Serializers組件

爲什麼要序列化組件?

當我們做前後端分離的項目~~我們前後端交互一般都選擇JSON數據格式，JSON是一個輕量級的數據交互格式。
那麼我們給前端數據的時候都要轉成json格式，那就需要對我們從數據庫拿到的數據進行序列化。

Django序列化的方法

.values 序列化結果

class BooksView(View):
    def get(self, request):
        book_list = Book.objects.values("id", "title", "chapter", "pub_time", "publisher")
        book_list = list(book_list)
        # 如果我們需要取外鍵關聯的字段信息 需要循環獲取外鍵 再去數據庫查然後拼接成我們想要的
        ret = []
        for book in book_list:
            pub_dict = {}
            pub_obj = Publish.objects.filter(pk=book["publisher"]).first()
            pub_dict["id"] = pub_obj.pk
            pub_dict["title"] = pub_obj.title
            book["publisher"] = pub_dict
            ret.append(book)
        ret = json.dumps(book_list, ensure_ascii=False, cls=MyJson)
        return HttpResponse(ret)


# json.JSONEncoder.default()
# 解決json不能序列化時間字段的問題
class MyJson(json.JSONEncoder):
    def default(self, field):
        if isinstance(field, datetime.datetime):
            return field.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
        elif isinstance(field, datetime.date):
            return field.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')
        else:
            return json.JSONEncoder.default(self, field)

from django.core import serializers


# 能夠得到我們要的效果 結構有點複雜
class BooksView(View):
    def get(self, request):
        book_list = Book.objects.all()
        ret = serializers.serialize("json", book_list)
        return HttpResponse(ret)

DRF序列化

首先，我們要用DRF的序列化，就要遵循人家框架的一些標準，

-- Django我們CBV繼承類是View，現在DRF我們要用APIView

-- Django中返回的時候我們用HTTPResponse，JsonResponse，render ，DRF我們用Response

序列化

1.聲明序列化類

class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    id = serializers.IntegerField()
    title = serializers.CharField(max_length=32)
    CHOICES = ((1, "Linux"), (2, "Django"), (3, "Python"))
    chapter = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=CHOICES, source="get_chapter_display")
    pub_time = serializers.DateField()

2.序列化對象

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response

class BookView(APIView):
    def get(self, request):
        book_list = Book.objects.all()
         # 用序列化器去序列化queryset
        ret = BookSerializer(book_list, many=True)
        return Response(ret.data)

實現流程

-- 如果指定了many=True
-- 把queryset當成可迭代對象去循環 得到每個模型對象
-- 把每個模型對象放入序列號器進行序列化
-- 進行字段匹配 匹配上的字段進行序列化 匹配不上丟棄
-- 必須滿足序列化的所有字段要求

外鍵關係的序列化

# by gaoxin
from rest_framework import serializers
from .models import Book


class PublisherSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=True)
    title = serializers.CharField(max_length=32)


class UserSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=True)
    name = serializers.CharField(max_length=32)
    age = serializers.IntegerField()


class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=True)
    title = serializers.CharField(max_length=32)
    CHOICES = ((1, "Linux"), (2, "Django"), (3, "Python"))
    chapter = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=CHOICES, source="get_chapter_display", read_only=True)
    pub_time = serializers.DateField()

    publisher = PublisherSerializer(read_only=True)
    user = UserSerializer(many=True, read_only=True)

反序列化

當前端給我們發post的請求的時候_{前端給我們傳過來的數據}我們要進行一些校驗然後保存到數據庫,這些校驗以及保存工作，DRF的Serializer也給我們提供了一些方法了
首先_{我們要寫反序列化用的一些字段}有些字段要跟序列化區分開

Serializer提供了.is_valid() 和.save()方法~~

# serializers.py 文件
class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=True)
    title = serializers.CharField(max_length=32)
    CHOICES = ((1, "Linux"), (2, "Django"), (3, "Python"))
    chapter = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=CHOICES, source="get_chapter_display", read_only=True)
    w_chapter = serializers.IntegerField(write_only=True)
    pub_time = serializers.DateField()

    publisher = PublisherSerializer(read_only=True)
    user = UserSerializer(many=True, read_only=True)

    users = serializers.ListField(write_only=True)
    publisher_id = serializers.IntegerField(write_only=True)

    def create(self, validated_data):
        book = Book.objects.create(title=validated_data["title"],       
        chapter=validated_data["w_chapter"], 
        pub_time=validated_data["pub_time"],                                  
         publisher_id=validated_data["publisher_id"])
        book.user.add(*validated_data["users"])
        return book

class BookView(APIView):
    def get(self, request):
        book_list = Book.objects.all()
        ret = BookSerializer(book_list, many=True)
        return Response(ret.data)

    def post(self, request):
        # book_obj = request.data
        print(request.data)
        serializer = BookSerializer(data=request.data)
        if serializer.is_valid():
            print(12341253)
            serializer.save()
            return Response(serializer.validated_data)
        else:
            return Response(serializer.errors)

當前端給我們發送patch請求的時候，前端傳給我們用戶要更新的數據，我們要對數據進行部分驗證~~
PATCH請求serializers.py

class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=True)
    title = serializers.CharField(max_length=32)
    CHOICES = ((1, "Linux"), (2, "Django"), (3, "Python"))
    chapter = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=CHOICES, source="get_chapter_display", read_only=True)
    w_chapter = serializers.IntegerField(write_only=True)
    pub_time = serializers.DateField()

    publisher = PublisherSerializer(read_only=True)
    user = UserSerializer(many=True, read_only=True)

    users = serializers.ListField(write_only=True)
    publisher_id = serializers.IntegerField(write_only=True)

    def create(self, validated_data):
        book = Book.objects.create(title=validated_data["title"], chapter=validated_data["w_chapter"], pub_time=validated_data["pub_time"],
                                   publisher_id=validated_data["publisher_id"])
        book.user.add(*validated_data["users"])
        return book

    def update(self, instance, validated_data):
        instance.title = validated_data.get("title", instance.title)
        instance.chapter = validated_data.get("w_chapter", instance.chapter)
        instance.pub_time = validated_data.get("pub_time", instance.pub_time)
        instance.publisher_id = validated_data.get("publisher_id", instance.publisher_id)
        if validated_data.get("users"):
            instance.user.set(validated_data.get("users"))
        instance.save()
        return instance

class BookView(APIView):
     def patch(self, request):
        print(request.data)
        book_id = request.data["id"]
        book_info = request.data["book_info"]
        book_obj = Book.objects.filter(pk=book_id).first()
        serializer = BookSerializer(book_obj, data=book_info, partial=True)
        if serializer.is_valid():
            serializer.save()
            return Response(serializer.data)
        else:
            return Response(serializer.errors)

驗證

如果我們需要對一些字段進行自定義驗證,DRF給我們提供了鉤子方法:
單個字段的驗證:

class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=True)
    title = serializers.CharField(max_length=32)
    # 省略了一些字段 跟上面代碼裏一樣的
    # 。。。。。
     def validate_title(self, value):
        if "python" not in value.lower():
            raise serializers.ValidationError("標題必須含有Python")
        return value

多個字段的驗證:

class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=True)
    title = serializers.CharField(max_length=32)
    CHOICES = ((1, "Linux"), (2, "Django"), (3, "Python"))
    chapter = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=CHOICES, source="get_chapter_display", read_only=True)
    w_chapter = serializers.IntegerField(write_only=True)
    pub_time = serializers.DateField()
    date_added = serializers.DateField(write_only=True)
    # 新增了一個上架時間字段  
    # 省略一些字段。。都是在原基礎代碼上增加的
    # 。。。。。。

    # 對多個字段進行驗證 要求上架日期不能早於出版日期 上架日期要大
    def validate(self, attrs):
        if attrs["pub_time"] > attrs["date_added"]:
            raise serializers.ValidationError("上架日期不能早於出版日期")
        return attrs

驗證器validators

def my_validate(value):
    if "敏感詞彙" in value.lower:
        raise serializers.ValidationError("包含敏感詞彙，請重新提交")
    return value


class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=True)
    title = serializers.CharField(max_length=32, validators=[my_validate])
    # 。。。。。。