什麼纔是實現元宇宙的關鍵路徑？

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":1}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2021 最火的新概念，莫過於元宇宙。2021 年 10 月 29 日，Facebook 宣佈改名 Meta；2021 年 11 月 1 日，“元宇宙第一股”    Roblox 經過短暫調整，宣佈重新上線。接下來關於元宇宙的線下 \/ 線上討論如火如荼，元宇宙概念的熱度可見一斑。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"逐層拆解元宇宙"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"清華大學新聞學院教授、博士生導師"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/baike.baidu.com\/item\/%E6%B2%88%E9%98%B3\/13130205","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"瀋陽"}]},{"type":"text","text":"教授在一場活動中分享道，元宇宙，英文是 Metaverse，從字面來理解，由 Meta（超越） 和 Universe（宇宙） 兩部分組成。而瀋陽教授團隊也給元宇宙下了一個相對精確的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/Xq34j4QkSystUOeMQdm5","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"定義"}]},{"type":"text","text":"："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"元宇宙是整合多種新技術而產生的新型虛實相融的互聯網應用和社會形態，它基於擴展現實技術提供沉浸式體驗，基於數字孿生技術生成現實世界的鏡像，基於區塊鏈技術搭建經濟體系，將虛擬世界與現實世界在經濟系統、社交系統、身份系統上密切融合，並且允許每個用戶進行內容生產和世界編輯。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Beamable 公司創始人 Jon Radoff 則在產業層面對元宇宙的概念做了拆解：“元宇宙構造的七個層面：體驗；發現；創作者經濟；空間計算；去中心化；人機互動；基礎設施。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"體驗層面相對最容易理解，目前我們常見到的遊戲、社交等領域企業，都是在體驗層面開展工作。著名遊戲 《"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/baike.baidu.com\/item\/Second%20Life","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Second Life"}]},{"type":"text","text":"》 尤爲經典。在這個遊戲裏，用戶叫做\"居民\"，可以通過可運動的虛擬化身互相交互。這套程序還在一個通常的元宇宙的基礎上提供了一個高層次的社交網絡服務。居民們可以四處逛逛，會碰到其他的居民，社交，參加個人或集體活動，製造和相互交易虛擬財產和服務。而典型《頭號玩家》則是人們對於元宇宙在體驗層面的自由暢想。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"發現層面是用戶瞭解到體驗層的重要途徑，其中包括各種應用商店，主要參與者是大型互聯網公司；"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"創作者經濟層 (Creator Economy): 幫助元宇宙創作者的成果貨幣化，其中包括設計工具 、 貨幣化技術、動畫系統、圖形工具等；"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"空間計算層 (Spital Computing): 對創作者經濟層的賦能，具體包括 3D 引擎、手勢識別、空 間映射和人工智能等，主要參與者是 3D 軟硬件廠商；"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"去中心化層 (Decentralization): 這個層面的公司主要是幫助元宇宙生態系統構建分佈式架 構，從而形成民主化結構；"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"人機交互層 (Human Interface): 人機交互層主要是大衆接觸元宇宙的媒介工具，主要體現在 觸覺、姿勢、聲音、神經等層面，其中產品包括 AR\/VR、手機、電腦、汽車、智能眼鏡等可穿戴設備，主要參與者是 3D 軟硬件廠商 ;"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"基礎設施層 (Infrastructure):5G、半導體芯片、新型材料、雲計算和電信網絡等。基礎設施層大概率是巨頭之間的遊戲，大部分是基礎硬件公司。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"可以說，元宇宙是整個人類經濟體未來需求的一個集中出口，包含了用戶對新體驗的渴望，資本對新出口的渴望，技術對新領域的渴望，它是科技發展到一定階段的必然新構想。即便 2021 沒有出現“元宇宙”，可能也會出現“元世界”、“元矩陣”等其他概念。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"元宇宙的關鍵支撐技術"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"以上關於元宇宙概念和產業分層方面的定義，是最近被很多人所熟知的概念，但這仍然沒有解釋元宇宙的實現路徑，說到底，我們最想搞清楚的是，究竟該如何實現夢想中的元宇宙。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"從技術維度來看，元宇宙的各部分關鍵支撐可以簡稱爲：“HNCBD”，分別是硬件體驗設備 (Hardware)、網絡與算力 (Networking and Computing)、內容及應用生態 (Content)、區塊鏈和 NFT(Blockchain)，數字孿生（Digital Twin）。當然，這些核心技術在不同人眼裏可能有細微區別，但總體相差不大。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在“HNCBD”中，H 屬於硬件，不在軟件開發者的常規討論範圍內；C 依賴百花齊放的應用社區；而網絡與算力、區塊鏈和 NFT、數字孿生，其實都存在一個統一的承載形式，就是雲計算。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"明眼人早已看出，如果排除因商業競爭而重複造輪子的問題，其實實現元宇宙最好的通路就是雲。某種意義上講，雲不光承載的是元宇宙對於算力和基礎設施的空前龐大的需求，更是各類在基礎設施之上的 PaaS 、SaaS 服務。在元宇宙的發展過程中，如果每一家應用提供商、內容提供商，都要重構基礎設施，包括基礎的數據湖倉服務、數字孿生服務、機器學習服務，那成本將是不可想象的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而當下階段的雲計算，除了提供基礎的算力支撐，最關鍵的就是在遊戲、AI 算法及 VR 三個方向上，提供了足夠成熟的技術產品，其中最具代表性的就是亞馬遜雲科技。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"回顧《頭號玩家》的電影畫面，演員們戴上眼鏡，即進入了遊戲世界，這其實是典型的雲遊戲場景。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"目前大型遊戲採用服務器 + 客戶端的實現模式，對客戶端硬件要求比較高，尤其是 3D 圖形的渲染，基本完全依賴於終端運算。隨着 5G 時代的到來，遊戲將會在雲端 GPU 上完成大規模渲染，遊戲畫面壓縮後通過 5G 高速網絡傳送給用戶。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在客戶端，用戶的遊戲設備不需要任何高端處理器和顯卡，只需要基本的視頻解壓能力。從遊戲開發角度來看，遊戲平臺可以更加快速地部署新遊戲功能，減少啓動遊戲所需的構建和測試工作量，滿足玩家需求。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2020 年 9 月，亞馬遜雲科技就推出了自己的雲遊戲平臺 Luna，兼容 PC、Mac、Fire TV、iPad 和 iPhone 和 Android 系統，知名遊戲和平臺廠商 Epic Games 也在利用 Amazon EC2 等 亞馬遜雲科技 服務及時擴展容量並支持遠程創建者。Amazon G4 實例就是通過 GPU 來驅動雲遊戲渲染，通過 NVIDIA Video Codec SDK 傳輸最複雜的雲遊戲。Amazon G4 實例所搭載的 NVIDIA T4 GPU，也是雲上第一款提供了 RT 核心、支持 NVIDIA RTX 實時光線追蹤的 GPU 實例。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而元宇宙的體驗又不僅限於雲遊戲，雲遊戲只是場景，VR 纔是路徑。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"傳統 VR 應用的侷限性主要體現在四個方面，其中包括：購置主機和終端硬件成本高、設備使用率低、內容分散、移動性受限。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"雲計算和 VR 的結合，可以將 GPU 渲染功能從本地遷移到雲端，從而使得終端的設計變得更加輕便與高性價比，降低了用戶購買硬件設備的成本。VR 開發者可以 在雲上進行快速的內容迭代發佈，用戶即點即玩、無需下載，解決內容不集中問題。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"以 Amazon Sumerian 爲例，開發者可以輕鬆創建 3D 場景並將其嵌入到現有網頁中。Amazon Sumerian 編輯器則提供了現成的場景模板和 直觀的拖放工具，使內容創建者、設計師和開發人員都可以構建交互式場景。Amazon Sumerian 採用最新的 WebGL 和 WebXR 標準，可直接在 Web 瀏覽器中創建沉浸式體驗，並可通過簡單的 URL 在幾秒鐘內進行訪 問，同時能夠在適用於 AR\/VR 的主要硬件平臺上運行。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"除了雲遊戲和 VR，元宇宙的實現還有一個關鍵變量，就是 AI。AI 可以縮短數字創作時間，爲元宇宙提供底層支持，主要體現在計算機視覺、智能語音語義、機器學習。三者都需要巨大的算力和存儲，雲計算爲人工智能提供了無限的算力和存儲支持。有一家叫做 GE Healthcare 的公司，就是使用 Amazon P4d 實例，將定製化 AI 模型處理時間從幾天縮短爲幾小時，使訓練模型的速度提高了兩三倍，從而提供各類遠程醫療、診斷服務。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"AI 在虛擬形象上的價值更明顯，亞馬遜雲科技的 AI 服務在此領域有很多的應用實踐包括圖像 AI 生成（自動上色、場景調整、圖像二次元化）、模型自動生成（動畫自動生成、場景道具生成）、遊戲機器人（遊戲 AI NPC、文本交互、語音驅動口型動畫、動作補抓、表情遷移）、偶像營銷運營（聊天觀察、流行搭配、反外掛）等。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"雲計算企業在元宇宙領域的核心工作"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果說，以上拆解更多還屬於理論分析，那麼，如果我們仔細看看頭部雲計算企業的近期動態，就會發現關於元宇宙的種種技術支撐正在雲端成爲現實。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2021 亞馬遜雲科技 re:Invent，亞馬遜雲科技發佈了 Amazon IoT TwinMaker 與 Amazon Private 5G。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"前者讓開發人員可以輕鬆彙集來自多個來源（如設備傳感器、攝像機和業務應用程序）的數據，並將這些數據結合起來創建一個知識圖譜，對現實世界環境進行建模，是實現工業元宇宙的組成技術之一。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"後者則可自動設置和部署企業專有 5G 網絡，並按需擴展容量以支持更多設備和網絡流量，重點服務了以工業 4.0 爲主的龐大傳感器和端側設備集羣，前文提到的工業元宇宙、車聯網自然也在同一序列。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"更不用說 Amazon SageMaker Canvas，用無代碼理念構建機器學習模型，做模型預測，保證在脫離數據工程團隊的情況下，依然可以提供服務，進一步降低了未來元宇宙內容生產的門檻，保證了內容的多樣性。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"同樣在 2021 亞馬雲科技 re:Invent 全球大會期間，元宇宙公司 Meta 宣佈深化與亞馬遜雲科技的合作，將亞馬遜雲科技作爲其戰略雲服務提供商。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"據介紹，Meta 使用亞馬遜雲科技可靠的基礎設施和全面的功能，補充其現有的本地基礎設施，並將使用更多亞馬遜雲科技的計算、存儲、數據庫和安全服務，獲得雲端更好的隱私保護、可靠性和擴展性，包括將在亞馬遜雲科技上運行第三方合作應用，並使用雲服務支持其收購的已經在使用亞馬遜雲科技的企業。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Meta 還將使用亞馬遜雲科技的計算服務來加速 Meta AI 部門人工智能項目的研發工作。另外，亞馬遜雲科技和 Meta 雙方還將合作幫助客戶提高在亞馬遜雲科技上運行深度學習計算框架 PyTorch 的性能，並助力開發人員加速構建、訓練、部署和運行人工智能和機器學習模型的機制。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"亞馬遜全球副總裁、亞馬遜雲科技大中華區執行董事張文翊認爲，這是雲計算可以大量賦能的一個領域。她表示：“我們認爲元宇宙一定是雲計算可以大量賦能的一個領域。元宇宙本身需要的就是計算、存儲、機器學習等，這些都離不開雲計算。”"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"未來仍在描繪中"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"未來元宇宙的技術棧是否會擴展，元宇宙的呈現形式是否會出現大幅變化？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"答案几乎是肯定的，就像在 4G 手機普及以前，我們完全無法想象 4G 生態下主要的應用類型。從建設到成熟，僅在算力層面，元宇宙也至少還有十餘年時間的路程要走。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但萬變不離其宗，關注雲計算領域關於元宇宙支撐技術的更新迭代，可能是我們拋開泡沫，觀察元宇宙生態進展的重要方法。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/wechat\/images\/35\/35d6b36d182a4b8a28db143ebaec9cf7.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}}]}