Gentoo的在VMware下的安裝、更新和重構

1、從最近的ftp服務器全部下載install-x86-minimal-20100216.iso、stage3-i686-20100216.tar.bz2和portage-latest.tar.bz2：

[newman@dev gentoo]$ wget ftp://mirrors.xmu.edu.cn/gentoo/releases/x86/current-iso/install-x86-minimal-20100817.iso [newman@dev gentoo]$ wget ftp://mirrors.xmu.edu.cn/gentoo/releases/x86/current-iso/install-x86-minimal-20100817.iso.CONTENTS [newman@dev gentoo]$ wget ftp://mirrors.xmu.edu.cn/gentoo/releases/x86/current-iso/install-x86-minimal-20100817.iso.DIGESTS [newman@dev gentoo]$ wget ftp://mirrors.xmu.edu.cn/gentoo/releases/x86/current-iso/stage3-i686-20100817.tar.bz2 [newman@dev gentoo]$ wget ftp://mirrors.xmu.edu.cn/gentoo/releases/x86/current-iso/stage3-i686-20100817.tar.bz2.CONTENTS [newman@dev gentoo]$ wget ftp://mirrors.xmu.edu.cn/gentoo/releases/x86/current-iso/stage3-i686-20100817.tar.bz2.DIGESTS [newman@dev gentoo]$ wget ftp://mirrors.xmu.edu.cn/gentoo/snapshots/portage-latest.tar.bz2 [newman@dev gentoo]$ wget ftp://mirrors.xmu.edu.cn/gentoo/snapshots/portage-latest.tar.bz2.md5sum [newman@dev gentoo]$ md5sum -c install-x86-minimal-20100817.iso.DIGESTS [newman@dev gentoo]$ md5sum -c stage3-i686-20100817.tar.bz2.DIGESTS [newman@dev gentoo]$ md5sum -c portage-latest.tar.bz2.md5sum

2、啓動VMware虛擬機工作站，選擇linux/2.6.X系列，同時配置內存、硬盤大小，比如：

Memeroy 512MB Processors 2 Hard Disk(SCSI) 40GB CD/DVD(IDE) Auto Network Adapter Custom(VMnet6) Network Adapter 2 NAT ... ...

3、加載光盤鏡像，並啓動，啓動選項直接選擇：

boot : gentoo

選擇默認的鍵盤佈局，

4、進入系統後，設置靜態IP、設置默認路由、修改root用戶密碼和啓動sshd：

livecd ~ # ifconfig eth1 192.168.18.18/24 livecd ~ # route add default gw 192.168.18.2 livecd ~ # passwd livecd ~ # time /etc/init.d/sshd start

 

5、啓動一個putty終端，然後首先做的是進行分區，分區使用fdisk命令，然後做文件系統，這些做完之後掛載文件系統，操作如下：

livecd ~ # fdisk -l /dev/sda Disk /dev/sda: 42.9 GB, 42949672960 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5221 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/sda doesn't contain a valid partition table livecd ~ # fdisk /dev/sda Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x6f0c9c9f. Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable. The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 5221. There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024, and could in certain setups cause problems with: 1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO) 2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK) Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite) Command (m for help): n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) p Partition number (1-4): 1 First cylinder (1-5221, default 1): Using default value 1 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-5221, default 5221): +100M Command (m for help): a Partition number (1-4): 1 Command (m for help): n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) p Partition number (1-4): 2 First cylinder (15-5221, default 15): Using default value 15 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (15-5221, default 5221): +1024M Command (m for help): t Partition number (1-4): 2 Hex code (type L to list codes): 82 Changed system type of partition 2 to 82 (Linux swap / Solaris) Command (m for help): n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) p Partition number (1-4): 3 First cylinder (147-5221, default 147): Using default value 147 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (147-5221, default 5221): Using default value 5221 Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks. livecd ~ # fdisk -l /dev/sda Disk /dev/sda: 42.9 GB, 42949672960 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5221 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Disk identifier: 0x6f0c9c9f Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 14 112423+ 83 Linux /dev/sda2 15 146 1060290 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda3 147 5221 40764937+ 83 Linux livecd ~ # mke2fs /dev/sda1 livecd ~ # mkswap /dev/sda2 livecd ~ # mke2fs -j /dev/sda3 livecd ~ # mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/gentoo livecd ~ # mkdir -p /mnt/gentoo/boot livecd ~ # mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/gentoo/boot livecd ~ # swapon /dev/sda2

6、現在從下載的地方把tage3-i686-20100216.tar.bz2和portage-latest.tar.bz2拷貝到/mnt/gentoo中，並分別解壓縮到/mnt/gentoo和/mnt/gentoo/usr目錄下，並修改其中各文件配置：

[newman@dev gentoo]$ scp stage3-i686-20100817.tar.bz2 root@192.168.18.18:/mnt/gentoo [newman@dev gentoo]$ scp portage-latest.tar.bz2 root@192.168.18.18:/mnt/gentoo

下面是解壓縮

livecd ~ # cd /mnt/gentoo/ livecd gentoo # tar xjpf stage3-i686-20100817.tar.bz2 livecd gentoo # rm -f stage3-i686-20100817.tar.bz2 livecd gentoo # tar xjf portage-latest.tar.bz2 -C /mnt/gentoo/usr livecd gentoo # rm -f portage-live.tar.bz2

修改/mnt/gentoo/etc/make.conf、/mnt/gentoo/etc/conf.d/net、/mnt/gentoo/etc/resolv.conf(這個文件能夠被/mnt/gentoo/etc/conf.d/net配置生成）、/mnt/gentoo/etc/hosts等，其中有的是命令輸入，有的是直接修改，接着掛載procfs文件系統和驅動設備系統，切換到新的環境中：

livecd gentoo # mirrorselect -i -o >> /mnt/gentoo/etc/make.conf livecd gentoo # mirrorselect -i -r -o >> /mnt/gentoo/etc/make.conf livecd gentoo # cat /mnt/gentoo/etc/make.conf ... ... GENTOO_MIRRORS="ftp://mirrors.xmu.edu.cn/gentoo " SYNC="rsync://rsync.asia.gentoo.org/gentoo-portage" USE="-gtk -gnome -qt3 -qt4 -kde dvd alsa cdr gd" ... ... livecd gentoo # cat /mnt/gentoo/etc/conf.d/net ... ... dns_domain_lo=( "zfsoft.net" ) config_eth0=( "192.168.60.18/24" ) config_eth1=( "192.168.18.18/24" ) routes_eth1=( "default via 192.168.18.2" ) dns_servers_eth1=( "192.168.18.2" ) config_eth2=( "null" ) config_eth3=( "null" ) ... ... livecd gentoo # cat /mnt/gentoo/etc/conf.d/hostname ... ... HOSTNAME="dev" livecd gentoo # cat /mnt/gentoo/hosts ... ... 127.0.0.1 dev.zfsoft.net dev localhost ::1 dev.zfsoft.net dev localhost ... ... livecd gentoo # cp -L /etc/resolv.conf /mnt/gentoo/etc/ livecd gentoo # cp -f /mnt/gentoo/usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai /mnt/gentoo/etc/localtime livecd gentoo # cat /mnt/gentoo/etc/conf.d/clock ... ... CLOCK="local" ... ... TIMEZONE="Asia/Shanghai" ... ... livecd gentoo # cat /mnt/gentoo/etc/env.d/02locale LANG="en_US.UTF-8" LC_COLLATE="C" livecd gentoo # cat /mnt/gentoo/etc/locale.gen ... ... en_US ISO-8859-1 en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8 ... ... zh_CN.GB18030 GB18030 zh_CN.GBK GBK zh_CN.UTF-8 UTF-8 zh_CN GB2312 ... ... livecd gentoo # mount -t proc none /mnt/gentoo/proc livecd gentoo # mount -o bind /dev /mnt/gentoo/dev livecd gentoo # chroot /mnt/gentoo /bin/bash livecd / # env-update && source /etc/profile livecd / # locale-gen livecd / # locale

 

7、現在系統已經搭建完備，現在開始升級編譯器gcc了，這中間如果選錯了包，可能要更新很久很久，編譯器更新好了，現在可以放心做任何事情，包括最重要的編譯內核，這裏採用的genkernel，其中有下面的選項關閉：

# CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED is not set # CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED_V2 is not set # CONFIG_IDE is not set

除此之外，可以根據自己的需求進行配置，編譯完成之後，開始手工設置grub的配置和根分區啓動，這些做完之後整個系統就算搭建好了，剩下的是再次更新系統，併除去無用包：

livecd / # emerge --sync --quiet livecd / # emerge -uav gcc livecd / # gcc-config -l livecd / # gcc-config i686-pc-linux-gnu-4.4.3 livecd / # env-update && source /etc/profile livecd / # emerge --oneshot -av libtool livecd / # emerge -eav system livecd / # emerge -eav world livecd / # emerge -aC =sys-devel/gcc-4.3.4 livecd / # emerge genkernel livecd / # genkernel --menuconfig all livecd / # emerge grub livecd / # cat /boot/grub/grub.conf ... ... splashimage=(hd0,0)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz title Gentoo Linux 2.6.34-r1 root (hd0,0) kernel /boot/kernel-genkernel-x86-2.6.34-gentoo-r1 root=/dev/ram0 real_root=/dev/sda3 initrd /boot/initramfs-genkernel-x86-2.6.34-gentoo-r1 ... ... livecd / # cat /etc/fstab ... ... /dev/sda1 /boot ext2 defaults,noatime 1 2 /dev/sda3 / ext3 noatime 0 1 /dev/sda2 none swap sw 0 0 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom auto noauto,ro 0 0 ... ... livecd / # grub Probing devices to guess BIOS drives. This may take a long time. GNU GRUB version 0.97 (640K lower / 5120K upper memory) [ Minimal BASH-like line editing is supported. For the first word, TAB lists possible command completions. Anywhere else TAB lists the possible completions of a device/filename. ] grub> root (hd0,0) Filesystem type is ext2fs, partition type 0x83 grub> setup (hd0) Checking if "/boot/grub/stage1" exists... yes Checking if "/boot/grub/stage2" exists... yes Checking if "/boot/grub/e2fs_stage1_5" exists... yes Running "embed /boot/grub/e2fs_stage1_5 (hd0)"... 18 sectors are embedded. succeeded Running "install /boot/grub/stage1 (hd0) (hd0)1+18 p (hd0,0)/boot/grub/stage2 /boot/grub/menu.lst"... succeeded Done. grub> quit livecd / # emerge gentoolkit livecd / # emerge --update --deep --newuse world livecd / # dispath-conf livecd / # emerge --depclean livecd / # revdep-rebuild   

8、現在可以安裝自己必須的要用的包，剩下就是開始備份系統了：首先進入啓動分區/mnt/gentoo/boot，把整個啓動目錄下的文件打好壓縮包和備份，卸載/mnt/gentoo/boot啓動分區，接着進入 /mnt/gentoo/usr/，先把portage目錄整個的打好壓縮包和備份，然後刪除portage目錄，回到上一級目錄，清除/mnt /gentoo目錄下垃圾文件（比如var目錄中.ctl文件，這個若不清除，無法打壓縮包），獲取整個跟目錄下的文件列表，接着把整個目錄下的內容打好 壓縮包和備份，獲取壓縮包的文件列表；

livecd / # emerge vim livecd / # emerge samba livecd / # emerge freeradius livecd / # emerge squid livecd / # emerge links livecd / # emerge iproute2 livecd / # emerge iptables livecd / # emerge netcat livecd / # emerge cryptcat livecd / # emerge tcpdump livecd / # emerge ethtool livecd / # emerge php livecd / # emerge apache livecd / # emerge lighttpd livecd / # emerge niginx livecd / # emerge myodbc livecd / # dispatch-conf livecd / # exit livecd ~ # cd livecd ~ # umount /mnt/gentoo/dev /mnt/gentoo/proc livecd ~ # cd /mnt/gentoo/boot livecd boot # tar cjf boot-live.tar.bz2 `ls .` livecd boot # scp boot-live.tar.bz2 newman@192.168.18.8:/home/newman/workspace livecd boot # rm -f boot-live.tar.bz2 livecd boot # mv -f boot-live.tar.bz2 /mnt/gentoo/home/newman/ livecd boot # cd .. livecd gentoo # umount /mnt/gentoo/boot livecd gentoo # cd usr livecd usr # tar cjf portage-live.tar.bz2 portage livecd usr # scp portage-live.tar.bz2 newman@192.168.18.8:/home/newman/workspace livecd usr # rm -f portage-live.tar.bz2 livecd usr # rm -fr portage livecd usr # cd .. livecd gentoo # rm -f /mnt/gentoo/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-* livecd gentoo # find var/ -name '*.log' -exec rm {} /; livecd gentoo # find var/ -name '*.ctl' -exec rm {} /; livecd gentoo # find . | sed -e 's//.////g' > stage3-live-sys.list livecd gentoo # scp stage3-live-sys.list newman@192.168.18.8:/home/newman/workspace livecd gentoo # rm -f stage3-live-sys.list livecd gentoo # tar cfj stage3-live.tar.bz2 `ls .` livecd gentoo # tar tjf stage3-live.tar.bz2 > stage3-live.tar.bz2.list livecd gentoo # scp stage3-live.tar.bz2.list newman@192.168.18.8:/home/newman/workspace livecd gentoo # rm -f stage3-live.tar.bz2.list livecd gentoo # scp stage3-live.tar.bz2 newman@192.168.18.8:/home/newman/workspace livecd gentoo # rm -f stage3-live.tar.bz2 livecd gentoo # cd livecd ~ # umount /mnt/gentoo livecd ~ # poweroff

 

 

下面是檢測備份是否完成和合理，同時重構下整個系統，避免VMware磁盤文件越來越大；

 

9、啓動構造新的VMware下gentoo，使用光盤啓動進入系統，設置靜態IP、設置默認路由、修改root用戶密碼、啓動sshd、啓動終端，再終端進行分區，這個類似上面不再重複，分區創建好之後，開始掛載根分區和啓動分區，從備份處取得啓動壓縮包boot-live.tar.bz2、文件系統包stage3-live.tar.bz2和portage包portage-live.tar.bz2，分別在根分區/mnt/gentoo、啓動分區/mnt/gent/boot和/mnt/gentoo/usr分別解壓縮，從光盤啓動系統中拷貝/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-*文件到/mnt/gentoo/etc/udev/rules.d/中，同時修改自己對應網絡、主機名以及本地化信息，修改完之後，卸載各分區重新啓動就進入了新的系統：

a）構造操作環境，同步驟4；

b）從終端進入系統後進行分區，創建文件系統並掛載，同步驟5中分區操作：

c）從備份處獲取各對應包：

[newman@dev workspace]$ scp boot-live.tar.bz2 root@192.168.18.18:/mnt/gentoo/boot [newman@dev workspace]$ scp stage3-live.tar.bz2 root@192.168.18.18:/mnt/gentoo [newman@dev workspace]$ scp portage-live.tar.bz2 root@192.168.18.18:/mnt/gentoo

d）解壓各文件包並修改配置文件，配置同步驟6：

livecd ~ # cd /mnt/gentoo/boot livecd boot # tar xjf boot-live.tar.bz2 livecd boot # rm -f boot-live.tar.bz2 livecd boot # cd .. livecd gentoo # tar xjpf stage3-live.tar.bz2 livecd gentoo # rm -f stage3-live.tar.bz2 livecd gentoo # tar xjf portage-live.tar.bz2 -C /mnt/gentoo/usr livecd gentoo # rm -f portage-live.tar.bz2 livecd gentoo # nano -w /mnt/gentoo/etc/make.conf livecd gentoo # rm -f /mnt/gentoo/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-* livecd gentoo # cp -L /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-* /mnt/gentoo/etc/udev/rules.d livecd gentoo # nano -w /mnt/gentoo/etc/conf.d/net livecd gentoo # nano -w /mnt/gentoo/etc/resolv.conf livecd gentoo # nano -w /mnt/gentoo/etc/hosts livecd gentoo # nano -w /mnt/gentoo/etc/conf.d/hostname livecd gentoo # cp -f /mnt/gentoo/usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai /mnt/gentoo/etc/localtime livecd gentoo # nano -w /mnt/gentoo/etc/clock livecd gentoo # nano -w /mnt/gentoo/etc/env.d/02locale livecd gentoo # nano -w /mnt/gentoo/etc/locale.gen

 

e）接下來，需要切換到新的系統，並千萬別忘記修改grub啓動標記：

livecd gentoo # mount -t proc none /mnt/gentoo/proc livecd gentoo # mount -o bind /dev /mnt/gentoo/dev livecd gentoo # chroot /mnt/gentoo /bin/bash livecd / # env-update && source /etc/profile >>> Regenerating /etc/ld.so.cache... livecd / # grub Probing devices to guess BIOS drives. This may take a long time. GNU GRUB version 0.97 (640K lower / 5120K upper memory) [ Minimal BASH-like line editing is supported. For the first word, TAB lists possible command completions. Anywhere else TAB lists the possible completions of a device/filename. ] grub> root (hd0,0) Filesystem type is ext2fs, partition type 0x83 grub> setup (hd0) Checking if "/boot/grub/stage1" exists... yes Checking if "/boot/grub/stage2" exists... yes Checking if "/boot/grub/e2fs_stage1_5" exists... yes Running "embed /boot/grub/e2fs_stage1_5 (hd0)"... 18 sectors are embedded. succeeded Running "install /boot/grub/stage1 (hd0) (hd0)1+18 p (hd0,0)/boot/grub/stage2 /boot/grub/menu.lst"... succeeded Done. grub> quit

f）最後，更新下文件系統，卸載各分區和系統，重新啓動：

livecd / # emerge --sync --quiet livecd / # dispatch-conf livecd / # emerge --update --deep --newuse world livecd / # emerge --depclean livecd / # revdep-rebuild livecd / # exit livecd gentoo # cd livecd ~ # umount /mnt/gentoo/dev /mnt/gentoo/proc /mnt/gentoo/boot /mnt/gentoo livecd ~ # reboot

至此這個系統重構和備份已經完成。

 

參考：

1）http://www.gentoo.org/doc/zh_cn/handbook/handbook-x86.xml?style=printable&full=1#book_part1

2）http://www.gentoo.org/doc/zh_cn/guide-localization.xml

3）http://www.gentoo.org/doc/zh_cn/gcc-upgrading.xml

4）http://www.gentoo.org/doc/zh_cn/list.xml?desc=1