從 Amazon Graviton3 發佈，看 2022 雲計算的核心方向

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":1}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/N177oywCjewUFtE6GH9U","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2021 亞馬遜雲科技 re:Invent"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 結束了，在數十項發佈裏，哪個產品最爲重要，對雲計算行業影響最大？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"可能會有不少人把票投給 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/cn\/ec2\/graviton\/","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Amazon Graviton3"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。這不僅因爲“自研芯片”這個概念在當下成爲了“硬核實力”的象徵、大衆喜聞樂見的話題，也不僅因爲芯片代表了雲服務最基礎的能力，更是因爲 Amazon Graviton3 的發佈，實實在在地影響了整個產業的格局，在多個領域起到了一錘定音的效果。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Amazon Graviton3 已知信息彙總"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"新任亞馬遜雲科技首席執行官 Adam Selipsky 在 re:Invent 上援引分析師的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/CXxYvCVfW35mFscSu89H","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"估算"}]},{"type":"text","text":"：目前雲上支出只佔整個 IT 支出的 5% 到 15%，未來將有大量的工作負載遷移到雲。同時，在此前的各類雲計算大會上，來自氣象領域、生命科學領域的專家也曾紛紛表示，要進行科學研究，做更精準的建模，需要龐大的算力支撐。因此，在當下階段，產業對雲計算的核心需求仍然是算力。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這就意味着，整個行業對雲端算力的需求始終在增長，芯片始終是雲計算的核心能力以及最大底牌，芯片的性能直接從根本上決定了雲行業未來的發展。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"那麼這次亞馬遜雲科技發佈的 Amazon Graviton3，牌面有多大呢？我們先將目前所有已知參數做個彙總："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Amazon Graviton3 採用 5nm 工藝，64 核，集成了 550 億晶體管，主頻 2.6 Ghz，支持 bfloat16 （爲深度學習而優化的新數字格式），PCIe 5.0。與 Amazon Graviton2 相比，Amazon Graviton3 處理器支持爲科學計算、機器學習和媒體編碼工作負載提供高達 2 倍的浮點運算性能，爲加密工作負載速度提升高達 2 倍，爲機器學習工作負載提供高達 3 倍的性能。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Amazon Graviton3 處理器的能效也更高，在相同性能下，與同類型基於 x86 的實例對比，可節省高達 60% 的能源消耗。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/wechat\/images\/57\/5723152d4298b836376ebb07cabdcf8e.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"由 Amazon Graviton3 處理器支持的 Amazon C7g 實例與由 Amazon Graviton2 處理器支持的當前一代 C6g 實例相比，可將計算密集型工作負載性能提高多達 25%，網絡帶寬也高出 20%。C7g 實例支持 Elastic Fabric Adapter (EFA)，允許應用程序直接與網絡接口卡通信，提供更低且更一致的延遲，提高需要大規模並行處理（如 HPC 和視頻編碼）的應用程序的性能。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Amazon C7g 實例同時是雲中第一個採用最新 DDR5 內存的實例，與基於 Amazon Graviton2 的實例相比，它提高了 50% 的內存帶寬，達到 300 GB\/sec，從而提高了科學計算等內存密集型應用的性能。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/wechat\/images\/6a\/6af8ed5a3ab68e88f63c215ac74a7e97.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"就整體性能來看，即便其性能參數還沒有全部公佈，在雲計算行業也屬於頂流了，將 Amazon Graviton3 看做“底牌”並不過分，它有推動行業前進的實力。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"基於 Arm 生態，雲計算行業的長遠利益已經統一"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"那麼將 Amazon Graviton3 視作整個雲計算行業在 2021 芯片領域的代表是否合適呢？至少在現階段，可能是十分恰當的，數據是最好的答案。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"據 Garnter 統計數據顯示，2020 年，亞馬遜雲科技以 40.8% 的市場份額大幅領先、位居全球第一，第二名的市場份額還不到亞馬遜雲科技的一半。今年 7 月 30 日，亞馬遜雲科技發佈了 Q2 財報，顯示其季度收入爲 148 億美元，過去十二個月收入爲 527 億美元，增速 37%，增速增長了 9%。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這樣的份額和增速，讓亞馬遜雲科技在全球雲計算市場形成的勢能極大，其自研芯片發佈的影響也是相當巨大的。我們可以通過其官方合作案例來具象化這種影響："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"儘管 Amazon C7g 實例還只有預覽版，但 Twitter 平臺主管 Nick Tornow 已經表示支持：“我們發現基於 Amazon Graviton3 處理器的 C7g 實例與基於 Amazon Graviton2 處理器的 C6g 實例相比，可將性能提高 20%-80%，同時還將尾部延遲減少多達 35%。我們非常高興並期待利用基於 Amazon Graviton3 處理器的實例獲得更好的性價比。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"要知道，2020 Q2，Twitter 的日活可是高達 1.86 億。亞馬遜雲科技展示的客戶案例還有許多，個個是重量級："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"一級方程式（F1）賽車首席技術官 Pat Symonds 表示：“基於 Amazon Graviton3 的實例在性價比方面的優越表現，我們期待它成爲運行所有 CFD 工作負載的最佳選擇。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Epic Games 高級工程總監 Mark Imbriaco 表示：“我們的測試表明，它們（Amazon Graviton3）甚至適用於要求最嚴苛、延遲敏感度最高的工作負載，同時提供卓越的性價比，提升了《堡壘之夜》和任何基於虛擬引擎創造的遊戲體驗。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"更爲重要的是，儘管還不確定 Amazon Graviton3 是基於 Arm Neoverse N2 還是 V1，但性能始終是有保障的，N2、V1 分別代表了最高單芯片性能和最高單線程性能，Arm 對 N 系列的 PPA 特徵定義是“性能、功率、面積得到了同等的考量”，對 V 系列的定義是“突破性能極限”，哪種都好，都是 Arm 在摘掉“只能在功耗上做文章”後的翻身仗。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而 Arm 能有這場翻身仗，一個離不開蘋果的 M1，另一個就主要靠亞馬遜雲科技的 Amazon Graviton 系列。M1 主要引導了行業對個人 PC 領域狀況的關注，而 Arm 在企業服務市場的發力，甚至還在個人 PC 之前，這也是 Amazon Graviton 系列影響力的證明。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"就在 Amazon Graviton3 的背後，其實也反映着，Arm 在芯片級的技術創新，是雲計算能力長期發展的源動力。今年的 2021 亞馬遜雲科技 re:Invent ，亞馬遜雲科技發佈了 Amazon IoT TwinMaker、Amazon IoT FleetWise、Amazon Private 5G，雲邊端一體戰略、5G 戰略都已經落地，而 Arm 端雲同構、低功耗、高效能和輕量化的特點，恰好適應雲行業整體戰略的走向。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"同時 Arm 架構下的芯片性價比高於 x86，Amazon C7g 實例明年在市場的全面展開，會把這一判斷變成實實在在的商業邏輯。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"除亞馬遜雲科技外，國外幾個主要雲廠商的雲服務實例現階段是基於 x86 架構，但早前都有傳聞放出，考慮基於 Arm 架構自研芯片。國內雲廠商則早已擁抱 Arm，生態建設進展飛快。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Arm 生態唯一的隱憂來自於英偉達的 400 億收購，但來自英國、歐盟、美國等國家和地區監管機構的質疑，讓收購處於停滯階段。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"至少在未來幾年，Arm 生態的繁榮是不可避免的，生態內以亞馬遜雲科技爲代表的雲廠商們，也將“底層”無憂。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"寫在最後：功耗逐漸成爲重要考量因素"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"芯片性能能否保持高速增長，是否符合摩爾定律，這自然是芯片行業關注的焦點。但芯片功耗之於雲計算產業，也是越來越重要，不能夠忽視。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"從短期目標來看，功耗直接影響成本，成本越低利潤越高，越適合大型公有云廠商集中採用。同時，不斷有調研機構給出數據，未來過半的數據將集中在端側，物聯網設備對功耗的要求也會越來越嚴格。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"從長期目標來看，對碳排放的控制已成全球共識，未來對芯片功耗、數據中心能耗的要求只會收緊，不會放寬。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"可以說，基於 Arm 架構的 Amazon Graviton3 是符合行業的短期利益和長期利益的。2022 年年初，x86 架構下的芯片很可能推陳出新，核心數量也很可能超越 64 ，但在以上種種維度因素的綜合考量下，能否對抗 Amazon Graviton3，就是未知數了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/wechat\/images\/73\/731e40b190c0a4aa07395ac47c401673.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}}]}