http://blog.csdn.net/cheungjustin/article/details/5631298
常用SQL查詢：
1、查看錶空間的名稱及大小
select t.tablespace_name, round(sum(bytes/(1024*1024)),0) ts_size
from dba_tablespaces t, dba_data_files d
where t.tablespace_name = d.tablespace_name
group by t.tablespace_name;
2、查看錶空間物理文件的名稱及大小
select tablespace_name, file_id, file_name,
round(bytes/(1024*1024),0) total_space
from dba_data_files
order by tablespace_name;
3、查看回滾段名稱及大小
select segment_name, tablespace_name, r.status,
(initial_extent/1024) InitialExtent,(next_extent/1024) NextExtent,
max_extents, v.curext CurExtent
From dba_rollback_segs r, v$rollstat v
Where r.segment_id = v.usn(+)
order by segment_name;
4、查看控制文件
select name from v$controlfile;
5、查看日誌文件
select member from v$logfile;
6、查看錶空間的使用情況
select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as free_space,tablespace_name
from dba_free_space
group by tablespace_name;
SELECT A.TABLESPACE_NAME,A.BYTES TOTAL,B.BYTES USED, C.BYTES FREE,
(B.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% USED",(C.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% FREE"
FROM SYS.SM$TS_AVAIL A,SYS.SM$TS_USED B,SYS.SM$TS_FREE C
WHERE A.TABLESPACE_NAME=B.TABLESPACE_NAME AND A.TABLESPACE_NAME=C.TABLESPACE_NAME;
7、查看數據庫庫對象
select owner, object_type, status, count(*) count# from all_objects group by owner, object_type, status;
8、查看數據庫的版本
Select version FROM Product_component_version
Where SUBSTR(PRODUCT,1,6)='Oracle';
9、查看數據庫的創建日期和歸檔方式
Select Created, Log_Mode, Log_Mode From V$Database;
10、捕捉運行很久的SQL
column username format a12
column opname format a16
column progress format a8
select username,sid,opname,
round(sofar*100 / totalwork,0) || '%' as progress,
time_remaining,sql_text
from v$session_longops , v$sql
where time_remaining <> 0
and sql_address = address
and sql_hash_value = hash_value
/
11。查看數據表的參數信息
SELECT partition_name, high_value, high_value_length, tablespace_name,
pct_free, pct_used, ini_trans, max_trans, initial_extent,
next_extent, min_extent, max_extent, pct_increase, FREELISTS,
freelist_groups, LOGGING, BUFFER_POOL, num_rows, blocks,
empty_blocks, avg_space, chain_cnt, avg_row_len, sample_size,
last_analyzed
FROM dba_tab_partitions
--WHERE table_name = :tname AND table_owner = :towner
ORDER BY partition_position
12.查看還沒提交的事務
select * from v$locked_object;
select * from v$transaction;
13。查找object爲哪些進程所用
select
p.spid,
s.sid,
s.serial# serial_num,
s.username user_name,
a.type object_type,
s.osuser os_user_name,
a.owner,
a.object object_name,
decode(sign(48 - command),
1,
to_char(command), 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action,
p.program oracle_process,
s.terminal terminal,
s.program program,
s.status session_status
from v$session s, v$access a, v$process p
where s.paddr = p.addr and
s.type = 'USER' and
a.sid = s.sid and
a.object='SUBSCRIBER_ATTR'
order by s.username, s.osuser
14。回滾段查看
select rownum, sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name Name, v$rollstat.extents
Extents, v$rollstat.rssize Size_in_Bytes, v$rollstat.xacts XActs,
v$rollstat.gets Gets, v$rollstat.waits Waits, v$rollstat.writes Writes,
sys.dba_rollback_segs.status status from v$rollstat, sys.dba_rollback_segs,
v$rollname where v$rollname.name(+) = sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name and
v$rollstat.usn (+) = v$rollname.usn order by rownum
15。耗資源的進程（top session）
select s.schemaname schema_name, decode(sign(48 - command), 1,
to_char(command), 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action, status
session_status, s.osuser os_user_name, s.sid, p.spid , s.serial# serial_num,
nvl(s.username, '[Oracle process]') user_name, s.terminal terminal,
s.program program, st.value criteria_value from v$sesstat st, v$session s , v$process p
where st.sid = s.sid and st.statistic# = to_number('38') and ('ALL' = 'ALL'
or s.status = 'ALL') and p.addr = s.paddr order by st.value desc, p.spid asc, s.username asc, s.osuser asc
16。查看鎖（lock）情況
select /*+ RULE */ ls.osuser os_user_name, ls.username user_name,
decode(ls.type, 'RW', 'Row wait enqueue lock', 'TM', 'DML enqueue lock', 'TX',
'Transaction enqueue lock', 'UL', 'User supplied lock') lock_type,
o.object_name object, decode(ls.lmode, 1, null, 2, 'Row Share', 3,
'Row Exclusive', 4, 'Share', 5, 'Share Row Exclusive', 6, 'Exclusive', null)
lock_mode, o.owner, ls.sid, ls.serial# serial_num, ls.id1, ls.id2
from sys.dba_objects o, ( select s.osuser, s.username, l.type,
l.lmode, s.sid, s.serial#, l.id1, l.id2 from v$session s,
v$lock l where s.sid = l.sid ) ls where o.object_id = ls.id1 and o.owner
<> 'SYS' order by o.owner, o.object_name
17。查看等待（wait）情況
SELECT v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count count, SUM(v$sysstat.value) sum_value
FROM v$waitstat, v$sysstat WHERE v$sysstat.name IN ('db block gets',
'consistent gets') group by v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count
18。查看sga情況
SELECT NAME, BYTES FROM SYS.V_$SGASTAT ORDER BY NAME ASC
19。查看catched object
SELECT owner, name, db_link, namespace,
type, sharable_mem, loads, executions,
locks, pins, kept FROM v$db_object_cache
20。查看V$SQLAREA
SELECT SQL_TEXT, SHARABLE_MEM, PERSISTENT_MEM, RUNTIME_MEM, SORTS,
VERSION_COUNT, LOADED_VERSIONS, OPEN_VERSIONS, USERS_OPENING, EXECUTIONS,
USERS_EXECUTING, LOADS, FIRST_LOAD_TIME, INVALIDATIONS, PARSE_CALLS, DISK_READS,
BUFFER_GETS, ROWS_PROCESSED FROM V$SQLAREA
21。查看object分類數量
select decode (o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3 , 'CLUSTER' , 4, 'VIEW' , 5 ,
'SYNONYM' , 6 , 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) object_type , count(*) quantity from
sys.obj$ o where o.type# > 1 group by decode (o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3
, 'CLUSTER' , 4, 'VIEW' , 5 , 'SYNONYM' , 6 , 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) union select
'COLUMN' , count(*) from sys.col$ union select 'DB LINK' , count(*) from
22。按用戶查看object種類
select u.name schema, sum(decode(o.type#, 1, 1, NULL)) indexes,
sum(decode(o.type#, 2, 1, NULL)) tables, sum(decode(o.type#, 3, 1, NULL))
clusters, sum(decode(o.type#, 4, 1, NULL)) views, sum(decode(o.type#, 5, 1,
NULL)) synonyms, sum(decode(o.type#, 6, 1, NULL)) sequences,
sum(decode(o.type#, 1, NULL, 2, NULL, 3, NULL, 4, NULL, 5, NULL, 6, NULL, 1))
others from sys.obj$ o, sys.user$ u where o.type# >= 1 and u.user# =
o.owner# and u.name <> 'PUBLIC' group by u.name order by
sys.link$ union select 'CONSTRAINT' , count(*) from sys.con$
23。有關connection的相關信息
1）查看有哪些用戶連接
select s.osuser os_user_name, decode(sign(48 - command), 1, to_char(command),
'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action, p.program oracle_process,
status session_status, s.terminal terminal, s.program program,
s.username user_name, s.fixed_table_sequence activity_meter, '' query,
0 memory, 0 max_memory, 0 cpu_usage, s.sid, s.serial# serial_num
from v$session s, v$process p where s.paddr=p.addr and s.type = 'USER'
order by s.username, s.osuser
2）根據v.sid查看對應連接的資源佔用等情況
select n.name,
v.value,
n.class,
n.statistic#
from v$statname n,
v$sesstat v
where v.sid = 71 and
v.statistic# = n.statistic#
order by n.class, n.statistic#
3）根據sid查看對應連接正在運行的sql
select /*+ PUSH_SUBQ */
command_type,
sql_text,
sharable_mem,
persistent_mem,
runtime_mem,
sorts,
version_count,
loaded_versions,
open_versions,
users_opening,
executions,
users_executing,
loads,
first_load_time,
invalidations,
parse_calls,
disk_reads,
buffer_gets,
rows_processed,
sysdate start_time,
sysdate finish_time,
'>' || address sql_address,
'N' status
from v$sqlarea
where address = (select sql_address from v$session where sid = 71)
24．查詢表空間使用情況
select a.tablespace_name,
round(a.abytes / 1024 / 1024) totalmb,
round((a.abytes - f.fbytes) / 1024 / 1024) usedmb,
round(f.fbytes / 1024 / 1024) freemb,
(1 - round(f.fbytes / a.abytes, 2)) * 100 "%USED",
round(f.fbytes / a.abytes, 2) * 100 "%FREE"
from (select tablespace_name, sum(bytes) abytes from dba_data_files group by tablespace_name) a,
(select tablespace_name, sum(bytes) fbytes from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name) f
where a.tablespace_name = f.tablespace_name
也可以這樣（這個查詢較快）：
select a.tablespace_name,
round(a.abytes / 1024 / 1024) totalmb,
round((a.abytes - f.fbytes) / 1024 / 1024) usedmb,
round(f.fbytes / 1024 / 1024) freemb,
(1 - round(f.fbytes / a.abytes, 2)) * 100 "%USED",
round(f.fbytes / a.abytes, 2) * 100 "%FREE"
from (select tablespace_name, sum(bytes) abytes from dba_data_files group by tablespace_name) a,
(select tablespace_name, sum(bytes) fbytes from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name) f
where a.tablespace_name = f.tablespace_name
25. 查詢表空間的碎片程度
select tablespace_name,count(tablespace_name) from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name
having count(tablespace_name)>10;
alter tablespace name coalesce;
alter table name deallocate unused;
create or replace view ts_blocks_v as
select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,'free space' segment_name from dba_free_space
union all
select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,segment_name from dba_extents;
select * from ts_blocks_v;
select tablespace_name,sum(bytes),max(bytes),count(block_id) from dba_free_space
group by tablespace_name;
26。查詢有哪些數據庫實例在運行
select inst_name from v$active_instances;
27。查詢表佔用空間大小
select owner,segment_name,bytes/1024/1024 kb from dba_extents where owner='SCOTT' and segment_name='EMP';
===========================================================
######### 創建數據庫----look $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/buildall.sql #############
create database db01
maxlogfiles 10
maxdatafiles 1024
maxinstances 2
logfile
GROUP 1 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_01_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,
GROUP 2 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_02_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,
GROUP 3 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_03_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,
datafile 'u01/oradata/db01/system_01_db01.dbf') SIZE 100M,
undo tablespace UNDO
datafile '/u01/oradata/db01/undo_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 40M
default temporary tablespace TEMP
tempfile '/u01/oradata/db01/temp_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 20M
extent management local uniform size 128k
character set AL32UTE8
national character set AL16UTF16
set time_zone='America/New_York';
############### 數據字典 ##########
set wrap off
select * from v$dba_users;
grant select on table_name to user/rule;
select * from user_tables;
select * from all_tables;
select * from dba_tables;
revoke dba from user_name;
shutdown immediate
startup nomount
select * from v$instance;
select * from v$sga;
select * from v$tablespace;
alter session set nls_language=american;
alter database mount;
select * from v$database;
alter database open;
desc dictionary
select * from dict;
desc v$fixed_table;
select * from v$fixed_table;
set oracle_sid=foxconn
select * from dba_objects;
set serveroutput on
execute dbms_output.put_line('sfasd');
############# 控制文件 ###########
select * from v$database;
select * from v$tablespace;
select * from v$logfile;
select * from v$log;
select * from v$backup;
/* 備份用戶表空間 */
alter tablespace users begin backup;
select * from v$archived_log;
select * from v$controlfile;
alter system set control_files='$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl',
'$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl' scope=spfile;
cp $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl
startup pfile='../initSID.ora'
select * from v$parameter where name like 'control%' ;
show parameter control;
select * from v$controlfile_record_section;
select * from v$tempfile;
/* 備份控制文件 */
alter database backup controlfile to '../filepath/control.bak';
/* 備份控制文件，並將二進制控制文件變爲了 asc 的文本文件 */
alter database backup controlfile to trace;
############### redo log ##############
archive log list;
alter system archive log start;-- 啓動自動存檔
alter system switch logfile;-- 強行進行一次日誌 switch
alter system checkpoint;-- 強制進行一次 checkpoint
alter tablspace users begin backup;
alter tablespace offline;
/*checkpoint 同步頻率參數 FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET, 同步頻率越高，系統恢復所需時間越短 */
show parameter fast;
show parameter log_checkpoint;
/* 加入一個日誌組 */
alter database add logfile group 3 ('/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' size 10M);
/* 加入日誌組的一個成員 */
alter database add logfile member '/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to group 3;
/* 刪除日誌組 : 當前日誌組不能刪；活動的日誌組不能刪；非歸檔的日誌組不能刪 */
alter database drop logfile group 3;
/* 刪除日誌組中的某個成員，但每個組的最後一個成員不能被刪除 */
alter databse drop logfile member '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo';
/* 清除在線日誌 */
alter database clear logfile '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo';
alter database clear logfile group 3;
/* 清除非歸檔日誌 */
alter database clear unarchived logfile group 3;
/* 重命名日誌文件 */
alter database rename file '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6a.rdo';
show parameter db_create;
alter system set db_create_online_log_dest_1='path_name';
select * from v$log;
select * from v$logfile;
/* 數據庫歸檔模式到非歸檔模式的互換 , 要啓動到 mount 狀態下才能改變 ;startup mount; 然後再打開數據庫 .*/
alter database noarchivelog/archivelog;
achive log start;--- 啓動自動歸檔
alter system archive all; －－手工歸檔所有日誌文件
select * from v$archived_log;
show parameter log_archive;
###### 分析日誌文件 logmnr ##############
1) 在 init.ora 中 set utl_file_dir 參數
2) 重新啓動 oracle
3) create 目錄文件
desc dbms_logmnr_d;
dbms_logmnr_d.build;
4) 加入日誌文件 add/remove log file
dhms_logmnr.add_logfile
dbms_logmnr.removefile
5) start logmnr
dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr
6) 分析出來的內容查詢 v$logmnr_content --sqlredo/sqlundo
實踐：
desc dbms_logmnr_d;
/* 對數據表做一些操作，爲恢復操作做準備 */
update 表 set qty=10 where stor_id=6380;
delete 表 where stor_id=7066;
/***********************************/
utl_file_dir 的路徑
execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('foxdict.ora','$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/admin/fox/cdump');
execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.log',dbms_logmnr.newfile);
execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/admin/fox/cdump/foxdict.ora');
######### tablespace ##############
select * form v$tablespace;
select * from v$datafile;
/* 表空間和數據文件的對應關係 */
select t1.name,t2.name from v$tablespace t1,v$datafile t2 where t1.ts#=t2.ts#;
alter tablespace users add datafile 'path' size 10M;
select * from dba_rollback_segs;
/* 限制用戶在某表空間的使用限額 */
alter user user_name quota 10m on tablespace_name;
create tablespace xxx [datafile 'path_name/datafile_name'] [size xxx] [extent management local/dictionary] [default storage(xxx)];
exmple: create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 5M MAXSIZE 200M;
create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management dictionary default storage(initial 100k next 100k pctincrease 10) offline;
/*9i 以後， oracle 建議使用 local 管理，而不使用 dictionary 管理，因爲 local 採用 bitmap 管理表空間 ，不會產生系統表空間的自願爭用 ;*/
create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management local uniform size 1m;
create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management local autoallocate;
/* 在創建表空間時，設置表空間內的段空間管理模式，這裏用的是自動管理 */
create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management local uniform size 1m segment space management auto;
alter tablespace userdata mininum extent 10;
alter tablespace userdata default storage(initial 1m next 1m pctincrease 20);
/*undo tablespace( 不能被用在字典管理模下 ) */
create undo tablespace undo1 datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' size 40M extent management local;
show parameter undo;
/*temporary tablespace*/
create temporary tablespace userdata tempfile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' size 10m extent management local;
/* 設置數據庫缺省的臨時表空間 */
alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name;
/* 系統 / 臨時 / 在線的 undo 表空間不能被 offline*/
alter tablespace tablespace_name offline/online;
alter tablespace tablespace_name read only;
/* 重命名用戶表空間 */
alter tablespace tablespace_name rename datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf';
/* 重命名系統表空間 , 但在重命名前必須將數據庫 shutdown, 並重啓到 mount 狀態 */
alter database rename file '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/system01.dbf' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/system02.dbf';
drop tablespace userdata including contents and datafiles;---drop tablespce
/*resize tablespace,autoextend datafile space*/
alter database datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500M;
/*resize datafile*/
alter database datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' resize 50m;
/* 給表空間擴展空間 */
alter tablespace userdata add datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' size 10m;
/* 將表空間設置成 OMF 狀態 */
alter system set db_create_file_dest='$ORACLE_HOME/oradata';
create tablespace userdata;---use OMF status to create tablespace;
drop tablespace userdata;---user OMF status to drop tablespace;
select * from dba_tablespace/v$tablespace/dba_data_files;
/* 將表的某分區移動到另一個表空間 */
alter table table_name move partition partition_name tablespace tablespace_name;
###### ORACLE storage structure and relationships #########
/* 手工分配表空間段的分區 (extend) 大小 */
alter table kong.test12 allocate extent(size 1m datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf');
alter table kong.test12 deallocate unused; --- 釋放表中沒有用到的分區
show parameter db;
alter system set db_8k_cache_size=10m; --- 配置 8k 塊的內存空間塊參數
select * from dba_extents/dba_segments/data_tablespace;
select * from dba_free_space/dba_data_file/data_tablespace;
/* 數據對象所佔用的字節數 */
select sum(bytes) from dba_extents where onwer='kong' and segment_name ='table_name';
############ UNDO Data ################
show parameter undo;
alter tablespace users offline normal;
alter tablespace users offline immediate;
recover datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf';
alter tablespace users online ;
select * from dba_rollback_segs;
alter system set undo_tablespace=undotbs1;
/* 忽略回滾段的錯誤提示 */
alter system set undo_suppress_errors=true;
/* 在自動管理模式下 , 不會真正建立 rbs1; 在手工管理模式則可以建立 , 且是私有回滾段 */
create rollback segment rbs1 tablespace undotbs;
desc dbms_flashback;
/* 在提交了修改的數據後 ,9i 提供了舊數據的回閃操作 , 將修改前的數據只讀給用戶看 , 但這部分數據不會又恢復在表中 , 而是舊數據的一個映射 */
execute dbms_flashback.enable_at_time('26-JAN- 04:12:17:00 pm ');
execute dbms_flashback.disable;
/* 回滾段的統計信息 */
select end_time,begin_time,undoblks from v$undostat;
/*undo 表空間的大小計算公式 : UndoSpace=[ UR * (UPS * DBS)] + (DBS * 24)
UR :UNDO_RETENTION 保留的時間 ( 秒 )
UPS : 每秒的回滾數據塊
DBS: 系統 EXTENT 和 FILE SIZE( 也就是 db_block_size)*/
select * from dba_rollback_segs/v$rollname/v$rollstat/v$undostat/v$session/v$transaction;
show parameter transactions;
show parameter rollback;
/* 在手工管理模式下 , 建立公共的回滾段 */
create public rollback segment prbs1 tablespace undotbs;
alter rollback segment rbs1 online;---- 在手工管理模式
/* 在手工管理模式中 ,initSID.ora 中指定 undo_management=manual 、 rollback_segment=('rbs1','rbs2',...) 、
transactions=100 、 transactions_per_rollback_segment=10
然後 shutdown immediate ,startup pfile=..../???.ora */
########## Managing Tables ###########
/*char type maxlen=2000;varchar2 type maxlen=4000 bytes
rowid 是 18 位的 64 進制字符串 (10 個 bytes 80 bits)
rowid 組成 : object#( 對象號 )--32bits,6 位
rfile#( 相對文件號 )--10bits,3 位
block#( 塊號 )--22bits,6 位
row#( 行號 )--16bits,3 位
64 進制 : A-Z,a-z,0-9,/,+ 共 64 個符號
dbms_rowid 包中的函數可以提供對 rowid 的解釋 */
select rowid,dbms_rowid.rowid_block_number(rowid),dbms_rowid.rowid_row_number(rowid) from table_name;
create table test2
(
id int,
lname varchar2(20) not null,
fname varchar2(20) constraint ck_1 check(fname like 'k%'),
empdate date default sysdate)
) tablespace tablespace_name;
create global temporary table test2 on commit delete/preserve rows as select * from kong.authors;
create table user.table(...) tablespace tablespace_name storage(...) pctfree10 pctused 40;
alter table user.tablename pctfree 20 pctused 50 storage(...);---changing table storage
/* 手工分配分區 , 分配的數據文件必須是表所在表空間內的數據文件 */
alter table user.table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile '...');
/* 釋放表中沒有用到的空間 */
alter table table_name deallocate unused;
alter table table_name deallocate unused keep 8k;
/* 將非分區表的表空間搬到新的表空間 , 在移動表空間後，原表中的索引對象將會不可用，必須重建 */
alter table user.table_name move tablespace new_tablespace_name;
create index index_name on user.table_name(column_name) tablespace users;
alter index index_name rebuild;
drop table table_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS];
alter table user.table_name drop column col_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS CHECKPOINT 1000];---drop column
/* 給表中不用的列做標記 */
alter table user.table_name set unused column comments CASCADE CONSTRAINTS;
/*drop 表中不用的做了標記列 */
alter table user.table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;
/* 當在 drop col 是出現異常，使用 CONTINUE ，防止重刪前面的 column*/
ALTER TABLE USER.TABLE_NAME DROP COLUMNS CONTINUE CHECKPOINT 1000;
select * from dba_tables/dba_objects;
######## managing indexes ##########
/*create index*/
example:
/* 創建一般索引 */
create index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name;
/* 創建位圖索引 */
create bitmap index index_name on table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace tablespace_name;
/* 索引中不能用 pctused*/
create [bitmap] index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) ;
/* 大數據量的索引最好不要做日誌 */
create [bitmap] index index_name table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) nologging;
/* 創建反轉索引 */
create index index_name on table_name(column_name) reverse;
/* 創建函數索引 */
create index index_name on table_name(function_name(column_name)) tablespace tablespace_name;
/* 建表時創建約束條件 */
create table user.table_name(column_name number(7) constraint constraint_name primary key deferrable using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace tablespace_name,column_name2 varchar2(25) constraint constraint_name not null,column_name3 number(7)) tablespace tablespace_name;
/* 給創建 bitmap index 分配的內存空間參數，以加速建索引 */
show parameter create_bit;
/* 改變索引的存儲參數 */
alter index index_name pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k next 200k);
/* 給索引手工分配一個分區 */
alter index index_name allocate extent (size 200k datafile '$ORACLE/oradata/..');
/* 釋放索引中沒用的空間 */
alter index index_name deallocate unused;
/* 索引重建 */
alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name;
/* 普通索引和反轉索引的互換 */
alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name reverse;
/* 重建索引時，不鎖表 */
alter index index_name rebuild online;
/* 給索引整理碎片 */
alter index index_name COALESCE;
/* 分析索引 , 事實上是更新統計的過程 */
analyze index index_name validate structure;
desc index_state;
drop index index_name;
alter index index_name monitoring usage;----- 監視索引是否被用到
alter index index_name nomonitoring usage;---- 取消監視
/* 有關索引信息的視圖 */
select * from dba_indexes/dba_ind_columns/dbs_ind_expressions/v$object_usage;
########## 數據完整性的管理 (Maintaining data integrity) ##########
alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;----drop 約束
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name primary key(column_name1,column_name2);----- 創建主鍵
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name unique(column_name1,column_name2);--- 創建唯一約束
/* 創建外鍵約束 */
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name foreign key(column_name1) references table_name(column_name1);
/* 不效驗老數據，只約束新的數據 [enable/disable ：約束 / 不約束新數據 ;novalidate/validate: 不對 / 對老數據進行驗證 ]*/
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name like 'B%') enable/disable novalidate/validate;
/* 修改約束條件，延時驗證， commit 時驗證 */
alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially deferred;
/* 修改約束條件，立即驗證 */
alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially immediate;
alter session set constraints=deferred/immediate;
/*drop 一個有外鍵的主鍵表 , 帶 cascade constraints 參數級聯刪除 */
drop table table_name cascade constraints;
/* 當 truncate 外鍵表時，先將外鍵設爲無效，再 truncate;*/
truncate table table_name;
/* 設約束條件無效 */
alter table table_name disable constraint constraint_name;
alter table table_name enable novalidate constraint constraint_name;
/* 將無效約束的數據行放入 exception 的表中，此表記錄了違反數據約束的行的行號；在此之前，要先建 exceptions 表 */
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name >15) enable validate exceptions into exceptions;
/* 運行創建 exceptions 表的腳本 */
start $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/utlexcpt.sql;
/* 獲取約束條件信息的表或視圖 */
select * from user_constraints/dba_constraints/dba_cons_columns;
################## managing password security and resources ####################
alter user user_name account unlock/open;---- 鎖定 / 打開用戶 ;
alter user user_name password expire;--- 設定口令到期
/* 建立口令配置文件 ,failed_login_attempts 口令輸多少次後鎖， password_lock_times 指多少天后口令被自動解鎖 */
create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_times 1/1440;
/* 創建口令配置文件 */
create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30 password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function password_grace_time 5;
/* 建立資源配置文件 */
create profile prfile_name limit session_per_user 2 cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480;
alter user user_name profile profile_name;
/* 設置口令解鎖時間 */
alter profile profile_name limit password_lock_time 1/24;
/*password_life_time 指口令文件多少時間到期， password_grace_time 指在第一次成功登錄後到口令到期有多少天時間可改變口令 */
alter profile profile_name limit password_lift_time 2 password_grace_time 3;
/*password_reuse_time 指口令在多少天內可被重用 ,password_reuse_max 口令可被重用的最大次數 */
alter profile profile_name limit password_reuse_time 10[password_reuse_max 3];
alter user user_name identified by input_password;----- 修改用戶口令
drop profile profile_name;
/* 建立了 profile 後，且指定給某個用戶，則必須用 CASCADE 才能刪除 */
drop profile profile_name CASCADE;
alter system set resource_limit=true;--- 啓用自願限制 , 缺省是 false
/* 配置資源參數 */
alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_session 10000 connect_time 60 idle_time 5;
/* 資源參數 (session 級 )
cpu_per_session 每個 session 佔用 cpu 的時間 單位 1/100 秒
sessions_per_user 允許每個用戶的並行 session 數
connect_time 允許連接的時間 單位分鐘
idle_time 連接被空閒多少時間後，被自動斷開 單位分鐘
logical_reads_per_session 讀塊數
private_sga 用戶能夠在 SGA 中使用的私有的空間數 單位 bytes
(call 級 )
cpu_per_call 每次 (1/100 秒 ) 調用 cpu 的時間
logical_reads_per_call 每次調用能夠讀的塊數
*/
alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_call 1000 logical_reads_per_call 10;
desc dbms_resouce_manager;--- 資源管理器包
/* 獲取資源信息的表或視圖 */
select * from dba_users/dba_profiles;
###### Managing users ############
show parameter os;
create user testuser1 identified by kxf_001;
grant connect,createtable to testuser1;
alter user testuser1 quota 10m on tablespace_name;
/* 創建用戶 */
create user user_name identified by password default tablespace tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire;
/* 數據庫級設定缺省臨時表空間 */
alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name;
/* 制定數據庫級的缺省表空間 */
alter database default tablespace tablespace_name;
/* 創建 os 級審覈的用戶，需知道 os_authent_prefix ，表示 oracle 和 os 口令對應的前綴 ,'OPS$' 爲此參數的值，此值可以任意設置 */
create user user_name identified by externally default OPS$tablespace_name tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire;
/* 修改用戶使用表空間的限額 , 回滾表空間和臨時表空間不允許授予限額 */
alter user user_name quota 5m on tablespace_name;
/* 刪除用戶或刪除級聯用戶 ( 用戶對象下有對象的要用 CASCADE ，將其下一些對象一起刪除 )*/
drop user user_name [CASCADE];
/* 每個用戶在哪些表空間下有些什麼限額 */
desc dba_ts_quotas;select * from dba_ts_quotas where username='...';
/* 改變用戶的缺省表空間 */
alter user user_name default tablespace tablespace_name;
######### Managing Privileges #############
grant create table,create session to user_name;
grant create any table to user_name; revoke create any table from user_name;
/* 授予權限語法 ,public 標識所有用戶 ,with admin option 允許能將權限授予第三者的權限 */
grant system_privs,[......] to [user/role/public],[....] [with admin option];
select * from v$pwfile_users;
/* 當 O7_dictionary_accessiblity 參數爲 True 時，標識 select any table 時，包括系統表也能 select , 否則，不包含系統表 ; 缺省爲 false*/
show parameter O7;
/* 由於 O7_dictionary_accessiblity 爲靜態參數，不能動態改變，故加 scope=spfile, 下次啓動時才生效 */
alter system set O7_dictionary_accessiblity=true scope=spfile;
/* 授予對象中的某些字段的權限，如 select 某表中的某些字段的權限 */
grant [object_privs(column,....)],[...] on object_name to user/role/public,... with grant option;
/*oracle 不允許授予 select 某列的權限 , 但可以授 insert ,update 某列的權限 */
grant insert(column_name1,column_name2,...) on table_name to user_name with grant option;
select * from dba_sys_privs/session_privs/dba_tab_privs/user_tab_privs/dba_col_privs/user_col_privs;
/*db/os/none 審計被記錄在 數據庫 / 操作系統 / 不審計 缺省是 none*/
show parameter audit_trail;
/* 啓動對錶的 select 動作 */
audit select on user.table_name by session;
/*by session 在每個 session 中發出 command 只記錄一次， by access 則每個 command 都記錄 */
audit [create table][select/update/insert on object by session/access][whenever successful/not successful];
desc dbms_fga;--- 進一步設計，則可使用 dbms_fgs 包
/* 取消審計 */
noaudit select on user.table_name;
/* 查被審計信息 */
select * from all_def_audit_opts/dba_stmt_audit_opts/dba_priv_audit_opts/dba_obj_audit_opts;
/* 獲取審計記錄 */
select * from dba_audit_trail/dba_audit_exists/dba_audit_object/dba_audit_session/dba_audit_statement;
########### Managing Role #################
create role role_name; grant select on table_name to role_name; grant role_name to user_name; set role role_name;
create role role_name;
create role role_name identified by password;
create role role_name identified externally;
set role role_name ; ---- 激活 role
set role role_name identified by password;
alter role role_name not identified;
alter role role_name identified by password;
alter role role_name identified externally;
grant priv_name to role_name [WITH ADMIN OPTION];
grant update(column_name1,col_name2,...) on table_name to role_name;
grant role_name1 to role_name2;
/* 建立 default role, 用戶登錄時，缺省激活 default role*/
alter user user_name default role role_name1,role_name2,...;
alter user user_name default role all;
alter user user_name default role all except role_name1,...;
alter user user_name default role none;
set role role1 [identified by password],role2,....;
set role all;
set role except role1,role2,...;
set role none;
revoke role_name from user_name;
revoke role_name from public;
drop role role_name;
select * from dba_roles/dba_role_privs/role_role_privs/dba_sys_privs/role_sys_privs/role_tab_privs/session_roles;
########### Basic SQL SELECT ################
select col_name as col_alias from table_name ;
select col_name from table_name where col1 like '_o%'; ----'_' 匹配單個字符
/* 使用字符函數 ( 右邊截取 , 字段中包含某個字符 , 左邊填充某字符到固定位數 , 右邊填充某字符到固定位數 )*/
select substr(col1,-3,5),instr(col2,'g'),LPAD(col3,10,'$'),RPAD(col4,10,'%') from table_name;
/* 使用數字函數 ( 往右 / 左幾位四捨五入 , 取整 , 取餘 )*/
select round(col1,-2),trunc(col2),mod(col3) from table_name ;
/* 使用日期函數 ( 計算兩個日期間相差幾個星期 , 兩個日期間相隔幾個月 , 在某個月份上加幾個月 , 某個日期的下一個日期 ,
某日期所在月的最後的日期 , 對某個日期的月分四捨五入，對某個日期的月份進行取整 )*/
select (sysdate-col1)/7 week,months_between(sysdate,col1),add_months(col1,2),next_day(sysdate,'FRIDAY'),last_day(sysdate),
round(sysdate,'MONTH'),trunc(sysdate,'MONTH') from table_name;
/* 使用 NULL 函數 ( 當 expr1 爲空取 expr2/ 當 expr1 爲空取 expr2, 否則取 expr3/ 當 expr1=expr2 返回空 )*/
select nvl(expr1,expr2),nvl2(expr1,expr2,expr3),nullif(expr1,expr2) from table_name;
select column1,column2,column3, case column2 when '50' then column2*1.1
when '30' then column2*2.1
when '10' then column3/20
else column3
end as ttt
from table_name ; ------ 使用 case 函數
select table1.col1,table2.col2 from table1
[CROSS JOIN table2] | ----- 笛卡兒連接
[NATURAL JOIN table2] | ----- 用兩個表中的同名列連接
[JOIN table2 USING (column_name)] | ----- 用兩個表中的同名列中的某一列或幾列連接
[JOIN table2
ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)] |
[LEFT|RIGHT|FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ------ 相當於 (+)=,=(+) 連接 , 全外連接
ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)]; ------SQL 1999 中的 JOIN 語法 ;
example:
select col1,col2 from table1 t1
join table2 t2
on t1.col1=t2.col2 and t1.col3=t2.col1
join table3 t3
on t2.col1=t3.col3;
select * from table_name where col1 < any (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3);
select * from table_name where col1 < all (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3);
insert into (select col1,col2,col3 form table_name where col1> 50 with check option) values (value1,value2,value3);
MERGE INTO table_name table1
USING table_name2 table2
ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)
WHEN MATCHED THEN
UPDATE SET
table1.col1=table2.col2,
table1.col2=table2.col3,
...
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
INSERT VALUES(table2.col1,table2.col2,table2.col3,...); ----- 合併語句
##################### CREATE/ALTER TABLE #######################
alter table table_name drop column column_name ;---drop column
alter table table_name set unused (col1,col2,...);---- 設置列無效，這個比較快。
alter table table_name drop unused columns;--- 刪除被設爲無效的列
rename table_name1 to table_name2; --- 重命名錶
comment on table table_name is 'comment message';---- 給表放入註釋信息
create table table_name
(col1 int not null,col2 varchar2(20),col3 varchar2(20),
constraint uk_test2_1 unique(col2,col3))); ----- 定義表中的約束條件
alter table table_name add constraint pk_test2 primary key(col1,col2,...); ---- 創建主鍵
/* 建立外鍵 */
create table table_name (rid int,name varchar2(20),constraint fk_test3 foreign key(rid) references other_table_name(id));
alter table table_name add constraint ck_test3 check(name like 'K%');
alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;
alter table table_name drop primary key cascade;---- 級聯刪除主鍵
alter table table_name disable/enable constraint constraint_name;---- 使約束暫時無效
/* 刪除列，並級聯刪除此列下的約束條件 */
alter table table_name drop column column_name cascade constraint;
select * from user_constraints/user_cons_columns;--- 約束條件相關視圖
############## Create Views #####################
CREATE [OR REPLACE] [FORCE|NOFORCE] VIEW view_name [(alias[,alias]...)]
AS subquery
[WITH CHECK OPTION [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]
[WITH READ ONLY [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]; ------ 創建視圖的語法
example: Create or replace view testview as select col1,col2,col3 from table_name; ------ 創建視圖
/* 使用別名 */
Create or replace view testview as select col1,sum(col2) col2_alias from table_name;
/* 創建複雜視圖 */
Create view view_name (alias1,alias2,alias3,alias4) as select d.col1,min(e.col1),max(e.col1),avg(e.col1) from table_name1 e,table_name2 d where e.col2=d.col2 group by d.col1;
/* 當用 update 修改數據時，必須滿足視圖的 col1>10 的條件，不滿足則不能被改變 .*/
Create or replace view view_name as select * from table_name where col1>10 with check option;
/* 改變視圖的值 . 對於簡單視圖可以用 update 語法修改表數據，但複雜視圖則不一定能改。如使用了函數， group by ,distinct 等的列 */
update view_name set col1=value1;
/*TOP-N 分析 */
select [column_list],rownum from (select [column_list] from table_name order by Top-N_column) where rownum<=N;
/* 找出某列三條最大值的記錄 */
example: select rownum as rank ,col1 ,col2 from (select col1 ,col2 from table_name order by col2 desc) where rownum<=3;
############# Other database Object ###############
CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name [INCREMENT BY n]
[START WITH n]
[{MAXVALUE n | NOMAXVALUE}]
[{MINVALUE n | NOMINVALUE}]
[{CYCEL | NOCYCLE}]
[{CACHE n | NOCACHE}]; ----- 創建 SEQUENCE
example:
CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name INCREMENT BY 10
START WITH 120
MAXVALUE 9999
NOCACHE
NOCYCLE;
select * from user_sequences ;--- 當前用戶下記錄 sequence 的視圖
select sequence_name.nextval,sequence_name.currval from dual;-----sequence 的引用
alter sequence sequence_name INCREMENT BY 20
MAXVALUE 999999
NOCACHE
NOCYCLE; ----- 修改 sequence, 不能改變起始序號
drop sequence sequence_name; ---- 刪除 sequence
CREATE [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name FOR object; ------ 創建同義詞
DROP [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name;---- 刪除同義詞
CREATE PUBLIC DATABASE LINK link_name USEING OBJECT;---- 創建 DBLINK
select * from object_name@link_name; ---- 訪問遠程數據庫中的對象
/*union 操作，它將兩個集合的交集部分壓縮，並對數據排序 */
select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;
/*union all 操作，兩個集合的交集部分不壓縮，且不對數據排序 */
select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union all select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;
/*intersect 操作，求兩個集合的交集 , 它將對重複數據進行壓縮，且排序 */
select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name intersect select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;
/*minus 操作，集合減 , 它將壓縮兩個集合減後的重複記錄 , 且對數據排序 */
select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name minus select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;
/*EXTRACT 抽取時間函數 . 此例是抽取當前日期中的年 */
select EXTRACT(YEAR FROM SYSDATE) from dual;
/*EXTRACT 抽取時間函數 . 此例是抽取當前日期中的月 */
select EXTRACT(MONTH FROM SYSDATE) from dual;
########################## 增強的 group by 子句 #########################
select [column,] group_function(column)...
from table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression]
[HAVING having_expression];
[ORDER BY column]; -------ROLLUP 操作字，對 group by 子句的各字段從右到左進行再聚合
example:
/* 其結果看起來象對 col1 做小計 */
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup(col1,col2);
/* 複合 rollup 表達式 */
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup((col1,col2));
select [column,] group_function(column)...
from table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY [CUBE] group_by_expression]
[HAVING having_expression];
[ORDER BY column]; -------CUBE 操作字，除完成 ROLLUP 的功能外，再對 ROLLUP 後的結果集從右到左再聚合
example:
/* 其結果看起來象對 col1 做小計後，再對 col2 做小計，最後算總計 */
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube(col1,col2);
/* 複合 rollup 表達式 */
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube((col1,col2));
/* 混合 rollup,cube 表達式 */
select col1,col2,col3,sum(col4) from table group by col1,rollup(col2),cube(col3);
/*GROUPING(expr) 函數，查看 select 語句種以何字段聚合，其取值爲 0 或 1*/
select [column,] group_function(column)...,GROUPING(expr)
from table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression]
[HAVING having_expression];
[ORDER BY column];
example:
select col1,col2,sum(col3),grouping(col1),grouping(col2) from table group by cube(col1,col2);
/*grouping sets 操作，對 group by 結果集先對 col1 求和，再對 col2 求和，最後將其結果集並在一起 */
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by grouping sets((col1),(col2));