[Z]VC運行庫版本不同導致鏈接.LIB靜態庫時發生重複定義問題的一個案例分析和總結
Background
MSDN中對於在不同的配置下Link的LIB作了說明：
C Runtime Library：
開關 | 對應的庫 | 版本 |
/MD | MSVCRT.LIB | 多線程DLL的Release版本 |
/MDd | MSVCRTD.LIB | 多線程DLL的Debug版本 |
/MT | LIBCMT.LIB | 多線程靜態鏈接的Release版本 |
/MTd | LIBCMTD.LIB | 多線程靜態鏈接的Debug版本 |
/clr | MSVCMRT.LIB | 託管代碼和非託管代碼混合 |
/clr:pure | MSVCURT.LIB | 純託管代碼 |
C++ Standard Library：
開關 | 對應的庫 | 版本 |
/MD | MSVCPRT.LIB | 多線程DLL的Release版本 |
/MDd | MSVCPRTD.LIB | 多線程DLL的Debug版本 |
/MT | LIBCPMT.LIB | 多線程靜態鏈接的Release版本 |
/MTd | LIBCPMTD.LIB | 多線程靜態鏈接的Debug版本 |
編譯器會自動根據編譯選項，選擇對應的LIB文件。一般情況下這不會出現問題。
然 而，在部分情況下，一旦你的程序的各個部分（LIB, OBJ…）並非由相同的編譯選項編譯出，而Link在一起的話，會出現各種各樣的看似很難解決的問題，這類問題主要以重複定義的錯誤形式存在，通常的解決 方法也很簡單，就是選擇同樣的編譯選項進行編譯之後再Link。
Case Study
之前剛下載了ANTLR，在準備編譯它的Example的時候發現了下面的Build錯誤（我自己爲這個例子創建了VS的項目，當前配置爲動態鏈接Runtime庫，Debug版）：
1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "public: __thiscall std::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> >::~basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> >(void)" (??1?$basic_string@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@2@@std@@QAE@XZ) already defined in antlr.lib(CharScanner.obj) 1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "public: class std::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> > & __thiscall std::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> >::replace(unsigned int,unsigned int,char const *,unsigned int)" (?replace@?$basic_string@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@2@@std@@QAEAAV12@IIPBDI@Z) already defined in antlr.lib(CharScanner.obj) 1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "public: void __thiscall std::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> >::reserve(unsigned int)" (?reserve@?$basic_string@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@2@@std@@QAEXI@Z) already defined in antlr.lib(CharScanner.obj) 1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "public: unsigned int __thiscall std::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> >::length(void)const " (?length@?$basic_string@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@2@@std@@QBEIXZ) already defined in antlr.lib(CharScanner.obj) 1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "public: class std::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> > & __thiscall std::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> >::operator+=(class std::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> > const &)" (??Y?$basic_string@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@2@@std@@QAEAAV01@ABV01@@Z) already defined in antlr.lib(CharScanner.obj) 1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "public: __thiscall std::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> >::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> >(class std::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> > const &)" (??0?$basic_string@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@2@@std@@QAE@ABV01@@Z) already defined in antlr.lib(CharScanner.obj) 1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "public: char const & __thiscall std::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> >::operator[](unsigned int)const " (??A?$basic_string@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@2@@std@@QBEABDI@Z) already defined in antlr.lib(CharScanner.obj) 1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "public: class std::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> > & __thiscall std::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> >::operator=(class std::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> > const &)" (??4?$basic_string@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@2@@std@@QAEAAV01@ABV01@@Z) already defined in antlr.lib(CharScanner.obj) 1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "public: class std::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> > & __thiscall std::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> >::operator=(char const *)" (??4?$basic_string@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@2@@std@@QAEAAV01@PBD@Z) already defined in antlr.lib(CharScanner.obj) 1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "public: __thiscall std::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> >::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> >(char const *)" (??0?$basic_string@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@2@@std@@QAE@PBD@Z) already defined in antlr.lib(CharScanner.obj) 1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "class std::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> > __cdecl std::operator+<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> >(class std::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> > const &,class std::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> > const &)" (??$?HDU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@1@@std@@YA?AV?$basic_string@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@2@@0@ABV10@0@Z) already defined in antlr.lib(MismatchedCharException.obj) 1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "public: char const * __thiscall std::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> >::c_str(void)const " (?c_str@?$basic_string@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@2@@std@@QBEPBDXZ) already defined in antlr.lib(CharScanner.obj) 1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "bool __cdecl std::operator<<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> >(class std::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> > const &,class std::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> > const &)" (??$?MDU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@1@@std@@YA_NABV?$basic_string@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@2@@0@0@Z) already defined in antlr.lib(CharScanner.obj) 1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "public: class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > & __thiscall std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::operator<<(class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > & (__cdecl*)(class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > &))" (??6?$basic_ostream@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@QAEAAV01@P6AAAV01@AAV01@@Z@Z) already defined in antlr.lib(CharScanner.obj) 1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "public: class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > & __thiscall std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::operator<<(int)" (??6?$basic_ostream@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@QAEAAV01@H@Z) already defined in antlr.lib(CharScanner.obj) 1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > & __cdecl std::endl(class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > &)" (?endl@std@@YAAAV?$basic_ostream@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@1@AAV21@@Z) already defined in antlr.lib(CharScanner.obj) 1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "public: void __thiscall std::basic_ios<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::setstate(int,bool)" (?setstate@?$basic_ios@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@QAEXH_N@Z) already defined in antlr.lib(CharScanner.obj) 1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "public: int __thiscall std::ios_base::width(int)" (?width@ios_base@std@@QAEHH@Z) already defined in antlr.lib(CharScanner.obj) 1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "public: int __thiscall std::basic_streambuf<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::sputn(char const *,int)" (?sputn@?$basic_streambuf@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@QAEHPBDH@Z) already defined in antlr.lib(CharScanner.obj) 1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "public: static bool __cdecl std::char_traits<char>::eq_int_type(int const &,int const &)" (?eq_int_type@?$char_traits@D@std@@SA_NABH0@Z) already defined in antlr.lib(CharScanner.obj) 1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "public: static int __cdecl std::char_traits<char>::eof(void)" (?eof@?$char_traits@D@std@@SAHXZ) already defined in antlr.lib(CharScanner.obj) 1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "public: int __thiscall std::basic_streambuf<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::sputc(char)" (?sputc@?$basic_streambuf@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@QAEHD@Z) already defined in antlr.lib(CharScanner.obj) 1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "public: class std::basic_streambuf<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > * __thiscall std::basic_ios<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::rdbuf(void)const " (?rdbuf@?$basic_ios@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@QBEPAV?$basic_streambuf@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@2@XZ) already defined in antlr.lib(CharScanner.obj) 1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "public: char __thiscall std::basic_ios<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::fill(void)const " (?fill@?$basic_ios@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@QBEDXZ) already defined in antlr.lib(CharScanner.obj) 1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "public: int __thiscall std::ios_base::flags(void)const " (?flags@ios_base@std@@QBEHXZ) already defined in antlr.lib(CharScanner.obj) 1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "public: int __thiscall std::ios_base::width(void)const " (?width@ios_base@std@@QBEHXZ) already defined in antlr.lib(CharScanner.obj) 1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "public: static unsigned int __cdecl std::char_traits<char>::length(char const *)" (?length@?$char_traits@D@std@@SAIPBD@Z) already defined in antlr.lib(CharScanner.obj) 1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "public: class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > & __thiscall std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::flush(void)" (?flush@?$basic_ostream@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@QAEAAV12@XZ) already defined in antlr.lib(CharScanner.obj) 1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "public: class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > * __thiscall std::basic_ios<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::tie(void)const " (?tie@?$basic_ios@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@QBEPAV?$basic_ostream@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@2@XZ) already defined in antlr.lib(CharScanner.obj) 1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "public: bool __thiscall std::ios_base::good(void)const " (?good@ios_base@std@@QBE_NXZ) already defined in antlr.lib(CharScanner.obj) 1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "public: void __thiscall std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::_Osfx(void)" (?_Osfx@?$basic_ostream@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@QAEXXZ) already defined in antlr.lib(CharScanner.obj) 1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "public: void __thiscall std::basic_streambuf<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::_Lock(void)" (?_Lock@?$basic_streambuf@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@QAEXXZ) already defined in antlr.lib(CharScanner.obj) 1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "public: void __thiscall std::basic_streambuf<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::_Unlock(void)" (?_Unlock@?$basic_streambuf@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@QAEXXZ) already defined in antlr.lib(CharScanner.obj) 1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) : error LNK2005: "class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > & __cdecl std::operator<<<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> >(class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > &,class std::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> > const &)" (??$?6DU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@1@@std@@YAAAV?$basic_ostream@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@0@AAV10@ABV?$basic_string@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@2@@0@@Z) already defined in antlr.lib(LLkParser.obj) 1>libcpmt.lib(locale0.obj) : error LNK2005: "private: static class std::locale::_Locimp * __cdecl std::locale::_Getgloballocale(void)" (?_Getgloballocale@locale@std@@CAPAV_Locimp@12@XZ) already defined in msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) 1>libcpmt.lib(locale0.obj) : error LNK2005: "private: static void __cdecl std::locale::facet::facet_Register(class std::locale::facet *)" (?facet_Register@facet@locale@std@@CAXPAV123@@Z) already defined in msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) 1>libcpmt.lib(locale0.obj) : error LNK2005: "public: static void __cdecl std::_Locinfo::_Locinfo_dtor(class std::_Locinfo *)" (?_Locinfo_dtor@_Locinfo@std@@SAXPAV12@@Z) already defined in msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) 1>libcpmt.lib(locale0.obj) : error LNK2005: "public: static void __cdecl std::_Locinfo::_Locinfo_ctor(class std::_Locinfo *,char const *)" (?_Locinfo_ctor@_Locinfo@std@@SAXPAV12@PBD@Z) already defined in msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) 1>libcpmt.lib(xmutex.obj) : error LNK2005: "public: void __thiscall std::_Mutex::_Lock(void)" (?_Lock@_Mutex@std@@QAEXXZ) already defined in msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) 1>libcpmt.lib(xmutex.obj) : error LNK2005: "public: void __thiscall std::_Mutex::_Unlock(void)" (?_Unlock@_Mutex@std@@QAEXXZ) already defined in msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) 1>libcpmt.lib(xlock.obj) : error LNK2005: "public: __thiscall std::_Lockit::_Lockit(int)" (??0_Lockit@std@@QAE@H@Z) already defined in msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) 1>libcpmt.lib(xlock.obj) : error LNK2005: "public: __thiscall std::_Lockit::~_Lockit(void)" (??1_Lockit@std@@QAE@XZ) already defined in msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP80D.dll) 1>LIBCMT.lib(invarg.obj) : error LNK2005: __invoke_watson already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR80D.dll) 1>LIBCMT.lib(invarg.obj) : error LNK2005: __invalid_parameter already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR80D.dll) 1>LIBCMT.lib(setlocal.obj) : error LNK2005: __configthreadlocale already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR80D.dll) 1>LIBCMT.lib(tidtable.obj) : error LNK2005: __encode_pointer already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR80D.dll) 1>LIBCMT.lib(tidtable.obj) : error LNK2005: __decode_pointer already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR80D.dll) 1>LIBCMT.lib(tolower.obj) : error LNK2005: _tolower already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR80D.dll) 1>LIBCMT.lib(crt0dat.obj) : error LNK2005: __amsg_exit already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR80D.dll) 1>LIBCMT.lib(crt0dat.obj) : error LNK2005: __initterm_e already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR80D.dll) 1>LIBCMT.lib(crt0dat.obj) : error LNK2005: _exit already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR80D.dll) 1>LIBCMT.lib(crt0dat.obj) : error LNK2005: __exit already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR80D.dll) 1>LIBCMT.lib(crt0dat.obj) : error LNK2005: __cexit already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR80D.dll) 1>LIBCMT.lib(lconv.obj) : error LNK2005: _localeconv already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR80D.dll) 1>LIBCMT.lib(mlock.obj) : error LNK2005: __unlock already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR80D.dll) 1>LIBCMT.lib(mlock.obj) : error LNK2005: __lock already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR80D.dll) 1>LIBCMT.lib(winxfltr.obj) : error LNK2005: __XcptFilter already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR80D.dll) 1>LIBCMT.lib(crt0init.obj) : error LNK2005: ___xi_a already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(cinitexe.obj) 1>LIBCMT.lib(crt0init.obj) : error LNK2005: ___xi_z already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(cinitexe.obj) 1>LIBCMT.lib(crt0init.obj) : error LNK2005: ___xc_a already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(cinitexe.obj) 1>LIBCMT.lib(crt0init.obj) : error LNK2005: ___xc_z already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(cinitexe.obj) 1>LIBCMT.lib(hooks.obj) : error LNK2005: "void __cdecl terminate(void)" (?terminate@@YAXXZ) already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR80D.dll) 1>LIBCMT.lib(crt0.obj) : error LNK2005: _mainCRTStartup already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(crtexe.obj) 1>LIBCMT.lib(errmode.obj) : error LNK2005: ___set_app_type already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR80D.dll) 1>LIBCMT.lib(_ctype.obj) : error LNK2005: _isprint already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR80D.dll) 1>MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR80D.dll) : error LNK2005: __stricmp already defined in LIBCMT.lib(stricmp.obj) 1>LINK : warning LNK4098: defaultlib 'MSVCRTD' conflicts with use of other libs; use /NODEFAULTLIB:library 1>LINK : warning LNK4098: defaultlib 'LIBCMT' conflicts with use of other libs; use /NODEFAULTLIB:library 1>D:\home\doc\Visual Studio 2005\Projects\tst_antlr_3\Debug\tst_antlr_3.exe : fatal error LNK1169: one or more multiply defined symbols found |
分析一下錯誤來源，會發現：
1.錯誤來源主要是重複定義的問題，而且重複定義的基本上都是VC Runtime和Standard C++ Library中的函數
2.LIBCMT和LIBCPMT爲Release下的Lib，本來不應該出現在Debug版本的鏈接的Lib中
3.重複定義的問題主要出現在：LIBCMT, LIBCPMT, MSVCPRTD, MSVCRTD
來看看出問題的LIB是那些：
1.LIBCMT：C Runtime庫的多線程靜態鏈接的Release版本
2.LIBCPMT：C++ Standard Library的多線程靜態鏈接的Release版本
3.MSVCPRTD：C++ Standard Library的多線程DLL的Debug版本
4.MSVCRTD：C Runtime Library的多線程DLL的Debug版本
當 前我們的配置是多線程DLL的Debug版，因此3和4是應該出現在link的列表中的，不屬於多餘。而後兩者則是隻是當多線程靜態鏈接Release版 中才會出現。這提示我在項目中加入的ANTLR.LIB可能是造成這個問題的根源，因爲靜態庫的編譯選項很容易和主程序發生衝突，並且根據實際信息我們可 以看出ANTLR.LIB應該是用多線程靜態鏈接的Release版本來編譯的。
這樣，解決方法就很清楚了：
1.切換到Release，因爲ANTLR.LIB是在Release下面編譯的
2.把Run Time庫的版本修改成多線程靜態鏈接
做了這兩個修改之後編譯通過。
還有一種方法是，自己用多線程DLL的Debug版重新編譯一次ANTLR，生成一個新的ANTLRD.LIB，再link這個Lib也可以解決這個問題。
Summary
1.知道各個不同的LIB代表的版本信息非常重要，可以幫助快速定位問題
2.在 編程的時候，一定要把所有的項目的編譯選項（是靜態鏈接Runtime庫還是動態鏈接Runtime庫，Debug/Release）配置成一樣的。如果 部分LIB/OBJ是由第三方提供（OBJ情況很少見），一般情況下只能調整自己的編譯選項，除非你可以要求第三方提供其他版本的編譯好的LIB
3.在發佈可重用的靜態LIB庫供其他人調用的時候，最好對應不同的編譯選項，乃至VC版本，提供不同版本的LIB。VC自己的Runtime就是最好的例子。