{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"10 月 7 日，"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.tiobe.com\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TIOBE"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" 公佈了 2021 年 10 月份編程語言榜單，歷經幾個月的排名角逐，Python 編程語言成功以 11.27% （領先 C 0.11% 的微弱優勢）的評級登上榜一，結束了 Java 和 C 的多年霸榜時代，成爲 20 多年來新的語言霸主。C 和 Java 分別以 11.16% 和 10.46% 的評級位列榜單第 2 和第 3 位。與此同時，幾日前 Python 官方也發佈了 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.python.org\/downloads\/release\/python-3100\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Python 3.10.0"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" 正式版本，帶來多項功能更新與性能改進。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"對此 TIOBE CEO Paul Jansen 稱：“Python 作爲一種簡單的腳本語言開始是 Perl 的替代品，現在已經越來越趨於成熟，它的易用性、大量的庫以及在各種領域的廣泛使用，使其成爲當今最流行的編程語言。”"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"強勢登頂結束多年霸榜"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"從榜單中可以看出，Python 從去年的第 3 名，超越 C 和 Java 躍居第 1，C 和 Java 相比去年 10 月份，評級分別下降了 5.79%、2.11%。除 C 和 Java 有所降低外，前十其他語言均有不同程度的增長。其中 Assembly language 進步最大，從去年的 17 名來到今年的第 10 名。而去年第 9 的 R 語言，已被擠出前十。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/75\/75a2c634bf5fdee94b89e77079eab661.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"TIOBE 10月 編程語言指數 Top 10"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"近 20 年編程語言指數走勢（2002-2020）"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"從下圖的走勢圖中，可以清楚看到 2002 -2020 這近 20 年來編程語言的排名走勢變化曲線。對應的數據或多或少顯示了該語言的流程程度與變化。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/cb\/cb5d10cfd44681c9c7dec96c72c46886.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"TIOBE 指數定義"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"TIOBE 編程社區指數是衡量編程語言受歡迎程度的一個指標。該指數每月更新一次。評級的依據是世界範圍內熟練的工程師數量、課程和第三方供應商的數量；流行的搜索引擎，比如谷歌、必應、雅虎、維基百科、亞馬遜、YouTube 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指數更詳細的解釋，可以在"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.tiobe.com\/tiobe-index\/programming-languages-definition\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這裏"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"找到。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Python 3.10.0 正式版發佈"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"正值國慶假期的 10 月 4 號，Python 官方正式發佈了 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.python.org\/downloads\/release\/python-3100\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Python 3.10.0"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"，小編梳理了一下，挑選幾個重要的更新功能呈現給大家。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"更準確友好的錯誤提示"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"當解析包含有未關閉括號、引號的代碼時解釋器會報錯提示更多信息並提供更準確的位置而不是隻顯示 "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"},{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"SyntaxError: unexpected EOF while parsing"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" 並指向某個不正確的位置。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"以下面代碼舉例來說，（注意未關閉的 “ { ”）"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"python"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"expected = {9: 1, 18: 2, 19: 2, 27: 3, 28: 3, 29: 3, 36: 4, 37: 4,\n 38: 4, 39: 4, 45: 5, 46: 5, 47: 5, 48: 5, 49: 5, 54: 6,\nsome_other_code = foo()"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"之前版本的解釋器會報告一個不太準確的語法錯誤位置，如下面代碼所示："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"python"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"File \"example.py\", line 3\n some_other_code = foo()\n ^\nSyntaxError: invalid syntax"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Python 3.10.0 中則優化了此問題，給出了信息量更多更準確的錯誤提示："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"python"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"File \"example.py\", line 1\n expected = {9: 1, 18: 2, 19: 2, 27: 3, 28: 3, 29: 3, 36: 4, 37: 4,\n ^\nSyntaxError: '{' was never closed"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"帶括號的上下文管理器"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"現在支持使用外層圓括號來使多個上下文管理器連續多行地書寫。能夠使用與之前 import 語句類似的方法，將過長的上下文管理器集格式化爲多行的形式。例如下面的示例代碼："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"python"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"with (CtxManager() as example):\n ...\nwith (\n CtxManager1(),\n CtxManager2()\n):\n ...\nwith (CtxManager1() as example,\n CtxManager2()):\n ...\nwith (CtxManager1(),\n CtxManager2() as example):\n ...\nwith (\n CtxManager1() as example1,\n CtxManager2() as example2\n):\n ..."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"新的類型聯合運算符"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"啓用"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"X | 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"}]},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"python"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"def square(number: int | float) -> int | float:\n return number ** 2"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"類型別名"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"新增類型別名的概念，使用 TypeAlias 顯示標註類型別名，減少混淆或難以區分類型別名和普通賦值的情況，提高可讀性。例如下面的代碼："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"python"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"StrCache = 'Cache[str]' # a type alias\nLOG_PREFIX = 'LOG[DEBUG]' # a module constant"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"現在"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"typing"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"模塊使用一個特殊值 TypeAlias 表明這是個類型別名："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"python"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"StrCache: TypeAlias = 'Cache[str]' # a type alias\nLOG_PREFIX = 'LOG[DEBUG]' # a module constant"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"函數 zip 新增 strict 參數嚴格模式"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Python 3.10.0 中對於 zip 新增加可選參數 "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"strict"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"。顧名思義，strict 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"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.python.org\/downloads\/release\/python-3100\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.python.org\/downloads\/release\/python-3100\/"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"關聯閱讀："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/wqkz9bwsuingo7xm9mdk","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2021 最 Top 的編程語言是 Python，而不是 JavaScript？"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/19ulbxy0xy7cebazog2x","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Python 之父：Python 4.0 可能不會有了"}]}]}]}
Python 登頂 TIOBE 結束多年霸榜，新版本發佈帶來多項功能更新
{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"10 月 7 日，"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.tiobe.com\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TIOBE"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" 公佈了 2021 年 10 月份編程語言榜單，歷經幾個月的排名角逐，Python 編程語言成功以 11.27% （領先 C 0.11% 的微弱優勢）的評級登上榜一，結束了 Java 和 C 的多年霸榜時代，成爲 20 多年來新的語言霸主。C 和 Java 分別以 11.16% 和 10.46% 的評級位列榜單第 2 和第 3 位。與此同時，幾日前 Python 官方也發佈了 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.python.org\/downloads\/release\/python-3100\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Python 3.10.0"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" 正式版本，帶來多項功能更新與性能改進。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"對此 TIOBE CEO Paul Jansen 稱：“Python 作爲一種簡單的腳本語言開始是 Perl 的替代品，現在已經越來越趨於成熟，它的易用性、大量的庫以及在各種領域的廣泛使用，使其成爲當今最流行的編程語言。”"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"強勢登頂結束多年霸榜"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"從榜單中可以看出，Python 從去年的第 3 名，超越 C 和 Java 躍居第 1，C 和 Java 相比去年 10 月份，評級分別下降了 5.79%、2.11%。除 C 和 Java 有所降低外，前十其他語言均有不同程度的增長。其中 Assembly language 進步最大，從去年的 17 名來到今年的第 10 名。而去年第 9 的 R 語言，已被擠出前十。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/75\/75a2c634bf5fdee94b89e77079eab661.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"TIOBE 10月 編程語言指數 Top 10"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"近 20 年編程語言指數走勢（2002-2020）"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"從下圖的走勢圖中，可以清楚看到 2002 -2020 這近 20 年來編程語言的排名走勢變化曲線。對應的數據或多或少顯示了該語言的流程程度與變化。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/cb\/cb5d10cfd44681c9c7dec96c72c46886.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"TIOBE 指數定義"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"TIOBE 編程社區指數是衡量編程語言受歡迎程度的一個指標。該指數每月更新一次。評級的依據是世界範圍內熟練的工程師數量、課程和第三方供應商的數量；流行的搜索引擎，比如谷歌、必應、雅虎、維基百科、亞馬遜、YouTube 和百度等都被用來計算評級。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"TIOBE 指數可以讓你檢查自己的編程技能流行度如何，是否跟得上時代的步伐，當需要學習一個新的語言時，如何做出合適的選擇。值得注意的是，TIOBE 指數與最佳編程語言或大多數代碼行所使用的語言無關。關於 TIOBE 指數更詳細的解釋，可以在"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.tiobe.com\/tiobe-index\/programming-languages-definition\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這裏"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"找到。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Python 3.10.0 正式版發佈"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"正值國慶假期的 10 月 4 號，Python 官方正式發佈了 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.python.org\/downloads\/release\/python-3100\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Python 3.10.0"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"，小編梳理了一下，挑選幾個重要的更新功能呈現給大家。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"更準確友好的錯誤提示"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"當解析包含有未關閉括號、引號的代碼時解釋器會報錯提示更多信息並提供更準確的位置而不是隻顯示 "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"},{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"SyntaxError: unexpected EOF while parsing"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" 並指向某個不正確的位置。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"以下面代碼舉例來說，（注意未關閉的 “ { ”）"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"python"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"expected = {9: 1, 18: 2, 19: 2, 27: 3, 28: 3, 29: 3, 36: 4, 37: 4,\n 38: 4, 39: 4, 45: 5, 46: 5, 47: 5, 48: 5, 49: 5, 54: 6,\nsome_other_code = foo()"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"之前版本的解釋器會報告一個不太準確的語法錯誤位置，如下面代碼所示："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"python"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"File \"example.py\", line 3\n some_other_code = foo()\n ^\nSyntaxError: invalid syntax"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Python 3.10.0 中則優化了此問題，給出了信息量更多更準確的錯誤提示："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"python"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"File \"example.py\", line 1\n expected = {9: 1, 18: 2, 19: 2, 27: 3, 28: 3, 29: 3, 36: 4, 37: 4,\n ^\nSyntaxError: '{' was never closed"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"帶括號的上下文管理器"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"現在支持使用外層圓括號來使多個上下文管理器連續多行地書寫。能夠使用與之前 import 語句類似的方法，將過長的上下文管理器集格式化爲多行的形式。例如下面的示例代碼："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"python"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"with (CtxManager() as example):\n ...\nwith (\n CtxManager1(),\n CtxManager2()\n):\n ...\nwith (CtxManager1() as example,\n CtxManager2()):\n ...\nwith (CtxManager1(),\n CtxManager2() as example):\n ...\nwith (\n CtxManager1() as example1,\n CtxManager2() as example2\n):\n ..."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"新的類型聯合運算符"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"啓用"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"X | Y"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"語法的類型聯合運算符，在類型提示中，提供了比"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"typing.Union"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" 更清晰簡潔的方式。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"在之前的 Python 版本中，要爲可接受多種類型參數的函數應用類型提示，需要這麼寫："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"python"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"def square(number: Union[int, float]) -> Union[int, float]:\n return number ** 2"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"現在類型提示可以使用更簡潔的寫法："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"python"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"def square(number: int | float) -> int | float:\n return number ** 2"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"類型別名"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"新增類型別名的概念，使用 TypeAlias 顯示標註類型別名，減少混淆或難以區分類型別名和普通賦值的情況，提高可讀性。例如下面的代碼："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"python"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"StrCache = 'Cache[str]' # a type alias\nLOG_PREFIX = 'LOG[DEBUG]' # a module constant"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"現在"},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"typing"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"模塊使用一個特殊值 TypeAlias 表明這是個類型別名："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"python"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"StrCache: TypeAlias = 'Cache[str]' # a type alias\nLOG_PREFIX = 'LOG[DEBUG]' # a module constant"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"函數 zip 新增 strict 參數嚴格模式"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Python 3.10.0 中對於 zip 新增加可選參數 "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"strict"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"。顧名思義，strict 參數就是要嚴格遵守參數長度的匹配原則，用於要求所有可迭代對象的長度都相等。當該選項爲 True 時，傳入 zip 的兩個可迭代項長度必須相等，否則就會報錯 "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"ValueError"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"。舊的版本中，沒有 strict 參數的情況下，長度不等時，以較小的爲準。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"其他更新改動內容諸如結構化模式匹配、自定義類型保護器、形參規格變量、棄用 distutils 模塊、要求 OpenSSL 1.1.1 或更新的版本等內容與更多優化改進請查閱官方文檔。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"參考鏈接："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.tiobe.com\/tiobe-index\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.tiobe.com\/tiobe-index\/"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.python.org\/downloads\/release\/python-3100\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.python.org\/downloads\/release\/python-3100\/"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"關聯閱讀："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/wqkz9bwsuingo7xm9mdk","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2021 最 Top 的編程語言是 Python，而不是 JavaScript？"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/19ulbxy0xy7cebazog2x","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Python 之父：Python 4.0 可能不會有了"}]}]}]}
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