中通快遞的雲原生改造之路

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"2019年11月12日，中通快遞迎來了2019年的第100億件快遞訂單，成爲中國乃至全球第一家年業務量破百億的快遞企業。彼時，中通快遞股份有限公司董事長賴梅松向全網發出內部信，表示要將100億歸零爲新的起點。並告誡中通人要保持艱苦奮鬥的創業精神和清醒的頭腦。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"一年後的9月，"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"http:\/\/www.xinhuanet.com\/finance\/2020-09\/17\/c_1126504325.htm","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"中通快遞赴港二次上市"}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"引起業內熱議，在殘酷的價格戰競爭中，其淨利潤依然是“四通一達”（中通、圓通、申通、百世匯通和韻達）之首。如此業績，在招股書中歸結爲降本增效和業務增長的功勞。其中降本增效包括“提升高運力自有車輛的使用率、數據化管理運營能力...通過數據分析，提高了路線規劃效率，縮短了運貨時間...提升自動化水平來提高工作效率、降低返工成本”等舉措。可見，降本增效措施的背後不僅僅是密集的勞動力和車輛的堆砌，更多是運用了衆多成熟的科技能力。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"其實，早在2017年，中通就提出了要做容器化基礎設施的構想，並且專門從IBM挖來了當時IBM\/EMC的雲計算大牛黃凱（目前雲平臺技術總監）主持容器化改造。時至今日，中通的技術平臺已經從單純的容器化改造升級到雲原生改造，並取得了諸多業內領先的實踐成果。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"近期，InfoQ QCon北京站邀請了中通雲高級架構師 楊小飛 出席演講。小編趁此機會做了主題爲"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"“中通的雲原生改造之路”"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"的專訪，一窺快遞業巨頭的數字化轉型方法論與實踐探索。 "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"雲原生是繼數據總線，微服務之後的架構領域的第三次革命"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"InfoQ：作爲行業巨頭，中通快遞雲原生落地的負責人，您在網絡上的資料很少，先請您介紹一下自己吧？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"楊小飛："},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"我叫楊小飛，曾在華雲，新致雲等公司任職架構師。2019年加入中通，在 DevOps 團隊，現任中通雲高級架構師。從2014年開始，我就一直專注於雲計算和周邊技術的研究，積累了大量 IaaS和 PaaS層的實戰經驗。同時，對AI，邊緣計算等領域有深刻理解。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"目前在中通負責雲服務平臺 IaaS 與容器以及邊緣計算相關的產品設計與規劃。關注雲原生架構在億級業務系統的落地與實施，以及整體轉型，尤其對 Service Mesh 以及 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/istio.io\/","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Istio"}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" 等顛覆架構的發展感興趣。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"InfoQ：雲原生是當下的熱門話題，但各路玩家對雲原生的理解不同。中通快遞怎麼定義雲原生？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"楊小飛："},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"很多人把雲原生簡單地理解爲採用開源（K8s+Docker）進行容器化，但這是偏狹隘了。我認爲雲原生其實是繼SOA\/ESB數據總線、SpringBoot等微服務架構之後，在架構領域的第三次革命。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"之前轟轟烈烈的雲計算是基於IaaS實現的虛擬化，雖然從靈活性和可維護性上已經比上一代提高了一個等級，但這些對業務架構都是不透明的，那麼非運維團隊就不敏感。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"自從引入了容器化架構之後，整個架構的思考方向徹底變了。嵌套在臃腫的SDK或者框架中的諸如日誌、監控、壓測等組件瞬間解放出來，整個業務系統變“輕”了很多，DevOps真正從概念走進了現實生活。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"工程師們發現應用的發佈、迭代、遷移再也不需要藉助各種流程、制度、規範來控制，運維也完全擺脫了平臺綁定。敏捷發佈、藍綠持續迭代和運維自動化，甚至AIOPS，瞬間起飛。再有底層IaaS雲平臺的虛擬化加持，彈性伸縮、動態調度、熱點打散等等，原先需要資深架構師苦思冥想、精雕細琢的設計一下子走入了“民間”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"中通快遞，對於雲原生的需求其實是非常迫切的。首先，我們有上百個業務系統，海量微服務，支撐着億萬級的交易量。中通的開發、運維同事每天無不是如履薄冰，因爲稍有不慎就是F1故障，一個發佈不當或者小小BUG帶來的就是數十萬的損失。所以，我們從高層領導往下，一開始就堅定地走雲原生升級的道路，無論什麼困難和理由，都不會讓步。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"之所以做這樣的抉擇，首先我們認爲這是一勞永逸的事情。之前的一些歷史包袱（例如SDK存在多個版本，升級困難），也可以通過架構升級徹底甩掉。另外，通過雲原生改造，我們享受到了容器的高密度部署和智能化調度所帶來的好處，資源利用率在不斷提升，包括剛纔說的開發效率出現了質的飛躍。 "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"雲原生是盤大棋，最終是爲了定製一套適合中通研發體系的方法論"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"InfoQ：對於快遞行業而言，有哪些典型場景適合雲原生落地？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"楊小飛："},{"type":"text","text":"可以說，雲原生的概念直接擊中了快遞行業的每個痛點。首先，我們整個研發中心是以業務系統爲重心的，不可能像互聯網企業那樣招募很多技術大牛，開發專屬的技術中臺和大神級框架，但是，我們的業務量又是海量，高峯時期的流量絲毫不弱於互聯網企業，而且我們的終端類型涵蓋了軟硬件，業務形態從線下到線上，很多業務高峯還是半夜，可以說是“沒有公主的命，卻得了公主病”，雲原生平臺恰好可以很大程度上緩解這個矛盾，。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"打個比方，我們的中臺業務，訂單軌跡，開放接口等都是海量QPS，大起大落也很常見。往往碰到大促或者突發事件，我們的架構師都要提前1-2月做流量預估、版本降級預案和服務器冗餘待命。而在雲平臺上，都是根據監控自動擴容縮容，藍綠髮布也非常輕鬆，架構師不用帶着黑眼圈上班了。同時一些輔助部門，例如安全、測試，原來想要做一些網絡策略或者壓測，協調起來非常麻煩，需要到各個業務線求爺爺告奶奶升級或者打包到各個業務系統代碼SDK中，或者安裝agent，現在他們通過CNI和Sidecar，可以無感知地植入。還有就是邊緣計算業務，也可以平行升級自己的模組，這不就是雲原生本來的樣子嘛！最後，我們幾萬個網點，很多當地的架構還是集中式的，這一塊也是非常適合使用容器平臺作爲底座的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"InfoQ：雲原生的提出已經快10年時間了，中通快遞什麼時候開始探索雲原生實踐？當時基於怎樣的背景？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"楊小飛："},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"其實我們的CTO早在2017年就提出了要做容器化基礎設施的構想，也專門 從IBM挖來了當時IBM\/EMC的雲計算大牛黃凱（目前雲平臺技術總監）主持容器化改造。但是當時因爲業務高速發展，我們很多精力都投入到業務系統建設中去了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"現在，我們的各條業務線逐步成熟，K8s的周邊生態也豐富了很多，而且前面各大互聯網公司（螞蟻金服、美團、攜程……）也探索了一套完整的雲原生方法論，技術風險降低了很多，於是研發中心決定快速跟進，全面擁抱雲原生。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"回頭來看，當時保持觀望的策略是對的。當時一些同行採用了Swarm、OpenShift的方案，現在又要推翻轉到K8s，反而是起了個大早趕了個晚集。而且，真正的雲原生架構拼圖是2020年上半年才初具原型，例如 Cilium、Istio等都要內核在4.10以上，K8s在1.20以上才基本具備生產投放的成熟度。這些在當時都還不成熟，很多公司做的事情僅僅是架構容器化，跟得太早，精力全被用在填坑了，出來的東西也是四不像。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"InfoQ：剛開始探索雲原生落地實踐時，中通快遞對雲原生的落地收益有怎樣的期望？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"楊小飛："},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"其實當時我們的初心蠻簡單的，就是把虛擬化改成輕量級的容器，也算做一個技術嘗試，更多的是爲了配合DevOps，把我們的發佈系統做得敏捷一點。但是，後來發現\"It's bigger than 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