English:現在分詞,過去分詞,被動主動語態

一、現在分詞
現在分詞由動詞加ing構成。
非謂語動詞中的現在分詞主要起形容詞和副詞的作用,在句中作定語、表語、補語或狀語。
一、現在分詞的兩個基本特點。
1. 在時間上表示動作正在進行。例如: a developing country. 一個發展中的國家, boiling water 沸水, rising sun 冉冉升起的太陽。(試比較: a developed country 一個發達國家, boiled water 白開水, risen sun 升起的太陽)
2. 在語態上表示主動。例如: the ruling class 統治階級, the exploiting class 剝削階級。(試比較: the ruled class 被統治階級, the exploited class 被剝削階級)
二、掌握現在分詞的基本功能。
1. 現在分詞作定語,表示正在進行的或主動的動作。也可以說明被修飾詞的性質和特徵,此時可換成相應的定語從句。例如:
① There was a terrible noise following the sudden burst of light.
② He saw a flying bird and raised his bow.
③ I was satisfied with the exciting speech.
2. 現在分詞作狀語時,可作時間、條件、結果、原因和伴隨狀語,表示正在進行的或主動的動作。此時分詞的邏輯主語就是主句的主語,因此要注意人稱、時態和語態的一致性。例如:
① The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, adding that he had enjoyed his stay here.
② European football is played in more than 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.
③Seeing from the top of the hill, we can find that the city looks more beautiful.
3. 現在分詞作補足語,表示正在進行的或主動的動作。例如:
① Soon they could see the steam rising from the wet clothes.
② The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.
4. 現在分詞的獨立主格結構作狀語。例如:
① With his lips still trembling, he couldn't say a word.
②“ Mama! ” he cried suddenly, tears rolling down his cheeks. “媽媽!”他突然哭着喊,淚水從他的臉上流下來。(這裏需要用現在分詞的獨立主格結構 tears rolling down his cheeks 作狀語。)
③ Weather permitting, we'll go to the Great wall. 如果天氣允許的話,我們就去長城。(這裏需要用現在分詞的獨立主格結構 Weather permitting 作狀語。)
二、過去分詞
一、基本概念
1. 分詞的定義
動詞的-ed分詞即過去分詞,是由動詞的過去分詞構成,一般只有一種形式。
2. 過去分詞的語法作用:
過去分詞一方面具有動詞的性質,另一方面也相當於一個形容詞或副詞,在句中可以作表語、定語、狀語和補足語。
1) 過去分詞作表語,主要表示主語的心理感覺或所處的狀態。如:
Don’t touch the glass because it is broken. 不要碰那個杯子,它是壞的。
He is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜歡那禮服的式樣。
2) 過去分詞做定語:
單個的過去分詞作定語一般放在名詞的前面,相當於一個定語從句。如:
The excited people rushed into the building. 激動的人們奔進了大樓。
We need more qualified teachers. 我們需要更多合格的教師。
過去分詞短語作定語通常放在被修飾的詞後面,相當於一個定語從句。如:
Is there anything planned for tomorrow? 明天有什麼活動嗎?
The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager. 外國專家提出來的建議被經理採納了。
過去分詞作定語也可用作非限制性定語,前後用逗號隔開。如:
The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.這些書是魯迅寫的,受到了許多中國人民的喜愛。
The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. 這次會議獲得很大的成功,共有一千個學生出席了。
3) 過去分詞做狀語:
過去分詞和-ing分詞作狀語一樣,也可以表示時間、原因、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。
①表時間,相當於一個時間狀語從句,有時過去分詞前可加連詞when或while來強調時間概念。如:
Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden. 從山頂上看,這個城市就像一個大花園。
Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.
入黨以後,他決定獻身於黨的事業。
②表原因,相當於一個原因狀語從句。如:
Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.
激動的人們被那個故事深深地感動了,停止了爭吵。
Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle.
受到了講演的鼓舞,年輕人決定起來從事鬥爭。
③表條件,相當於一個條件狀語從句,有時過去分詞前可用if等詞。如:
Given another chance, he will do better.再給他一次機會,他會做得更好。
Compared with your brother, you should make greater efforts to study English.
和你哥哥相比,你應該更加努力學習英語。
If heated, water can be turned into steam. 水如果被加熱,會變成水蒸氣。
④表讓步,相當於一個though/although引導的讓步狀語從句。如:
Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.
儘管已經跑得筋疲力盡,他們還是繼續追趕着那個強盜。
Laughed at by many people, he continued his study. 儘管被許多人嘲笑,他還是繼續他的研究。
⑤表方式或伴隨情況。如:
The old man went into the room, supported by his wife.那個老人在他的妻子的攙扶下走進了房間。
Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job. 我和父親坐在桌子旁邊討論着我的工作問題。
4) 過去分詞作補足語:
過去分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, find, get, have, feel, make, leave, keep等詞後與一名詞或代詞構成複合賓語,用作賓語補語。如:
When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined? 你什麼時候去醫院檢查你的牙齒?
When you are making a speech, you should speak louder to make yourself heard.
當你在作報告時,你應該講響一點使自己被人聽清。
當這類句子變成被動語態時,過去分詞用作主語補語。如:
One of the glasses was found broken. 有人發現其中一個杯子破了。
They should be kept informed of the situation there. 應該讓他們知道那兒的形勢。

二、特別提醒
1. 過去分詞作狀語時,它的邏輯主語一般必須和句子的主語相一致。如:
When asked why he came here, the boy kept silent.當那個男孩被問到爲何來這裏時,他沉默不語。
Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.
由於在農村出生並長大,他對生物很感興趣。
如果過去分詞的邏輯主語和句子主語不一致,必須使用過去分詞的獨立主格結構。
2. 動詞have後所接的三種賓語補語:
have somebody/something do something 不定式作補語必須省去to, 不定式動作由賓語發出,表示一次性的動作。如:
I had the workers do the job for me. 我讓工人們替我完成了工作。
Jim often has his father help him with his homework. 吉姆經常讓他的父親幫助做家庭作業。
have somebody /something doing something -ing分詞作補語,分詞動作也由賓語發出,強調動作的延續或正在進行。如:
They had the tractor working all the time. 他們讓拖拉機一直工作着。
We won’t have the child talking to his mother like that. 我們不能讓那個孩子那樣對他的媽媽說話。
have somebody/something done 過去分詞作補語,賓語和補足語之間有邏輯上的被動關係,通常有兩種情況:
①主語讓別人做某事,強調主語的意志。如:
He had his hair cut yesterday. 他昨天理髮了。
Later on the center had a great many new trees planted.後來,這個中心讓人種了很多樹。
②主語遭到某種不幸或陷入惡劣的環境,說明賓語的一種無意識的被動行爲。如:
He had his leg broken in the match last month.他在上星期的比賽中摔斷了腿。
He had one eye lost in the war. 在戰爭中,他失去了一隻眼睛。
3. 非謂語動詞的被動式作定語的三種形式:
the bridge to be built 將要建造的橋 (表示將來的動作)
the bridge being built 正在建造的橋 (表示正在進行的動作)
the bridge built 造好的橋 (表示完成的動作)
4. 過去分詞和–ing分詞作表語的區別:
過去分詞作表語通常表示主語所處的狀態或感受,而-ing分詞作表語多表示主語所具有的特徵,如:
Hearing the news, we felt very surprised. 聽到那個消息,我們感到很驚訝
The news is very surprising. 這個消息很令人驚訝。
They were frightened to hear the frightening sound. 他們聽到那可怕的聲音很害怕。
At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved to tears.
看到這麼動人的情景,所有在場的人都感動得流下了眼淚。
英語中這樣的分詞還有很多,如:amusing, amused; encouraging, encouraged; disappointing, disappointed; exciting, excited; puzzling, puzzled; satisfying, satisfied; worrying, worried; tiring, tired; pleasing, pleased; interesting, interested; astonishing, astonished等。
5. 過去分詞和–ing分詞作定語的區別:
過去分詞作定語和-ing分詞作定語有一定的區別。試比較下面幾組短語:
boiled water開水 boiling water正沸騰的水
developed countries發展的國家 developing countries發展中國家
fallen leaves落葉 falling leaves 正在飄落的葉子
changed condition改變了的情況 changing condition變化着的情況
由此可見,過去分詞作定語通常表示完成的或被動的動作;而-ing分詞作定語可以表示正在進行的主動的動作。
三,主、被動
被動語態
一、被動語態的基本用法
當謂語表示一個動作時,主語和它可以有兩種不同 關係;主動關係或被動關係。
在表示主動關係時(即主語爲動作的執行者時),謂語的形式稱爲主動語態(the Active Voice)。在表示被動 關係時(即主語爲動作的承受者時),謂語要用另一種形 式,稱爲被動語態(the Passive Voice)。在被動結構的句 子中,動作執行者可以由介詞by引起的短語表示。
1.被動語態的構成
被動語態由助動詞be加過去分詞構成,時態通過 be表現出來。
1)一般現在時
You're wanted on the phone.有人給你打電話。
2)一般過去時
The book was finished last week. 這書是上週寫完 的。
3)一般將來時
You'll be allowed to go out tomorrow. 明天讓你出去。
4)現在進行時和過去進行時
① The building is being built. 這幢樓正在建設之中。
②The bikes were being repaired. 那時正在修自行車。
5)現在完成時和過去完成時
①This book has been translated into English. 這本 書已被譯成英語。
②The car had been repaired. 這時汽車已修完了。
2.被動語態主要的用法
1)我們不知道或沒有必要說明動作的執行者是誰(這時 都不帶由by引起的短語)。
The book is written for teachers. 這種書是爲教師寫的。
2)動作的承受者是談話的中心(這時可帶有by引起的短語)。
The shop is run by a young man.這家商店是由一個年輕人經營的。
3)出於禮貌措辭等方面的考慮不願說出動作的執行者 是誰。
It is generally considered not advisable to smoke here.一般認爲在這兒吸菸是不妥當的。
4)被動結構能使句子得到更好的安排。
Liu Dehua appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.劉德華在臺上出現,觀衆給予了熱烈的掌聲。
5)在漢語中被動結構的句子是很多的,有些帶有“被”、 “受”、“由”等詞,譯成英語時較易想到用被動結構。
①他被選爲我班班長。He was elected monitor of our class.
但在更多情況下卻不帶這類標記,這種情況值得特別注意。
②運動會什麼時候開? When will the sports meet be held?
二、被動語態的特殊結構
1.帶情態動詞的被動結構
Water can be turned into vapour.水可轉化成蒸汽。
2.帶不定式的被動結構
The plan has to be revised. 必須修改計劃。
除了單一的及物動詞可用於被動結構外,一些相當於及物動詞的成語動詞也可用於被動結構。常可這樣用 的成語動詞有:
1)動詞+介詞
No conclusion has been arrived at so far.到目前爲止還沒得出結論。
2)動詞+副詞
The boy was brought up by his aunt. 這個小男孩是由他姑姑帶大的。
3)其他成語動詞
She was often made fun of. 人們常取笑她。
4)有些動詞可以有兩個賓語,在用於被動結構時,可以把主動結構中的一個賓語變爲主語,另一個賓語仍然 保留在謂語後面。
The manager was asked a number of questions at the press conference. 在記者招待會上,人們問了經理很多問題。
●在把有兩個賓語的句子變爲被動結構時,多數都把間 接賓語變爲主語,這樣句子顯得自然一些。 
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