同程旅行雲原生改造：半年完成全部核心業務改造、抗住爆品300%流量衝擊

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"採訪嘉賓 | 彭濤"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"2018年3月，同程集團旗下同程網絡與藝龍旅行網合併爲同程旅行，同年登陸香港聯交所主板掛牌上市，成爲港股“OTA第一股”。財報顯示，2021年上半年，同程藝龍MAU約爲2.56億，其中在第二季度，MAU達到2.8億，同比增長58.3%，創下了歷史新高。上半年，同程旅行的各項核心業務增長均遠超行業增速，並超越疫情前水平。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"業務量的增長讓同程旅行的技術團隊感到欣喜，但另一方面這也意味着團隊需要直面高流量帶來的新挑戰，雲原生改造成了解決問題的關鍵。雖然同程旅行從2019年年底纔開始進行雲原生改造，至今還不到兩年，但成果顯著，成功幫助同程旅行經受住了業務流量暴增的考驗。近日，InfoQ專訪了同程旅行研發中心雲原生平臺負責人彭濤，一探同程旅行雲原生的改造之路。（本文節選自《中國技術先鋒團隊訪談錄》2021年第五季）"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"半年完成全部核心應用改造"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"2019年，同程旅行主要面臨兩個問題。首先，由於剛和藝龍網完成公司主體合併不久，兩個前身公司各自存在着不同技術體系的構建、發佈等系統，這些系統隨着公司業務的逐步整合，也必須在技術層面做進一步的收斂，以達到平臺統一的目的。同時，在線旅行業務具有較明顯的業務波動特性，在季度、節假日、每日時段上都有比較突出的波峯波谷特性。這樣的業務特性對技術資源的整體利用率波動影響較大。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"當時，企業服務雲化成爲業界技術發展較爲主流的新趨勢。基礎服務的雲化支持和業務應用的雲原生改造成爲技術團隊較爲緊迫的工作。2019年底，同程旅行基於原有兩個前身公司容器化基礎上的雲原生的二次改造工作正式啓動。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"2019年底到2020年中的這半年裏，技術團隊定下的總體目標是提升集羣資源利用率，降低資源使用成本。圍繞這個目標，團隊計劃利用雲原生思維重構部分技術體系，將多套舊有系統合併、收攏到一套以雲原生應用爲核心的私有云平臺上，同時將IDC、物理網絡、虛擬網絡、計算資源、存儲資源等通過IaaS 、PaaS等，實現虛擬化封裝、切割、再投產的自動化流程。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"說起來似乎不難，但整個過程需要多個技術工種的支持和配合。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"基礎層面，爲了支持IaaS層的網絡虛擬化，運維人員選擇了Vxlan、大二層技術，並用KVM作爲計算資源的切割。在容器網絡虛擬化這部分，考慮到要降低損耗，採用了BGP、Host網絡模式等技術，同時開發了綁核、NUMA 等相關技術。容器存儲方面，遠端存儲選擇了Ceph，本地層使用塊存儲設備、NUMA 設備等。異構資源側則採用了GPU 改CUDA library的方式來完成虛擬化的切分和分時複用。技術團隊將資源調度變成了利用時序數據預測應用規模的方式，提升了資源利用率。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"這一階段的最大成果就是完成了有顯著潮汐特徵的訂單服務的改造。通過改造，訂單業務從原先獨享機器集羣切換到了共享機器集羣，僅使用之前獨享機器集羣40%的機器就完成了對全線服務業務的支撐，同時由於調度算法加入了自研的服務畫像技術作爲默認調度屬性，資源調度的穩定性不降反升。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"改造進行半年之後，同程旅行已實現納入到該平臺部分單機資源利用率提升了20%，並通過雲原生化的舊應用改造，下掉了當時集羣內一半的服務器和相應的機房水電資源。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"雖然看起來順利，但是技術團隊其實也面臨着很多問題。比如在改造完成後服務部署時，團隊發現大批量的物理機都出現負載上升的情況，經過排查發現是低版本的Java 程序無法準確識別容器裏的規格，導致GC時頻繁發生資源爭搶。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"“"},{"type":"text","text":"當時正在做業務遷移，這個問題導致部分業務的穩定性感受不太好。”彭濤說道。由於無法確定其他語言是否會出現同樣的問題，研發團隊緊急開發了垂直擴縮容，確保GC可以使用更多的計算資源。另一方面，研發團隊與業務團隊一起進行了JVM版本升級，兩項措施雙管齊下，纔沒有耽誤遷移進度。事後，研發團隊還引入了隔離性較強的Kata Container來徹底解決該問題。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/41\/416d75234b529ee9385cb21859a0663c.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"同程旅行雲原生平臺架構圖，來源：同程旅行"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"流量突增，團隊迎來大考"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"從2020年中到年底這段時間，可以認爲是同程旅行雲原生改造的第二個階段。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"第一階段改造完成後，平臺開始服務同程旅行的大部分在線業務。隨着服務器集羣規模的擴大，部分機器開始頻繁出現故障。此時，保障服務穩定性成了技術團隊的首要任務。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"基於公有云、私有云和離線專屬雲集羣等新型動態計算環境，同程旅行的技術團隊幫助業務構建和運行具有彈性的雲原生應用，促進業務團隊開始使用聲明式API ，同時通過不可變基礎設施、服務網格和容器服務，來構建容錯性好、易於管理和觀察的應用系統，並結合平臺可靠的自動化恢復、彈性計算來完成整個服務穩定性的提升。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"具體工作上，技術團隊將公有云的鏡像預熱、分發，專線直連內網機房，解決了內網集羣需要鏡像快速分發等問題，依賴的緩存資源和持久化數據實現了常駐雲上，離線資源所在的專有云集羣也同步被打通。同時，依託彈性計算能力，團隊將集羣間資源使用成本降到最低，並將最高服務穩定性的智能化調度平臺的服務動態部署在多個集羣上。針對業務專有需求和特殊，平臺可以輸出基礎設施API 和基礎能力API，供業務構建自己的雲服務。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"上述工作完成之後，原本用來應對季節性流量高峯期而採購的機器資源開始減少。通過判斷服務當前冗餘度來縮容線上服務的實例數，平臺可以用最小的實例數量提供線上服務，而節省下來的資源可以提供給離線業務混合部署使用。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"“在不額外新增機器的情況下額外獲得的算力，成功支持了屢次創紀錄的峯值流量。”彭濤說道。同時，團隊開發的Service Balance系統可以在服務性能受損時自動嘗試修復該節點性能，使得平臺能夠以較低的成本穩定運行。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/68\/681c25784d3a3dd702065c932153f39d.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"同程旅行流量變化趨勢圖，來源：同程旅行"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"在2020年，同程旅行的部分業務跟進了直播方式。由於業務轉變較快，應用架構尚未來得及調整，導致部分應用出現了明顯的卡頓，影響到用戶體驗。爲解決該問題，技術團隊首先通過彈性計算改造爲業務快速提供支持，之後又嘗試了Scale Zero等方式，最終將該業務的資源使用量降到了之前常備資源的20%。這也是在第二階段中取得的重要成果。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"得益於這次經歷，彈性計算項目在同程旅行內部快速推廣開來，企業核心業務的主要鏈路在三個月內就完成了雲原生彈性計算接入，並借用彈性計算成功撐住爆款應用帶來的日常流量300%的峯值流量，也頂住了2021年上半年的屢次刷新公司峯值流量，爲公司同類業務場景提供了堅實的技術支撐。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"2021年上半年，同程旅行進入到雲原生改造的第三個階段。團隊通過基礎組件、服務的雲原生改造、服務依賴梳理和定義等方式，使應用不再需要考慮底層資源、機房、運行時間和供應商等因素。此外，同程旅行還利用標準的雲原生應用模型，實現了服務的跨地域、跨雲自動化災備、自動部署，並向雲原生場景下的DevOps 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年加入藝龍，目前在研發中心負責資源調度相關工作，包括容器化平臺建設、彈性擴縮容、離在線混部、GPU 隔離調度、彈性擴所容、虛擬網絡等，尤其在推動業務落地有豐富的實戰經驗，主導設計的容器平臺 Furt 已成爲公司推動的主流產品，各項技術指標達到業內領先，已經受過相當規模的業務落地檢驗。在容器化方向有豐富的理論和實戰經驗，過去曾就職於百度基礎架構部、新浪微博研發中心，參與開發和設計了百度公有云虛擬化網絡、以及微博峯值流量與熱點應對。Kubernetes 代碼貢獻者，Flink 代碼貢獻者。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"在今年11月12-13日舉辦的ArchSummit全球架構師峯會（深圳站）中，彭濤將分享題爲《同程私有云平臺的彈性計算架構設計與落地實踐》的演講。大會還有業務架構、下一代雲原生技術體系、應雲而生的新一代數據架構、AI 工程化治理等專題，邀請到Snowflake、阿里、字節、騰訊、華爲等公司的資深架構師前來分享。點擊閱讀原文可查看大會詳細日程。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"迷你書推薦"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"中國頂尖技術團隊訪談錄（2021 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