雲計算領域將如何重新洗牌

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"當前，雲計算提供商已經提供了從開發者體驗到硬件的端到端解決方案："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/05\/22\/054ef31e2d75164a576dfa7dc7749622.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"假如雲計算提供商把精力集中在最底層，而其他（純軟件）提供商專注於上面的一層，又會如何呢？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/67\/27\/67177356bc450935587b346df7461a27.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我對雲計算提供商（AWS、Azure、GCP）有這樣以下預測："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"雲計算提供商將越來越多地關注堆棧中的最底層；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"基本上就是通過 API 來租用其數據中心的容量，其他純軟件提供商會在它上面構建數據庫、運行代碼等。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"五年後，你們可以來打我的臉。但是我認爲Redshift 的故事很好地解釋了這些觀點。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"雲計算的發展"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"在 Redshift 誕生之前，Teradata是這個市場的主要參與者 ，曾推出了 On-prem 。當時的初創公司拒絕 SQL，而使用 Hadoop SQL 也顯得有點笨拙。Redshift 是 AWS 提供的數據倉庫（也稱爲 OLAP 數據庫）。數據庫管理系統提供商 ParAccel，通過AWS 獲得技術"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/news.ycombinator.com\/item?id=18992467","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"授權"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"，在2012 年推出了Redshift。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Redshift 是當時第一個運行在雲端的數據倉庫。Redshift 立即降低了小型公司進行數據分析的門檻。企業不必自己建立任何基礎設施或者整天編寫自定義的 MapReduce、重新加載 jobtracker。反而，企業可以在 AWS 中啓動一個 Redshift 集羣，爲其提供大量的數據，然後再正常運行。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"同樣在2012 年，我在偶然與 Snowflake 創始人共進午餐，第二天就獲得了一個工作機會。當時的Snowflake 還很小，但現在它已經是一家上市公司，市值超過 1000 億美元。總體來說，Snowflake 的產品與 Redshift 類似。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"不過，Snowflake 和 Redshift 在架構上有一大差異。 Snowflake 很早就做了完全解耦。AWS 於 2016 年推出了基於 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/prestodb.io\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Presto"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" 的 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.businesswire.com\/news\/home\/20161130006129\/en\/AWS-Launches-Amazon-Athena","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Athena"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"，在 2017 年推出了 Redshift Spectrum，用戶可以通過 Redshift 查詢 S3 中的數據。Redshift 現在"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/about-aws\/whats-new\/2021\/11\/amazon-redshift-serverless\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"才發佈無服務器產品"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"，但他們可能早就該如此。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Redshift 剛發佈時確實帶來了很多好處。AWS 具有龐大的規模經濟，能夠控制底層資源（EC2），併爲構建軟件做出更大的投資，他們甚至對 RedShift 開發進行補貼。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"8年後，事情發生了一些變化。Snowflake 的發展已經超過了 Redshift。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/72\/14\/72a29e126ec05eyyb23142aef0634614.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"是什麼力量支持着像 Snowflake 這樣公司的發展？這對其他雲產品意味着什麼？有人認爲，最底層的雲服務就是純粹的商品服務。所以，爲了盈利至少需要做到以下一項："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在堆棧的高層賺錢。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在堆棧中使用較高的服務來鎖定客戶，再從堆棧的底層賺錢。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"從歷史的角度來看，這些都有道理。但是，一些有趣的事情正在朝向另一個方向發展："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“頭部軟件”的競爭變得異常激烈。很多的創業公司在風投推動下追逐熱點，並且願意投入數十億美元用於軟件開發。雲計算提供商可能很樂意僅從最底層賺錢。利潤率並不會那麼糟糕，而且提供商的鎖定度仍然相當高。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"初創公司紛紛湧入雲計算"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"從未有如此之多的公司尋求雲計算服務："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/f6\/26\/f6a6cf128fe231dc03c4918beeda5c26.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這期間發生了什麼呢？我認爲至少有三種不同的因素："},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"numberedlist","attrs":{"start":null,"normalizeStart":1},"content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":1,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"大公司的激勵機制往往抑制了新想法的出現。與此同時，風險投資公司正將資金投入到該領域。假如你是個有抱負的人，你是去 AWS 工作，還是加入早期的初創公司，抑或自己創業？創新有望從大公司向初創公司轉移。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":2,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"一家軟件提供商可以同時爲所有的雲計算提供商開發。對於 Snowflake，我認爲這確實是個好消息，因爲早期客戶很關心多雲。Snowflake也擴大了市場規模，甚至超過了任何雲計算提供商。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":3,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"許多成功的雲產品開始於內部服務。亞馬遜、谷歌和微軟等已經做了榜樣，他們在內部大規模測試後發現，這些工具非常適合其大型企業客戶。但另一方面，由於過於注重規模、可靠性和可配置性，開發者的體驗已成爲攻擊媒介，尤其中端市場和小型企業可能更關心提高開發者的工作效率。Uber、Netflix 和 Airbnb 等規模稍大的公司都有團隊離職後，將內部工具商業化（通常是通過開源的中間步驟）。這些工具主觀上更傾向於關注開發者的體驗。"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"雲計算提供商們怎麼盈利"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"據報道，EC2 的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2021\/09\/05\/how-amazon-web-services-makes-money-estimated-margins-by-service.html","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"利潤率在 50% 左右，而 AWS 整體利潤率在 60% 左右"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"。這意味着，如果一個客戶每年要在 Redshift 上花費 100 萬美元，AWS在付清 EC2 的運營成本和折舊費用之後的毛利潤約爲 50~70 萬美元。但是，如果該客戶將 100 萬美元\/年的預算給了 Snowflake，那麼最終會有約 40 萬美元迴轉到 AWS，因此 AWS 的毛利潤大約是 20 萬美元。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"這似乎對 AWS 有點不好？這個還不能確定。根據"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/investors.snowflake.com\/news\/news-details\/2021\/Snowflake-Reports-Financial-Results-for-the-Second-Quarter-of-Fiscal-2022\/default.aspx","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"財報"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"，Snowflake 預計 2022 年的研發成本將佔公司收入的 20%，銷售和營銷成本則是 48%。那麼，以100 萬美元的收入來計算，Snowflake 的成本是 70 萬美元。但也許 AWS 創造同樣的收入只需要 30~40 萬美元的成本。這樣似乎是合理的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"現在我想通了。AWS 面臨着同樣的情況，但是實際上卻將構建和銷售軟件的所有成本“轉嫁”給了 Snowflake等企業。這對他們來說是一筆不錯的交易。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"AWS 建立軟件服務的另一個原因是可以增加用戶粘性。Redshift 本身或許並不是一棵搖錢樹，但它減少了 EC2 上的流失率。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"作爲CTO，我已經做雲遷移的六年中，我沒有考慮過這個問題。與大多數公司一樣，我的公司在工程師薪水上的花費比雲計算本身要多得多。將寶貴的時間用在雲計算遷移上是不值得的，除非雲計算開支成爲毛利的重要組成部分，而這隻有少數公司可以做到。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"企業不能隨便選擇一個雲計算提供商買下最便宜的數據庫，然後在上面運行。企業希望在相同的雲計算提供商和同一個數據中心中運行。Snowflake、Confluent 和 MongoDB（Atlas）的註冊流程中問了兩個問題：1. 你的雲計算提供商是哪家？2. 在哪個地區？請注意，第一個問題的選項只有 AWS、GCP 和 Azure。"}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/3b\/0a\/3bbd113746c9c1c1dbee9a393341150a.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"雲遷移可能帶來的另一個問題：企業能省多少錢？我認爲，價格戰從來都不重要，因爲"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Co-opetition_(book","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"沒人願意開打"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"。處在相當穩定的寡頭壟斷地位很舒適，如果我是雲計算提供商，也不會去改變現狀。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2030 年的雲計算"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"轉向雲計算的歷程，我們已經走了大約 10 年。雖然我們構建軟件的方式已經有所改變，但我認爲現在仍處於起步階段。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"重大變革通常分兩個階段發生。當一些新技術出現時，人們會用最簡單的方法來使用，讓它們保留現有世界的概念模型。當我們開始重新審視消費模式時，真正的轉變纔會發生，因爲新世界爲創造價值開闢了道路。比如，蘋果公司開始在網上銷售音樂時，我們消費音樂的方式並未發生重大變化。但在像 Spotify 這樣的提供商意識到所有權不再重要的時候，真正的改變發生了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"從這個角度來看，過去的 10~15 年看起來有點像一種愚蠢的“提升和轉移”。我們只是把計算機放在雲端，這遠遠不夠。我們可以把注意力集中在構建應用程序代碼上，而不是擔心底層的基礎設施。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/23\/51\/23ef9636abc9e5d4cf905def06205051.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/twitter.com\/irvinebroque\/status\/1461002308209152009","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"大多數開發者都不與雲計算提供商進行交互"}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"，這一點我並不會感到意外。另外一個令人興奮的領域是事務型數據庫。但我認爲即將到來的最大變化是，軟件提供商將會越來越多地運行客戶代碼。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這個想法不新穎——2007 年Heroku 發佈，2014 年 AWS Lambda 發佈。Kubernetes 在過去的幾年中一直很有意思，這仍然是一種必然的趨勢：走向一個完全“無服務器”的世界。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"現在，雲端中的計算機利用率低得離譜，我猜測 CPU 平均利用率大概只有 10%。有一種觀點認爲雲計算提供商需要在雲上運行軟件，他們必須自己使用才能推進雲的採用。不過，他們已經有了一堆內部的東西可以交付。市場成熟後，他們可以講精力集中在自己優勢最大的領域。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":5},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"一些預測"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"雲計算市場的收入將增長到每年 10000 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會成爲那些老去的開發者們酒桌上的話題。這個話題開始時，也意味着聚會該結束了。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"作者介紹："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Erik Bernhardsson，Better 公司的前任首席技術官，目前正致力於數據領域的創業。編寫過很多代碼，如開源項目 Luigi 和 Anyy。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"原文鏈接："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/erikbern.com\/2021\/11\/30\/storm-in-the-stratosphere-how-the-cloud-will-be-reshuffled.html"}]}]}