快手於冰：咱客戶端工程師，還可以往哪個方向縱深？

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"1、2019 年，於冰在一次演講中提出了這樣一個觀點——5G 很可能不是革命，反而更像是一種催化劑，"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"在 5G 的加持下，視頻會像空氣和水一樣無處不在。"},{"type":"text","text":" 這句話得從兩個角度理解。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2、從用戶需求來看，圖文到視頻的升級是必然趨勢。作爲一種多媒體的載體，視頻內容的信息量、豐富程度、可觀看性和可消費性都是非常大的，給用戶帶來了全方位的沉浸感體驗。再加上推薦算法的賦能，視頻顯然是一種體驗更好的內容消費形式，如今的短視頻大潮也印證了這一點。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"3、從基礎設施的進步來看，整個網絡基礎設施和移動端體驗都在持續提升。包括千兆固網接入和 5G 的普及，移動端生產側的拍攝製作能力、消費側的清晰度和屏幕大小持續提升，這些與用戶需求的轉變是相輔相成的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"4、所以，無論通過平臺海量數據，還是行業發展趨勢都可以說明“視頻會像空氣和水一樣無處不在”這個觀點已經得到了驗證，而這個趨勢還將繼續加速。不信的話，你看看頭部互聯網公司是不是都在玩視頻、玩直播。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"5、5G 加快落地，音視頻產品越來越豐富，作爲快手移動端和音視頻技術負責人，於冰總結了他看到的移動開發新趨勢。大概有以下幾個方面："}]},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"更多的業務場景"},{"type":"text","text":"：社交、電商、教育、辦公……短視頻生產、短視頻消費、直播、RTC 場景明顯增多。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"更深的技術棧"},{"type":"text","text":"：在 5G+AI 時代，隨着帶寬的提升，音視頻成爲主要內容載體，AI 帶來了更多可能性。移動端需要對內容創作和消費體驗做出更好的支持，會涉及到多種技術棧，比如網絡、緩存、AI 推理引擎、圖形引擎、底層編譯器、OS 級別的優化等，再加上移動硬件設備的持續升級，移動端 NPU 和高色域高幀率屏幕的逐步普及，會帶來技術百花齊放的局面。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"更大的基礎資源壓力"},{"type":"text","text":"：假設要在移動端播放一個 60fps\/1080p 的視頻，它每秒鐘會加載 60 張圖，這個數據量是非常龐大的，而這些圖還要被高速處理，對硬件和 GPU 的渲染能力都有更高的要求。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"更高的算法複雜度"},{"type":"text","text":"：除了交互能力，很多在過去只能在 PC 端才能做到的內容生產製作的能力，比如視頻採集 \/ 剪輯、AI 特效等等，如今在移動端也能實現。“端智能 + 端雲一體”趨勢越加明顯。由於用戶的機型不同，既要保證能爲高端機提供更好的效果，又要保證低端機的體驗流暢，需要可伸縮的能力，這讓生產側 AI 和音視頻處理的算法複雜度進一步提升。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"更快的迭代速度"},{"type":"text","text":"：行業競爭激烈，業務需要快速迭代部署上線，這推動着移動原生開發和前端開發加速融合，向着大前端演進。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"6、 除了以上幾點，還有一個趨勢是，隨着國內流量紅利見頂，越來越多的企業開始佈局海外，快手也不例外。他們的主要戰場在東南亞和南美，這些地方都有一個統一特徵——機型更低端，網絡情況更復雜、基礎設施更落後，自然，移動開發面臨的挑戰也更大。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"7、快手不只是一個用來看視頻的簡單 App，它更是一個既有廣度又有深度的超級 App，業務非常複雜。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"8、從技術的廣度來說，爲應對這些變化，快手移動端的技術棧覆蓋數據、動態化引擎、網絡、圖像、音視頻、傳輸、渲染引擎等等。舉個例子，這裏面單是“網絡”這一項涵蓋的範圍就特別廣：API、視頻和圖片的分發和下載、域名解析、緩存（預加載策略）、視頻上傳等等，如果從全局看，廣度可想而知。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"9、再從技術的深度來說，快手需要做到非常極致的性能優化和穩定性。比如，快手的視頻壓縮算法要用匯編來加速，視頻的解碼需要適配硬件的能力，AI 推理引擎的加速也需要深耕。再比如，特效的渲染、AI 的推理都需要很高的算力，在做端智能的時候，還需要在雙端（iOS 和安卓）流暢運行，這就要深入到操作系統的內核去研究。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"10、快手的移動端都有哪些特點或者挑戰呢？挑戰就是機遇，從這個視角看，你也能想清楚未來行業的橫向和縱向發展趨勢。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"11、"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一是上層業務複雜，大廣場小生態。"},{"type":"text","text":" 快手不僅涵蓋了短視頻的生產消費，還有直播（電商、教育、遊戲）、小程序、長視頻、社交等業務，是用戶心智非常豐富的產品。所以爲了承接各種各樣的業務形態，快手通過業務分層，爲每一層都適配了不同的動態化技術。核心業務短視頻、直播等業務，會傾向於用 Native 方案來做；拓展業務，比如電商、運營等，會用動態化的方式來做；再往上一層的生態業務，快手傾向於用小程序爲用戶提供更全面的服務。這種不同的動態化方式可以讓快手核心安裝包比較小，業務生態拓展、業務的迭代速度也會非常快。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"12、"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二是下層音視頻和 AI 對性能、雙端適配等都要求很高。"},{"type":"text","text":" 快手是一個以音視頻生產和消費爲核心，以 AI 能力爲輔助的 APP，底層對雙端適配的要求非常高。所以快手在上層用動態化技術實現業務的快速迭代，但在底層主要用的還主要是 C++，甚至會用匯編去寫。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"13、"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"三是需要高效迭代。"},{"type":"text","text":" 複雜和海量業務下，快手需要保證每週發版頻率，甚至在一些重大活動時，要做到隨時發版。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"14、"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"四是架構精益求精。"},{"type":"text","text":" 快手有三億日活，用戶使用時長也很高，對崩潰率的容忍度很低，團隊就要有能力支持大規模的團隊並行開發，所以要做解耦和隔離，做模塊化、組件化。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"15、在剛剛結束的 GMTC 上，於冰有分享快手的移動端技術全景圖，從這圖裏，你也能看到些許的方向和趨勢。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/cb\/f8\/cb19408919926370ee94ec65efaec2f8.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"16、7月14日（週三）晚上8點，"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"我會在視頻號連麥於冰老師，沒有廣告，沒有雞湯"},{"type":"text","text":"，咱們實實在在，就聊聊客戶端，聊聊技術趨勢，聊聊選擇和努力。如果你感興趣的話，可以預約。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/a9\/93\/a9583fd7114ee46389056cd22b052c93.jpg","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}}]}