伴魚數倉演進

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"伴魚離線數倉建立,與伴魚的業務一起快速發展,從一條業務線,到多條業務線。在演進的過程中,有很多總結和沉澱的內容。本篇文章主要介紹伴魚離線數據倉庫的發展歷史,在發展過程中遇到的各種問題,以及針對問題的解決方案。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"業務介紹"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/3c\/3c5a34f4e4d6e7ce160136f21e137376.png","alt":"datawarehouse_devlopment","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"首先介紹伴魚的主要業務線,流量型產品:伴魚繪本,業務型產品:伴魚AI課,伴魚少兒英語等十幾條業務線:"}]},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"伴魚繪本:承擔着給其他業務線導流的功能,其核心業務流程是,用戶註冊 app 爲起點,app 內廣告訪問,app 內聽讀錄繪本功能的使用,以及 VIP 的購買、轉化。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"伴魚少兒英語:用戶核心鏈路涉及到的實體多,用戶申請試聽成爲少兒英語用戶,先觸達到銷售,然後分配老師,再完成上課,購買課程,然後分配班主任。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"AI課:用戶購買體驗課成爲AI課的用戶,通過分配到運營,運營轉化用戶購買正式課。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"由於各個業務線有互相交叉的部分,比如:數學業務使用少兒業務的班主任作爲銷售售賣課程、業務線之間也可以互相引流等。導致實體數據之間的關係複雜度較高。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在伴魚數據倉庫部門主要的工作內容:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"各個業務線的產品需求支持。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"給算法、分析團隊數據特徵的加工與提供。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"公司指標體系的設計與搭建。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"數據倉庫的底層建設與維護。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"全公司數據的收集與整合。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"研發團隊數據需求提供。"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"數倉前世"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在伴魚數倉建設之前,數據部門會給各個業務線提供數據支持,當時的業務需求比較少,內容和形式也相對簡單。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"當時的做法:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"業務開發人員自己寫 python 腳本。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"直連數據庫,查詢需要的數據。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"基於內存計算結果。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"將結果數據寫出到對應存儲 DB。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"開發報表展示頁面,提供數據報表,或通過郵件將數據結果發送給業務方。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"以上數據支持流程足以應對當時業務不太複雜的伴魚公司,但是隨着公司的發展和業務線的增加,對數據的需求量以及需求複雜度都在增加和提高,以上流程的開發效率就顯得捉襟見肘,主要體現在以下問題:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"數據無法沉澱:腳本產生的中間結果都是存儲內存,數據沒有任何沉澱。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"腳本維護較爲困難:不同開發人員寫在不同目錄下,文檔缺失。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"數據穩定性得不到保證:腳本歷史數據無沉澱,導致每次計算未必可以保證冪等。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"開發效率低:由於數據無沉澱,導致使用任何數據都需要重新開發,同一個數據,每個使用方都需要自己開發邏輯。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"爲了解決以上問題伴魚開始構建自己的數據倉庫。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"數倉建設"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"數倉 1.0"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2019年Q3之前,整體數據情況是:數據體量小,團隊人員不足,底層表調整頻繁,業務靈活多變,要求響應速度快。建設目標:快速響應需求,以最少的人力支持全公司的業務決策需求。基於當時的背景和目標,數倉架構主要是基於 TIBD 構建的3層數倉結構,原始數據層、base 層、stat 層。數據整體架構如下圖:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/65\/65c0fb979d309457dcc14179ad23899d.png","alt":"datawarehouse_devlopment","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"數據層級淺,針對主題只抽象出一個層級,保證底層數據可複用即可。其中數據源,出現了日誌進入到hive的步驟是因爲:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"數倉基於 TIDB 構建,所有數據都需要同步至 TIDB。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"業務形態導致,早期的流量數據不作爲重點關注內容,日誌數據主要在hive中存儲,需要使用的數據同步至TIDB。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"隨着業務的發展,數據量的增多,業務形態越發複雜。基於 TIDB 構建的數倉已經無法滿足要求,主要體現在:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"數據口徑難以保持一致,雖然基於原始數據構建了 base 層,但是在數據開發的過程中爲了滿足特殊的需求也經常直接使用原始數據。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"日誌數據使用日益增多,導致計算能力無法達到要求。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"數據庫報警頻繁,維護成本過高。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"當時的 TIDB 版本不支持窗口函數,自定義函數等功能。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"難以配合大數據生態體系工具。"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"數倉 2.0"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"針對上述問題,從以下幾個方面進行了調整:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"明確職責劃分。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"數倉基礎平臺由 TIDB 更換爲 HADOOP 生態體系。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"制定數倉建設規範、開發流程。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"數倉整體架構的調整,明確新的分層方式,進行更加細化的建模。"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"職責劃分"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"目前伴魚數倉團隊,承接公司全部業務線的數倉建設工作,對接公司內部各個業務線,每條業務線的形態不同,數據的使用方式也不同。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"基於當前能力該如何解決上述問題?調研後發現大體有如下幾種方式:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"方式一(分總形式):"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"​業務線或部門自建數倉,各個業務線分別建設自己的數倉,數倉與數倉之間無直接關係,使用其他業務線數據,通過權限申請拉取使用,或通過FTP文件的形式同步數據。例如運營商各個省份的數倉是獨自建設的,可能由不同的廠商承接建設,在建設後以統一的格式推送至總部,再在總部進行進一步的數據清洗。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"方式二(分層形式):"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"​ 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ODS 層的數據做一定的清洗和加工,規範化;"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2)進行維度建模,對數據表進行單個業務過程的寬表化,冗餘維度。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"DWS:輕度彙總層,對單個主題的多行爲進行寬表化處理(不跨主題)。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"DM:數據集市層,對多個主題,跨主題,跨業務線的整合型數據表,面向挖掘,數據分析等。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"ADS:應用層,高度彙總數據,面向業務的結果數據。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"其中ODS層數據源由平臺提供數據抽取能力,保證數據的同步,DW、DM、ADS 層統一由數據倉庫團隊負責。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"層級規範"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"ODS:將各種源的數據接入到HIVE中,保留原始數據結構信息。主要數據來源:數據庫數據、日誌數據、外部數據。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"數據庫數據:主要兩種數據源,一是MONGODB;二TIDB,分別通過 oplog 和 binlog 進行同步,可選擇以增量或全量的方式進行。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"日誌數據:通過 Flink 消費 Kafka 中的數據,存儲到HDFS中。使用較多的是埋點數據,中臺統一了 Web 、安卓、Ios 三端的 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