在互聯網大廠,我們是怎麼“反內卷”的

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2021年對互聯網行業而言,註定是不平凡的一年。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"今年我們已經習慣了看到各種互聯網大事件的發生,某某公司上市折戟了、某某公司遭遇反壟斷調查了、某某公司的APP被下架了、某某行業遭遇政策性團滅了…而另一方面,我們也能從互聯網巨頭近期的各種動作中識別出一些風向的變化,從積極的角度來看,他們正朝着一種更科學、更可持續的方向在發展。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"比如,從”內卷”到”反內卷”的趨勢變化。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“反內卷”的潮流已經悄然而至"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"互聯網大廠一直自帶上熱搜的體質,而互聯網圈流行已久的”996”向來是內卷的代名詞。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"大家肯定還記得,去年網絡上對於”996”有着深度的討論,”996”話題似乎與互聯網大廠有着某種深度綁定,某些話題確實也是從大廠內部發源的。比如:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"阿里的馬雲老師說,能996是一種巨大的福氣,很多公司、很多人想996都沒有機會;"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"京東的東哥說,混日子的不是我兄弟;"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"百度強調“狼性”文化;"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"字節跳動、快手事實上都在採用”大小周”的工作制度;"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"拼多多成立5週年慶祝活動上,董事長鼓勵全員開啓“硬核奮鬥模式”;"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"華爲有”奮鬥者協議”,員工工位下面常備行軍牀,方便加班累了休息用;"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"世界上最大的代碼託管平臺GitHub上有一個叫996.ICU的項目,發起者稱“工作996,生病ICU”;"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"隨着內卷的不斷加劇,很多人學會了“表演型”加班。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"當加班文化盛行,身處其中的每個員工都容易被裹挾其中,即便沒有工作安排,也寧願下班後留在公司繼續“磨洋工”。而"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"過度加班會降低工作效率,讓員工患上嚴重的“拖延症”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"另外,也有聲音指出,把提高員工效率寄託在延長工作時間上,本就是管理上的“懶政”行爲。阿里某P8同學留言說,"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"“當一個管理者的智慧無法衡量一支團隊的產出的時候,他就會把‘工時’當做最後的救命稻草,死死抱住——這是他唯一聽得懂的東西了。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"當然,”996”的話題由於其巨大的爭議性,難免也會受到一些網友斷章取義地過度吐槽,比如把”加班”和”奮鬥”混爲一談,然後發出各種更不理性的言論。到後來馬雲老師也補充道:“任何公司不應該,也不能強制員工996;阿里巴巴從來也都提倡,認真生活、快樂工作!但是年輕人自己要明白,幸福是奮鬥出來的!不爲996辯護,但向奮鬥者致敬!”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"時光荏苒,"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"到了2021年的年中,風向突然發生了轉變:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"騰訊光子工作室6月中旬"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"試行“強制不加班雙休”的政策"},{"type":"text","text":",週三健康日九點半上班,下午六點下班,其他工作日也必須在晚上九點前離開公司;"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"6月24日,快手正式宣佈,"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"從7月1日開始取消大小周制度"},{"type":"text","text":"。員工按需加班,公司按照相關規定向員工支付加班工資;"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"7月9日,字節跳動發佈公告,宣佈將於2021年8月1日起"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"取消隔週週日工作的安排"},{"type":"text","text":"。字節跳動表示,8月開始有需求的團隊和個人,可以通過系統提交加班申請;"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"7月13日,“京東宣佈全員漲薪兩個月”登上微博熱搜第一,直接刷屏了。有網友評論稱,字越少,事越大,"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"京東這是“直男式漲薪”——不賣萌,不賣慘,簡單直接,說漲就漲;"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"7月14日,美團旗下社區團購業務“美團優選”已於近日發佈通知,取消“大小周”,本週起立即執行;"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"近期華爲心聲社區也披露了任正非的一次內部講話,要求通過一系列機制防止熵增、沉澱、內卷化。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一夜之間,大廠們似乎都在”反內卷”"},{"type":"text","text":",“大小周”和類似的工作傳統終於要成爲過去式了。無論是何種因素導致了互聯網企業的這波運動,但"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"未來更多企業跟進“反內卷”的潮流幾乎已經成爲必然。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"那麼我們需要思考一下,這一波互聯網企業“反內卷”的底層邏輯究竟是什麼?我認爲肯定有互聯網在監管日趨嚴格的背景下尋求工作合規化的訴求,當然還有更重要的,就是"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"如何讓互聯網真正成爲一個技術密集型產業,而不是勞動密集型產業。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在這個趨勢之下,"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"已經不能靠一味地堆砌勞動時間獲得工作成果,而切實提高工作效率纔是良藥,”研發效能”就成爲了一家科技公司的核心競爭力。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“研發效能”是核心競爭力"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“反內卷”成爲潮流之後,我們要回答的一個問題是:"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"不加班意味着工作時長變少,但事情還是那麼多,那該怎麼辦呢?"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"很多公司通常會採用KPI或OKR作爲團隊和員工績效衡量指標,如果目標沒有發生變化,那麼工作量也不可能大幅減少。這意味着,原本要依賴加班才勉強完成的工作,現在需要在正常的工作時間段內完成。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在這種情況下,"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"“研發效能”的提升,註定就是我們要走的必由之路了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"說到這裏,也許你會問,那“研發效能”究竟是什麼?"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我認爲,“研發效能”就是更高效、更高質量、更可靠、可持續地交付更優的業務價值的能力。具體來講:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"更高效:更高的效率代表更快、更及時地交付,這樣就能更早地進入市場,然後更早地學習、更早地調整,更早地降低風險,更早地鎖定進展和價值。這是敏捷和精益思想的核心;"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"更高質量:我們研發的產品是有質量紅線、有底線要求的。快速交付給客戶有質量問題的功能除了會引發投訴以外沒有任何價值。質量是內建的,不是事後檢驗出來的;"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"更可靠:我們要的是敏捷,而不是脆弱(agile rather than fragile),安全和合規方面要有保障。就像開車一樣,只有車子更可靠、剎車更好,你纔敢開得更快;"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"可持續:短期的取巧和”快糙猛”、小作坊式開發,只會給未來帶來更多的技術債務和持久的效率低下,軟件研發不是一錘子買賣,我們應該用”長線思維”來思考問題;"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"更優的業務價值:我們經常說”以終爲始”,你提供給客戶或業務的東西應該是有價值的,這是關於你爲什麼要做所有這些事情的根本出發點。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"那有同學要問了,上面的描述好像都是對組織而言的,那"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"研發效能的提升,對我們每個人有什麼好處呢?"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我認爲對個人來講的好處就是:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"強調功勞而不是苦勞:不再按加班時長進行排名,而是讓大家的目標聚焦在對結果有幫助的事情上,即交付業務價值;着眼點從局部產出過渡到整體結果上;"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"強調更聰明地工作:就是我們常說的\"好鋼用在刀刃上\",通過一系列工作流程、協作方式、角色職責、系統架構、技術平臺上的優化,通過工具建設和自動化程度的提升,讓大家能夠擺脫冗長無聊的各類會議、重複機械的手工操作,把時間花在真正有創造性的事情上;"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"強調個人能力成長:組織要給大家留出一些空閒時間來,用於個人的學習和提高,成長的機會也許比晉升和績效更能吸引人。優秀的企業會注重側重培養個人的技術能力、軟件工程能力、業務領域能力。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"組織是由每個部門、每個團隊、每個人組成的,只有每個人的效率提升了、能力增強了,工作更快樂了,整個企業的研發效能纔會更好。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"另外,在互聯網大廠裏,”研發效能”其實已經並不是一個新鮮的事兒了,大家其實都早有佈局。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"各個大廠基本都有專門的部門或團隊來負責這件事情:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在百度,有個部門叫”工程效率部”,也是我當時所在的部門。後來改名叫”工程效能部”,"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"使命是“用領先的工程平臺和服務,讓產品研發更高效”"},{"type":"text","text":"。通過持續設計研發基礎設施和研發工具產品,讓百度所有工程師工作更高效、體驗更快樂;"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在阿里,之前的部門叫”研發效能事業部”,這個部門是阿里巴巴集羣生態系統的重要支撐平臺,"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"爲集團各大業務羣的研發、測試,運維工作提供高效的系統平臺,提升阿里巴巴的研發效率;"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在騰訊,TEG、PCG、IEG、CSIG等各個事業羣也基本也都有類似負責研發效能的部門或團隊,"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"通過構建DevOps或研發效能工具鏈、研發效能度量、敏捷教練賦能等方式提升企業的研發效能;"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在美團、滴滴、快手也都有類似的職能部門或團隊,只是名字和隸屬關係有所差異罷了;"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"國外的互聯網大廠更是如此,很多成功的公司都有名爲EP( Engineering Productivity)的部門,讓3%~5%的開發者專注於提升開發生產力。根據相關報道,Google有超過1500人、微軟有超過3000人專注於這類事情。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"研發效能要解決的問題,包括工程師個人生產力的問題,也包括產品和團隊效能的問題,當然還要包括最終提升整個企業的組織績效的問題。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"研發效能的提升是一個複雜的學科和系統性的工程,涉及到組織、流程、工具、文化等方方面面"},{"type":"text","text":",那麼接下來我們就一起看看大廠們是怎麼做的。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"研發效能的黃金三角"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這些年我一直在擁有數萬研發人員規模的大型互聯網公司中做DevOps和研發效能的相關工作,做過敏捷和持續交付實踐的大規模推廣,組建並帶領團隊從零開始建設過服務於全公司的、一體化、一站式的DevOps平臺,發起過公司級效能度量委員會並制定度量指標體系,加之在技術社區持續活躍、在各類綜合性\/專業性技術大會中擔任出品人等角色,對互聯網大廠的研發效能提升思路和做法有一定的理解,"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"我把這些經驗總結起來,形成一個具有增強迴路效果的研發效能提升體系,我稱之爲”研發效能的黃金三角”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/87\/23\/87b429a4a0bf911947a71266fa6fd623.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"研發效能的黃金三角由三個部分組成,分別是效能實踐、效能平臺和效能度量。這三個部分彼此獨立,但又相互關聯。其關聯關係是:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“效能實踐”中的優秀實踐可以固化、沉澱到”效能平臺”;反過來,”效能平臺”支撐了”效能實踐”的落地;"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“效能平臺”產生的大量研發數據形成了”效能度量”中的效能洞察;反過來,”效能度量”可以持續觀測”效能平臺”中產生的數據,進行下鑽和深入分析;"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“效能度量”中的洞察和分析結果可用於針對性優化”效能實踐”;反過來,”效能實踐”可以給”效能度量”更多的輸入,幫助完善度量指標集和分析方法;"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"所以,效能實踐效能平臺效能度量就形成了一個彼此增強、迭代優化的迴路,有效利用好這個增強迴路就可以幫助企業研發效能持續增強、不斷提升。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"重申一下,我們的最終目標是:更高效、更高質量、更可靠、可持續地交付更優的業務價值。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"下面我們就來簡單看一下這三個部分。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"效能實踐"}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/5e\/18\/5eddf231cd58cb921b2b0d3809f54818.jpeg","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"目標:提煉和採納與上下文匹配的DevOps及效能提升實踐"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"價值主張:產品導向+工程卓越"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"產品導向:區別於項目導向的交付模式(在特定時間內,以相對確定的預算和人力,交付預先計劃的內容),我們更傾向於以產品導向的交付模式組織相關效能實踐。產品導向讓我們面向長期的業務價值,組織長期穩定的敏捷團隊,持續迭代和優化與時俱進的產品。我們承認需求的不確定性,要持續改進產品,而不是簡單地遵從既定計劃;我們要考慮長期產品和團隊能力的建設,而不是把短期項目做完了事;我們要考慮持續爲客戶創造價值,而不是看項目有沒有超過預算;我們要面向工作結果進行響應,而不是盯着一些局部的工作產出;"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"工程卓越:我們必須持續關注工程和技術的卓越性,而不僅僅是交付了多少需求或特性。比起多完成了幾個小功能,也許工程和技術上的提升所帶來的價值會更大。就像微軟CEO薩蒂亞·納德拉所說:每一天我都在開發新特性和提升我們的生產力之間進行權衡。我們要追求用工程化的方法持續把確定性、重複性、機械性的任務自動化,從而在提升效率的同時讓工程師有更多時間花在有創造性的事情上。用工程化的思路解決問題、追求工程卓越就是一種\"反內卷\"的表現;"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"實踐分類:業務敏捷創新實踐、敏捷精益協作實踐、持續交付工程實踐、雲原生技術實踐、組織和團隊拓撲等;"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"實施建議:業界一致認爲,"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"DevOps領域、研發效能領域都從來就沒有”一刀切”的解決方案"},{"type":"text","text":",所以不要迷信某個成熟度模型、某種規模化框架就一定能對你有幫助。正確的實踐選擇一定是要基於上下文的,找出價值流中最大的障礙,選取工具箱中適當的實踐,從小範圍開始、縱向進行實驗,"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"應用敏捷思維來提升組織效能,逐個解決瓶頸,循環往復。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"效能平臺"}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/25\/21\/257de8e9fb15be58c9ea6a31e6bb8321.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"目標:打造一站式、一體化的效能平臺,支撐軟件交付全生命週期。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"價值主張:自動化+自助化、場景化+生態化"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"自動化:自動化很好理解,"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"DevOps講究”自動化一切”,這正是DevOps精髓”CALMS”中的A(Automation)"},{"type":"text","text":",研究表明高效能企業在自動化構建、自動化測試、自動化環境創建和部署、自動化監控和可觀測性等方面要遠遠高於中低效能企業;"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"自助化:自助化代表上下游角色可以通過平臺緊密銜接,"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"工具平臺被某種角色創建出來之後,上下游其他角色應該都可以按需、自助地使用"},{"type":"text","text":",降低了對於某種角色或者某個人的依賴,這樣組織協作效率才能提升;"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"場景化:我們經常看到很多所謂的”一站式、一體化”是按功能領域進行劃分並展現相關能力的,或者說是一個”拼湊”起來的平臺。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"而真正讓管理者和工程師使用趁手的、易用的平臺一定是按研發場景進行組織的"},{"type":"text","text":",比如以某一產品爲主線貫穿DevOps流程,方便用戶管理產品相關需求、創建特性分支,迭代開發和交付。同樣,以應用爲主線對於運維人員來講就會更加友好;"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"生態化:在互聯網大廠搭建效能平臺普遍遇到的難點就是業務複雜、規模龐大,業務獨特、場景衆多,很難通過一個團隊的努力就能滿足整個公司的需求。但是各個業務部門如果什麼都自己做、重複造輪子、甚至相互惡性競爭就更不好了。所以,"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"作爲平臺建設者應該更加開放,分離平臺底座和原子能力的建設"},{"type":"text","text":",即通過生態合作伙伴關係,促進公司效能平臺的良性發展。從公司角度來看,減少重複建設和避免內耗,也都是\"反內卷\"的表現。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"實施建議:效能平臺的建設切莫一上來就追求”大而全”,所謂的”一站式、一體化”只是手段而不是目的,最終以能滿足研發場景的訴求爲主。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"尤其是在平臺建設初期,不妨以支持”toB”客戶的思維來進行平臺運營,深度綁定和跟進種子團隊,深刻理解業務痛點和需求"},{"type":"text","text":",這樣做出來的平臺馬上就有人用,然後收集反饋,像滾雪球一樣越做越完善。另外,還要注重需求價值流、工程價值流之間的聯動,而不要分裂成毫無關聯的兩個系統。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"效能度量"}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/3c\/3c9ecedd8738e0183881da73355e160b.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"目標:在正確的方向上開展研發效能度量和數據洞察,指導和驅動效能改進和提升"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"價值主張:數據驅動+實驗思維"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"數據驅動:我們經常遇到的現象是,一個組織或者團隊在消耗了大量的”變革”時間成本和人力資源後,卻無法回答一些看似本質的問題,比如:”你們的研發效能到底怎麼樣?比別的公司、別的團隊更好還是更差?瓶頸點和問題是什麼?採納了敏捷或DevOps實踐之後有沒有效果?下一步應該採取什麼行動?” 。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"我認爲研發效能度量的目標就是讓效能可量化、可分析、可提升"},{"type":"text","text":",通過數據驅動的方式更加理性地評估和改善效能,而不要總是憑直覺感性地說”我覺得…”。用真實、有效的數據說話,勇於挑戰現有流程和規則,直指研發痛點和根因,也是一種\"反內卷\"的表現;"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"實驗思維:研發效能提升沒有”一招鮮,喫遍天”的萬能招式,而是要基於上下文進行有針對性的實驗和探索。比如,想提升線上質量、降低缺陷密度,經驗告訴我們應該去加強單元測試的覆蓋、完善Code Review機制、做好自動化測試案例的補充。但是,這真的有效麼?我們通過數據來看,很可能沒有任何效果!並不是說這些實踐不該做,而是可能做的不到位。比如只是爲了指標好看,編寫缺少斷言的單元測試、找熟人走過場分分鐘通過的代碼評審、覆蓋一些非熱點代碼來硬湊測試覆蓋率目標等等。所以,"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"我們需要實驗思維,找到那些真正有用的改進活動及其與結果之間的因果關係,有的放矢纔會更有效率和有效果;"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"實施建議:效能度量本身也是一個比較複雜的體系,包含數據採集、度量指標、度量模型、度量產品、數據運營等多個方面,我把它們整理出來,稱爲“"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"研發效能度量的五項精進”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"1、構建自動採集效能數據的能力。通過系統分層處理好數據接入、存儲計算和數據分析。比如,小型團隊通過MQ、API等方式把數據採集起來之後,使用MySql(存放明細數據和彙總數據)、Redis(存放緩存數據)、ES(數據聚合和檢索分析)三件套基本就夠用了;而大規模企業由於數據量龐大、匯聚和分析邏輯複雜,建議使用整套大數據分析解決方案,比如流行的流批一體的大數據分析架構。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2、設計效能度量指標體系。選取結果指標用於評估能力,過程指標用於指導分析改進。比如:需求交付週期、需求吞吐量就是結果指標,可用於對交付效率進行整體評估;交付各階段耗時、需求變更率、需求評審通過率、缺陷解決時長就是過程指標,可用於指導分析改進。通過先導性指標進行事前干預,通過滯後性指標進行事後覆盤。比如:流動負載(在製品數量)是一個先導型指標,根據利特爾法則,在製品過高一定會導致後續的交付效率下降、交付週期變長,所以識別到這類問題就要進行及時干預;而線上缺陷密度就是一個滯後性指標,線上缺陷已經發生了,我們能做的就只有覆盤、對缺陷根因進行分析,爭取在下個統計週期內能讓質量提升、指標好轉。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/ae\/aeb7ff56dd05bffa90befd493ff19269.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"3、建立效能度量分析模型。這裏的模型是指對研發效能問題、規律進行抽象後的一種形式化的表達方式。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"比如流時間(需求交付週期)、流速率(需求吞吐量)、流負載、流效率、流分佈這五類指標結合在一起,就是一個典型的分析產品\/團隊交付效率的模型"},{"type":"text","text":",通過這個模型可以講述一個完整的故事,回答一個關於交付效率的本質問題。模型還有很多種,比如組織效能模型(如戰略資源投入分佈和合理性)、產品\/團隊效能模型、工程師效能模型等,我們還要合理採用趨勢分析、相關性分析、診斷分析等方法,分析效能問題、指導效能改進;"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"4、設計和實現效能度量產品。將數據轉化爲信息,然後將信息轉化爲知識,讓用戶可以自助消費數據,主動進行分析和洞察;簡單的度量產品以展示度量指標爲主,比如按照部門、產品線等維度進行指標卡片和指標圖表的展現;做的好一點的度量產品可以加入各種分析能力,可以進行下鑽上卷,可以進行趨勢分析、對比分析等;而做的比較完善的度量產品應該自帶各種分析模型和邏輯,面向用戶屏蔽理論和數據關係的複雜性,直接輸出效能報告,並提供問題根因分析和改進建議,讓對效能分析不是很熟悉的人也能自助地使用。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"5、實現有效的效能數據運營體系。放在最後的其實才是最重要的,我們有了度量指標、有了度量模型、有了度量產品,但一定要注意的是:要避免不正當使用度量而產生的負面效果,避免將度量指標KPI化而導致\"造數據\"的短視行爲。根據古德哈特定律,度量不是武器,而是學習和持續改進的工具。正所謂\"上有政策,下有對策\",\"度量什麼就會得到什麼\",爲了避免度量帶來的各種副作用,"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"我們首要的度量對象應該是工作本身,而不是工作者"},{"type":"text","text":"。另外,效能改進的運作模式也很重要,只是把數據報表放在那裏效能不會自己變好,需要有團隊或專人負責推動改進事宜。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"好了,感謝你看到文章的末尾。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"覺得怎麼樣?研發效能相關的話題是不是挺有意思的?這裏還有很多值得展開和深度思考的內容,比如:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"效能實踐如何選擇,敏捷、精益和工程技術實踐的作用域,以及如何搭配?"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"效能實踐很多,如何從大處着眼、小處着手,持續改進?"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"效能平臺的產品需求價值流與工程活動價值流如何聯動?"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"研發效能度量指標體系應該如何設計?"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"研發效能度量模型應該怎麼建設,效能數據怎樣分析?"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"以上每個問題都值得單獨探討,但畢竟本文篇幅有限,我們就留在後面再跟大家繼續分享吧!"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"總結"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"“反內卷”的潮流已經悄然而至,研發效能的提升是科技企業的必由之路。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我們要想盡一切辦法做到"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"更高效、更高質量、更可靠、可持續地交付更優的業務價值。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"研發效能的黃金三角由三個部分組成,分別是效能實踐、效能平臺和效能度量。我們希望它們就形成一個彼此增強、迭代優化的增強迴路,有效利用好這個模型可以促進企業研發效能持續增強、不斷提升,最終助力企業和業務的成功。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"祝願,你能擁有更高的研發效能!"}]}]}
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