨幣化。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2021 年 2 月 19 日，35 歲的美國業餘漫畫家克里斯托弗·託雷斯，以 58 萬美元的價格，賣出了在他過去十年的創作生涯中，唯一的一幅 SNS 熱榜大作：“彩虹貓”（Nyan Cat）。面對彷彿是從天而降的幾十萬美元，克里斯托弗·託雷斯差點當場被錢砸暈，他興奮地預測會有更多的此類交易：“我感覺，我彷彿拉開了防洪閘……”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/wechat\/images\/53\/5397c20cf8ff81b7e0573deb788f9a5c.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"接下來的一個月裏，果真就發生了更多的顛覆我們認知的拍賣活動。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"埃隆·馬斯克的現任女友、來自加拿大的女歌手克萊爾·伊萊絲·布徹（Grimes），用 20 分鐘拍出 10 首數字單曲，成交總價接近 600 萬美元… 據 CNBC 報道，全球 NFT 市場 2020 年全年的交易總額爲 2.5 億美元，而僅在今年二月這一個月的時間裏，就已經實現了 2.2 億美元的交易額。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"真正刷新紀錄的拍賣發生在今年 3 月 11 日，數字藝術家 Beeple（真名 Mike Winkelmann）推出了他耗時 14 年創作的作品《Everydays: The First 5000 Days》。他從 2007 年開始每天作圖一張，最終把 5000 張圖片拼接成一個 316MB 的 JPG 文件，並將其作爲 NFT 出售。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這場線上拍賣會，其競拍激烈程度遠超預期。距離拍賣結束還剩 30 分鐘時，競拍價格突破 1000 萬美元；最後十分鐘時，競拍價格突破 2000 萬美元；而在拍賣倒計時歸零的那一刻，成交價定格在了 6025 萬美元，加上佣金，總價爲 6934.6 萬美元，約合人民幣 4.5 億元。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/wechat\/images\/d5\/d5eae5279a984b8d20151470f58f7914.jpeg","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"作爲今年區塊鏈與虛擬幣圈子裏最熱門的投機概念之一，更多人認爲這些都是騙局，留給買家的只是一種真實持有的幻覺。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"還有一個更大的問題，在於以以太坊區塊鏈爲依託建立的 NFT 給環境帶來的惡劣影響。一位分析師認爲，單筆以太坊交易產生的碳足跡可達實體藝術品印刷的 14 倍以上。出於對環境問題的重視，不少數字藝術家拒絕加入 NFT，甚至有人將其稱爲“一場噩夢般的生態災難”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在由蘇富比發佈的新聞稿中，Tim 爵士表示“爲什麼選擇 NFT？作爲一名計算機科學家，又掌握着編寫了很多年的代碼素材，那 NFT 就是很自然的平臺選項。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“對於這種純數字化成果加個人簽名的全新所有權形式，"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"我決定跟着感覺走"},{"type":"text","text":"。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"他還對萬維網本身的抽象屬性與 NFT 拍賣的全新思路進行了比較。“無論是藝術品還是數字成品，都是 NFT 這一領域中的有趣創作，而 NFT 又是這些作品的理想所有權表現形式。” “能用它把萬維網的起源精心「打包」起來，實在再合適不過了。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"拍賣行則堅持認爲“本 NFT 的碳足跡可以忽略不計”，儘管交易發生的區塊鏈本身確實會帶來巨大的日常運行成本，但仍足以抵消往來賬目及交易活動產生的碳排放量。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"延伸閱讀："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.sothebys.com\/en\/buy\/auction\/2021\/this-changed-everything-source-code-for-www-x-tim-berners-lee-an-nft\/source-code-for-the-www","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.sothebys.com\/en\/buy\/auction\/2021\/this-changed-everything-source-code-for-www-x-tim-berners-lee-an-nft\/source-code-for-the-www"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/technology\/world-wide-web-code-that-changed-world-up-auction-nft-2021-06-15\/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/technology\/world-wide-web-code-that-changed-world-up-auction-nft-2021-06-15\/"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"今日好文推薦"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"http:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MjM5MDE0Mjc4MA==&mid=2651079422&idx=1&sn=72284664c46f57a5366f57713d1f49e5&chksm=bdb9baad8ace33bb709fde99de2131aacfa6a7e4b7a362b76e3899e109d2f86d747701f17cf1&scene=21#wechat_redirect","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"IT費用“飈上天”才能做好數字化轉型？那是沒想清楚這幾個問題"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"http:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MjM5MDE0Mjc4MA==&mid=2651079407&idx=1&sn=ca33879acccd789c82943cdcffeddf4d&chksm=bdb9babc8ace33aaa5f9e81906229e04fe49995f46edb8bf79ce2a257c527534f7d9a1884ebd&scene=21#wechat_redirect","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"騰訊試點強制6點下班；滴滴遞交上市申請；某Top級互聯網公司被攻陷，超11億條信息外泄 | Q資訊"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"http:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MjM5MDE0Mjc4MA==&mid=2651079408&idx=1&sn=a97a8f62d77e1681d2a6b6e7c84eddbd&chksm=bdb9baa38ace33b5c42f65cc73a55a07c80100c9779fb5757b21ab6b05d1c7532e164c29c991&scene=21#wechat_redirect","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"稅務網站上線首日就宕機，財政部長怒噴印度第二大IT公司"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}}]}
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