亞馬遜可持續軟件工程實踐

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"在技術領域裏，2021年是特殊的一年。這一年是Amazon Web Services 成立的第 15 週年，這一切始於亞馬遜的對象存儲解決方案S3。在過去的這15年裏，我們可以看到雲計算改變了整個世界。並且有越來越多的客戶將業務遷移到公有云，開啓了企業數字化之旅。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"未來十年，雲計算髮展將是一個持續擴張和不斷迭代的過程。與此同時，“可持續發展”已成爲全球、全國以及各個企業必須考慮的主題之一。作爲全球領先的科技企業亞馬遜也在技術的可持續發展性上不斷探索，從基礎設施到軟件設計，有一整套自下而上的具有前瞻性的解決方案實現它。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"作爲亞馬遜雲科技可持續發展架構副總裁，Adrian Cockcroft在9月11日的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MzA4ODMwMDcxMQ==&mid=2650959377&idx=1&sn=645f11c492134f20b6ddafab6a2d45b2&chksm=8bda83d9bcad0acfd5bc03db61fb4e4dd5b5830eca78d0a5604a84d7bc5759007911204343d2&mpshare=1&scene=1&srcid=09025Sag8AbTPaHf0EExlgWe&sharer_sharetime=1630544783736&sharer_shareid=e3873f5a9e4cfcdaf24ca5d144af1503&key=256dad3179984e78c82aac1d970b08052b425584a80d1fc3289a6d9c00c957d14b81260d1072840992ef4e074dbb6ad3a9b15ee405bc9d5965ea4c1fd9f2d92190f99ea6601edcb03b6459e5791c04036b4f50184ec767f9eb74660a3a7244a78d935f03a5bed804537ce5989e616b95819925450e17889700b6024c35f1f0c9&ascene=1&uin=Mjk3OTQ4MDc3OQ%3D%3D&devicetype=Windows+10+x64&version=63010029&lang=zh_CN&exportkey=A3CGFDdKEscGiNFJZtWnM5o%3D&pass_ticket=JON0cwBpvy9IHWZ0rWeiwOHv%2FQbbIDS7UxzDKLO8iqg0IDlbMwkmV8B7nWg1UQ4G&wx_header=0&fontgear=2","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"亞馬遜雲科技中國峯會 Dev Day"}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"上發表了主題演講，講解了亞馬遜的可持續發展戰略，更重要的是，他從開發者的角度闡述了亞馬遜雲科技如何進行可持續軟件工程實踐，我們可以從中得到非常多的啓發。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我們爲什麼要關注“可持續發展”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.sustainablewebmanifesto.com\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"可持續網絡宣言"}]},{"type":"text","text":"：如果互聯網是一個國家，那麼它製造出來的二氧化碳排放量，排在全球第七位。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"聯合國於2015年制定了一個全球框架《"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"巴黎協定"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"》，隨後各締約國紛紛制定了“碳中和”路徑和目標，對地球環境的健康發展做出承諾。今年兩會，中國也將“碳中和”和“碳達峯”寫入政府工作報告，目標在2030年前實現“碳達峯”，2060年前實現“碳中和”。毋庸置疑，可持續發展已經成爲不言而喻的社會共識。但在社會共識之下，還需要個人、企業、政府等各類社會主體的參與——其中體量龐大的科技企業是至關重要的參與者。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"目前全球互聯網用戶超過 46 億，隨着互聯網普及率的上升，互聯網很快將產生近 10 億噸二氧化碳，用電量相當於全球的 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/serving.green\/#co2-generation","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"10%"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"。其中爲數據中心供電所需的能源量大約"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.datacenterknowledge.com\/industry-perspectives\/data-center-dilemma-our-data-destroying-environment","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"每四年翻一番"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"，就碳排放而言，ICT 行業自 2007年以來一直貢獻了"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/c2e2.unepdtu.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/03\/greenhouse-gas-emissions-in-the-ict-sector.pdf","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2-6%"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"，幾乎與航空業持平。 "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"好消息是，雖然 ICT 和雲採用呈指數級增長，但能源使用和碳排放卻能相對保持不變，因爲主流雲提供商的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/analysis\/huge-data-center-efficiency-gains-stave-energy-surge-now\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"超大規模數據中心"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"正顯著地提高效率。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"埃森哲的分析表明，倘若採用綠色方法遷移至公有云，全球二氧化碳排放量每年可減少5,900萬噸，這相當於動動手指就能減少"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/siliconangle.com\/2020\/12\/01\/cloud-migration-good-sustainable-cloud-better-reinvent\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2,200萬輛汽車"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"的碳排放量！"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"從目前全球情況來看，亞馬遜、谷歌、微軟"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.accenture.com\/_acnmedia\/PDF-142\/Accenture-Strategy-Green-Behind-Cloud-POV-CN.pdf","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這三家"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"世界級科技巨頭引領了“綠色雲”改造。亞馬遜表示將提前十年達成《巴黎協定》，並在 2025 年實現 100% 可再生能源。並且還成立了 20 億美元的氣候承諾基金，投資那些能幫助亞馬遜達成目標的公司。谷歌大膽承諾，到2030年實現數據中心全天候無碳運行，而不是依靠每年的直接能源匹配。微軟（Microsoft）自2012年起實現碳中和，並承諾通過電力購買協議，到2025年實現數據中心完全使用可再生能源。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"而在中國，互聯網科技企業也都在不斷加大力量投入到碳中和改造中。今年8月國際環保組織綠色和平(Greenpeace)發佈了中國科技巨頭《"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.eet-china.com\/mp\/a69760.html","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"綠色雲端2021"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"》排行榜，從能源信息披露、節能減碳表現、可再生能源方面合梳理了中國互聯網科技企業的氣候行動，相比去年，中國互聯網科技企業整體平均得分上升11%。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"在9月11日的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MzA4ODMwMDcxMQ==&mid=2650959377&idx=1&sn=645f11c492134f20b6ddafab6a2d45b2&chksm=8bda83d9bcad0acfd5bc03db61fb4e4dd5b5830eca78d0a5604a84d7bc5759007911204343d2&mpshare=1&scene=1&srcid=09025Sag8AbTPaHf0EExlgWe&sharer_sharetime=1630544783736&sharer_shareid=e3873f5a9e4cfcdaf24ca5d144af1503&key=256dad3179984e78c82aac1d970b08052b425584a80d1fc3289a6d9c00c957d14b81260d1072840992ef4e074dbb6ad3a9b15ee405bc9d5965ea4c1fd9f2d92190f99ea6601edcb03b6459e5791c04036b4f50184ec767f9eb74660a3a7244a78d935f03a5bed804537ce5989e616b95819925450e17889700b6024c35f1f0c9&ascene=1&uin=Mjk3OTQ4MDc3OQ%3D%3D&devicetype=Windows+10+x64&version=63010029&lang=zh_CN&exportkey=A3CGFDdKEscGiNFJZtWnM5o%3D&pass_ticket=JON0cwBpvy9IHWZ0rWeiwOHv%2FQbbIDS7UxzDKLO8iqg0IDlbMwkmV8B7nWg1UQ4G&wx_header=0&fontgear=2","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Dev Day"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"上，Adrian Cockcroft表示亞馬遜雲科技取得的成績非常顯著："},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"亞馬遜雲科技的基礎設施能源效率比普通美國企業數據中心高出3.6倍。同時，亞馬遜在執行相同任務時，可以減少88%的碳足跡。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/a5\/a5d8fc523b788e035cc330b022c2a210.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"這是多種因素促成的結果，Adrian Cockcroft講述了亞馬遜探索出來的構建綠色雲服務的幾條有效路徑。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"第一是水資源的保護"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"，亞馬遜雲科技使用蒸發冷卻，循環用水，並儘可能在現場處理水。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"第二是採購可再生能源"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"，亞馬遜雲科技現在是美國和歐洲最大的可再生能源買家。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"第三是移除了傳統的不間斷電源（UPS）"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"，轉而採用了集成在每個機架的小型電池組合自定義電源。以往，每次在電壓和直流電\/交流電轉換當中都會有一些功率損失，通過移除傳統的UPS，優化機架電源，減少最終轉換等措施讓能量損失降低約35%。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"第四是探索創新的服務器設計"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"。中央處理器是現代計算機最耗電的部分，亞馬遜雲科技自研、基於ARM架構的Amazon Graviton2處理器每瓦特性能比其他業界標準流程"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.anandtech.com\/show\/15578\/cloud-clash-amazon-graviton2-arm-against-intel-and-amd","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"高2 ~ 3.5 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