su 切換用戶到root並在當前終端
1 2 3 | [jiel@jiel /]$ su Password: [root@jiel /] # |
su - 切換到root並開啓一個新終端
1 2 3 | [jiel@jiel /]$ su - Password: [root@jiel ~] # |
su username 切換到指定用戶,也適用-
1 2 3 4 5 6 | [jiel@jiel /]$ su aaa Password: [aaa@jiel /] # [jiel@jiel /]$ su - aaa Password: [aaa@jiel~] # |
sudo command 以root權限運行命令
1 2 3 | [jiel@jiel ~]$ sudo ifcfg [ sudo ] password for jiel: jiel is not in the sudoers file . This incident will be reported. |
passwd 修改當前用戶密碼
1 | [jiel@jiel ~]$ passwd |
id 顯示當前用戶信息
1 2 | [jiel@jiel ~]$ id uid=500(jiel) gid=500(jiel) groups =500(jiel) context=user_u:system_r:unconfined_t |
<ctrl+r> 查找歷史信息
1 | (reverse-i-search)`ex': uid=500(jiel) gid=500(jiel) groups =500(jiel) context=user_u:system_r:unconfined_t |
1 | (reverse-i-search)`pa': passwd |
history 顯示歷史命令
1 2 3 4 5 6 | [jiel@jiel ~]$ history
1 ls
2 cd Desktop/
3 ls
4 cd /
5 cd mnt |
firefox $ 啓動程序並在臺運行
1 | [jiel@jiel ~]$ firefox $ |
jobs 查看後臺運行的作業
1 2 | [root@localhost /] # jobs [1]+ Running firefox & |
sleep 5000 停止執行5000秒
<ctrl+z> 暫停當前程序
bg 2 啓動後臺編號的程序繼續運行
fg 1 將後臺編號的程序拉回前臺
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | [root@localhost /] # sleep 5000
[2]+ Stopped sleep 5000 [root@localhost /] # jobs [1]- Running firefox & [2]+ Stopped sleep 5000 [root@localhost /] # [root@localhost /] # bg 2 [2]- sleep 5000 & [root@localhost /] # jobs [1] Running firefox & [2]- Running sleep 5000 & [root@localhost /] #fg 1 firefox |
ls 查看當前目錄
ll 查看當前目錄以列表模式(同ls -l顯示詳細信息)
ls -a 顯示隱藏
ls -R 遞歸顯示子目錄結構
ls -ld 顯示目錄和鏈接信息
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | [jiel@jiel ~]$ ls Desktop firefox-21.0. tar .bz2 name [jiel@jiel ~]$ ll total 23884 drwxr-xr-x 2 jiel jiel 4096 May 25 12:12 Desktop -rw-rw-r-- 1 jiel jiel 24410321 May 25 12:29 firefox-21.0. tar .bz2 -rw-rw-r-- 1 jiel jiel 0 May 25 13:53 name [jiel@jiel ~]$ ls -a . .dmrc .gnome2_private .name1 .. .eggcups .gstreamer-0.10 .nautilus .bash_history .esd_auth .gtkrc-1.2-gnome2 .recently-used.xbel .bash_logout firefox-21.0. tar .bz2 .ICEauthority .redhat .bash_profile .gconf .metacity .thumbnails .bashrc .gconfd .mozilla .Trash .config .gnome name Desktop .gnome2 .name [jiel@jiel ~]$ ls -R .: Desktop firefox-21.0. tar .bz2 name
. /Desktop : [jiel@jiel ~]$ ls -ld drwx------ 17 jiel jiel 4096 May 25 13:55 . [jiel@jiel ~]$ |
cd 切換到目錄
1 2 3 | [jiel@jiel ~]$ cd / [jiel@jiel /]$ cd mnt [jiel@jiel mnt]$ |
pwd 顯示當前目錄
1 2 | [jiel@jiel ~]$ pwd /home/jiel |
touch name 創建或更新一個文件,已存在文件是更新一個已存在文件
touch .name1 創建或更新一個隱藏文件
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 | [jiel@jiel ~]$ touch name [jiel@jiel ~]$ ls Desktop firefox-21.0. tar .bz2 name [jiel@jiel ~]$ touch .name [jiel@jiel ~]$ ls Desktop firefox-21.0. tar .bz2 name [jiel@jiel ~]$ ll total 23884 drwxr-xr-x 2 jiel jiel 4096 May 25 12:12 Desktop -rw-rw-r-- 1 jiel jiel 24410321 May 25 12:29 firefox-21.0. tar .bz2 -rw-rw-r-- 1 jiel jiel 0 May 25 13:53 name [jiel@jiel ~]$ ls -a . .dmrc .gnome2_private .name1 .. .eggcups .gstreamer-0.10 .nautilus .bash_history .esd_auth .gtkrc-1.2-gnome2 .recently-used.xbel .bash_logout firefox-21.0. tar .bz2 .ICEauthority .redhat .bash_profile .gconf .metacity .thumbnails .bashrc .gconfd .mozilla .Trash .config .gnome name Desktop .gnome2 .name [jiel@jiel ~]$ |
file name查看文件信息
1 2 3 4 5 | [jiel@jiel ~]$ file Desktop/ Desktop/: directory [jiel@jiel ~]$ file firefox-21.0. tar .bz2 firefox-21.0. tar .bz2: bzip2 compressed data, block size = 900k [jiel@jiel ~]$ |
cp 源 目標 複製文件
cp -r 遞歸複製目錄(一般於複製整個目錄)
cp -v 顯示覆制過程
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 | [jiel@jiel ~]$ ls Desktop firefox-21.0. tar .bz2 name [jiel@jiel ~]$ cp name /tmp [jiel@jiel ~]$ ls /tmp gconfd-jiel orbit-jiel vmware-jiel gconfd-root orbit-root vmware-root keyring-fUekZY ssh -KqJgik4764 vmware-root-799775590 mapping-jiel virtual-root.OWGCiJ VMwareTools-9.2.2-893683. tar .gz mapping-root vmware-config0 vmware-tools-distrib name VMwareDnD [jiel@jiel ~]$ |
mv 源 目標 移動或重命名
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 | [jiel@jiel ~]$ mv name /tmp [jiel@jiel ~]$ ls /tmp firefox-21.0. tar .bz2 name VMwareDnD gconfd-jiel orbit-jiel vmware-jiel gconfd-root orbit-root vmware-root keyring-fUekZY ssh -KqJgik4764 vmware-root-799775590 mapping-jiel virtual-root.OWGCiJ VMwareTools-9.2.2-893683. tar .gz mapping-root vmware-config0 vmware-tools-distrib [jiel@jiel ~]$ ls Desktop firefox-21.0. tar .bz2 [jiel@jiel ~]$ cd /tmp [jiel@jiel tmp]$ ls firefox-21.0. tar .bz2 name VMwareDnD gconfd-jiel orbit-jiel vmware-jiel gconfd-root orbit-root vmware-root keyring-fUekZY ssh -KqJgik4764 vmware-root-799775590 mapping-jiel virtual-root.OWGCiJ VMwareTools-9.2.2-893683. tar .gz mapping-root vmware-config0 vmware-tools-distrib [jiel@jiel tmp]$ mv name name2 [jiel@jiel tmp]$ ls firefox-21.0. tar .bz2 name2 VMwareDnD gconfd-jiel orbit-jiel vmware-jiel gconfd-root orbit-root vmware-root keyring-fUekZY ssh -KqJgik4764 vmware-root-799775590 mapping-jiel virtual-root.OWGCiJ VMwareTools-9.2.2-893683. tar .gz mapping-root vmware-config0 vmware-tools-distrib [jiel@jiel tmp]$ |
rm 刪除文件
rm -r 遞歸刪除文件夾
rm -i 遞歸刪除的同時詢問要刪除的每一個文件夾
em -f 強制刪除不提醒任何信息(會覆蓋i)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 | [jiel@jiel tmp]$ ls firefox-21.0. tar .bz2 name2 VMwareDnD gconfd-jiel orbit-jiel vmware-jiel gconfd-root orbit-root vmware-root keyring-fUekZY ssh -KqJgik4764 vmware-root-799775590 mapping-jiel virtual-root.OWGCiJ VMwareTools-9.2.2-893683. tar .gz mapping-root vmware-config0 vmware-tools-distrib [jiel@jiel tmp]$ rm name2 [jiel@jiel tmp]$ ls firefox-21.0. tar .bz2 orbit-jiel vmware-jiel gconfd-jiel orbit-root vmware-root gconfd-root ssh -KqJgik4764 vmware-root-799775590 keyring-fUekZY virtual-root.OWGCiJ VMwareTools-9.2.2-893683. tar .gz mapping-jiel vmware-config0 vmware-tools-distrib mapping-root VMwareDnD [jiel@jiel tmp]$ rm vmware-jiel rm : cannot remove `vmware-jiel': Is a directory [jiel@jiel tmp]$ rm -r vmware-jiel [jiel@jiel tmp]$ ls firefox-21.0. tar .bz2 orbit-jiel vmware-root gconfd-jiel orbit-root vmware-root-799775590 gconfd-root ssh -KqJgik4764 VMwareTools-9.2.2-893683. tar .gz keyring-fUekZY virtual-root.OWGCiJ vmware-tools-distrib mapping-jiel vmware-config0 mapping-root VMwareDnD [jiel@jiel tmp]$ rm -ri vmware-root rm : descend into write-protected directory `vmware-root'? y rm : remove write-protected regular file `vmware-root /vmware-db .pl.5425'? y rm : cannot remove `vmware-root /vmware-db .pl.5425': Permission denied rm : remove write-protected regular file `vmware-root /vmware-db .pl.3785'? n rm : remove write-protected regular file `vmware-root /vmware-db .pl.3788'? n rm : remove write-protected regular file `vmware-root /vmware-db .pl.3712'? [jiel@jiel tmp]$ |
mkdir name 創建文件夾
rmdir name刪除空文件夾(刪除非空文件夾用rm -r)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | [jiel@jiel ~]$ mkdir jiel [jiel@jiel ~]$ ls Desktop firefox-21.0. tar .bz2 jiel [jiel@jiel ~]$ rmdir jiel [jiel@jiel ~]$ ls Desktop firefox-21.0. tar .bz2 [jiel@jiel ~]$ |
cat name 查看文本文件
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 | [jiel@jiel etc]$ cat a2ps.cfg # a2ps.cfg -*- Makefile -*- # # System configuration file for a2ps. # Copyright (c) 1988-1993 Miguel Santana # Copyright (c) 1995-2000 Akim Demaille, Miguel Santana #
# # This file is part of a2ps. # # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by # the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) # any later version. # # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the # GNU General Public License for more details. # # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License # along with this program; see the file COPYING. If not, write to # the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, # Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. # |