一、基于RPM管理程序包
RPM：Redhat Package Manager，即RPM软件包管理器，是Linux系统中的一种包管理工具，用于对软件包的安装、升级、卸载、查询、检验等操作。
1、rpm安装程序包的基本用法
语法格式：
rpm {-i|--install} [install-options] PACKAGE_FILE ...
rpm -ivh [install-options] PACKAGE_FILE ...安装选项：
--replacepkgs ：重新安装一个程序包 --nodeps ：在安装程序包时忽略依赖关系 --test ：测试安装，而不执行真正的安装
来几个实际操作：
安装软件包epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm：
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -ivh epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm warning: epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY Preparing... ########################################### [100%] 1:epel-release ########################################### [100%] [root@localhost ~]#
再次安装：
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -ivh epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm warning: epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY Preparing... ########################################### [100%] package epel-release-6-8.noarch is already installed [root@localhost ~]#
此时就会提示已安装过了。。
使用--replacepkgs选项重新安装：
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -ivh --replacepkgs epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm warning: epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY Preparing... ########################################### [100%] 1:epel-release ########################################### [100%] [root@localhost ~]#
忽略程序包之间的依赖关系：
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -ivh bind-9.8.2-0.30.rc1.el6.x86_64.rpm error: Failed dependencies: bind-libs = 32:9.8.2-0.30.rc1.el6 is needed by bind-32:9.8.2-0.30.rc1.el6.x86_64 libbind9.so.80()(64bit) is needed by bind-32:9.8.2-0.30.rc1.el6.x86_64 libdns.so.81()(64bit) is needed by bind-32:9.8.2-0.30.rc1.el6.x86_64 libisc.so.83()(64bit) is needed by bind-32:9.8.2-0.30.rc1.el6.x86_64 libisccc.so.80()(64bit) is needed by bind-32:9.8.2-0.30.rc1.el6.x86_64 libisccfg.so.82()(64bit) is needed by bind-32:9.8.2-0.30.rc1.el6.x86_64 liblwres.so.80()(64bit) is needed by bind-32:9.8.2-0.30.rc1.el6.x86_64 [root@localhost ~]#
加上--nodeps选项：
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -ivh --nodeps bind-9.8.2-0.30.rc1.el6.x86_64.rpm Preparing... ########################################### [100%] 1:bind ########################################### [100%] [root@localhost ~]#
此时可以发现，程序已成功被装上了，但建议不要使用这种方式安装程序包。。
2、rpm升级程序包的基本用法
语法格式：
rpm {-U|--upgrade} [install-options] PACKAGE_FILE ...
rpm {-F|--freshen} [install-options] PACKAGE_FILE ...-U和-F的区别：-U选项是在升级程序包时，如果有较旧的此程序包，则升级安装；如果此程序包未安装的，则执行新安装操作；而-F选项仅仅执行升级安装，而不会全新安装；
升级软件包的常用选项：
--oldpackages：降级安装 --force：忽略冲突强制执行安装
3、rpm卸载程序包
语法格式：
rpm -e PACKAGE_NAME ...
常用选项：
--force：忽略依赖关系，强制卸载
如果没有依赖关系，则可以直接卸载：
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -e tcsh [root@localhost ~]#
瞬间被御-_-
如果有依赖关系的，还可以使用--force选项执行强制卸载。
4、rpm程序包查询
语法格式：
rpm -q [options]
查询软件包是否已安装，后面接的程序包名称；
查询某个包是否已安装：
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -q zip zip-3.0-1.el6.x86_64 [root@localhost ~]#
查询所有已安装的程序包：
rpm -qa
查询一个文件是由哪个包生成的：
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qf /bin/bash bash-4.1.2-29.el6.x86_64 [root@localhost ~]#
查看某个程序包所有文件列表：
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qlp tcsh-6.17-24.el6.x86_64.rpm /bin/csh /bin/tcsh /usr/share/doc/tcsh-6.17 /usr/share/doc/tcsh-6.17/BUGS /usr/share/doc/tcsh-6.17/FAQ /usr/share/doc/tcsh-6.17/Fixes /usr/share/doc/tcsh-6.17/NewThings /usr/share/doc/tcsh-6.17/README /usr/share/doc/tcsh-6.17/WishList /usr/share/doc/tcsh-6.17/complete.tcsh /usr/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/tcsh /usr/share/locale/el/LC_MESSAGES/tcsh /usr/share/locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/tcsh /usr/share/locale/es/LC_MESSAGES/tcsh /usr/share/locale/et/LC_MESSAGES/tcsh /usr/share/locale/fi/LC_MESSAGES/tcsh /usr/share/locale/fr/LC_MESSAGES/tcsh /usr/share/locale/it/LC_MESSAGES/tcsh /usr/share/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES/tcsh /usr/share/locale/pl/LC_MESSAGES/tcsh /usr/share/locale/ru/LC_MESSAGES/tcsh /usr/share/locale/uk/LC_MESSAGES/tcsh /usr/share/man/man1/csh.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1/tcsh.1.gz [root@localhost ~]#
查询尚未安装包的简要信息：
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qip tcsh-6.17-24.el6.x86_64.rpm Name : tcsh Relocations: (not relocatable) Version : 6.17 Vendor: CentOS Release : 24.el6 Build Date: Fri 22 Feb 2013 12:19:26 PM CST Install Date: (not installed) Build Host: c6b9.bsys.dev.centos.org Group : System Environment/Shells Source RPM: tcsh-6.17-24.el6.src.rpm Size : 1196177 License: BSD Signature : RSA/SHA1, Sun 24 Feb 2013 01:40:34 AM CST, Key ID 0946fca2c105b9de Packager : CentOS BuildSystem <http://bugs.centos.org> URL : http://www.tcsh.org/ Summary : An enhanced version of csh, the C shell Description : Tcsh is an enhanced but completely compatible version of csh, the C shell. Tcsh is a command language interpreter which can be used both as an interactive login shell and as a shell script command processor. Tcsh includes a command line editor, programmable word completion, spelling correction, a history mechanism, job control and a C language like syntax. [root@localhost ~]#
查询已安装程序包生成的所有文件：
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -ql bash /bin/bash /bin/sh /etc/skel/.bash_logout /etc/skel/.bash_profile /etc/skel/.bashrc /usr/bin/bashbug-64 /usr/share/doc/bash-4.1.2/COPYING /usr/share/info/bash.info.gz /usr/share/locale/af/LC_MESSAGES/bash.mo /usr/share/locale/bg/LC_MESSAGES/bash.mo /usr/share/locale/ca/LC_MESSAGES/bash.mo /usr/share/locale/cs/LC_MESSAGES/bash.mo /usr/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/bash.mo /usr/share/locale/en@boldquot/LC_MESSAGES/bash.mo ...略...
查询已安装包的简要信息：
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qi bash Name : bash Relocations: (not relocatable) Version : 4.1.2 Vendor: CentOS Release : 29.el6 Build Date: Thu 16 Oct 2014 09:58:35 PM CST Install Date: Tue 25 Nov 2014 04:34:50 PM CST Build Host: c6b8.bsys.dev.centos.org Group : System Environment/Shells Source RPM: bash-4.1.2-29.el6.src.rpm Size : 3140846 License: GPLv3+ Signature : RSA/SHA1, Sat 18 Oct 2014 04:03:01 AM CST, Key ID 0946fca2c105b9de Packager : CentOS BuildSystem <http://bugs.centos.org> URL : http://www.gnu.org/software/bash Summary : The GNU Bourne Again shell Description : The GNU Bourne Again shell (Bash) is a shell or command language interpreter that is compatible with the Bourne shell (sh). Bash incorporates useful features from the Korn shell (ksh) and the C shell (csh). Most sh scripts can be run by bash without modification. [root@localhost ~]#
查询安装包生成的配置文件列表：
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qc bash /etc/skel/.bash_logout /etc/skel/.bash_profile /etc/skel/.bashrc [root@localhost ~]#
查询已安装程序包的帮助文件列表：
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qd bash /usr/share/doc/bash-4.1.2/COPYING /usr/share/info/bash.info.gz /usr/share/man/man1/..1.gz /usr/share/man/man1/:.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1/[.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1/alias.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1/bash.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1/bashbug.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1/bg.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1/bind.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1/break.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1/builtin.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1/builtins.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1/caller.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1/cd.1.gz ...略...
查询程序包的改变日志：
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -q --changelog bash * Fri Sep 26 2014 Michal Hlavinka <[email protected]> - 4.1.2-29 - CVE-2014-7169 Resolves: #1146323 * Mon Sep 15 2014 Ondrej Oprala <[email protected]> - 4.1.2-28 - Fix-up the patch Related: #1141646 * Mon Sep 15 2014 Ondrej Oprala <[email protected]> - 4.1.2-27 - Check for fishy environment Related: #1141646 ...略... * Mon Oct 20 1997 Erik Troan <[email protected]> - added comment explaining why install-info isn't used - added mips patch * Fri Oct 17 1997 Donnie Barnes <[email protected]> - added BuildRoot * Tue Jun 03 1997 Erik Troan <[email protected]> - built against glibc [root@localhost ~]#
5、检查包的来源合法性及完整性
语法格式：
rpm --import PUBKEY ...
没导入公钥之前：
[root@repo ~]# rpm -K tcsh-6.17-24.el6.x86_64.rpm tcsh-6.17-24.el6.x86_64.rpm: RSA sha1 ((MD5) PGP) md5 NOT OK (MISSING KEYS: (MD5) PGP#c105b9de) [root@repo ~]#
导入公钥并再次验证：
[root@localhost ~]# rpm --import RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6 [root@localhost ~]# rpm -K tcsh-6.17-24.el6.x86_64.rpm tcsh-6.17-24.el6.x86_64.rpm: rsa sha1 (md5) pgp md5 OK [root@localhost ~]#
不检查包的来源合源性：
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -K --nosignature tcsh-6.17-24.el6.x86_64.rpm tcsh-6.17-24.el6.x86_64.rpm: sha1 md5 OK [root@localhost ~]# 一般检查程序包的来源是否合法，只需验证签名是否一致。
不检查包的完整性：
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -K --nodigest tcsh-6.17-24.el6.x86_64.rpm tcsh-6.17-24.el6.x86_64.rpm: rsa (md5) pgp OK [root@localhost ~]# 一般检查程序包的完整性，只验验证md5是否一致。
二、基于YUM管理程序包
yum是基于rpm的一个前端管理工具，但它比rpm更加易用；yum包管理器是通过从指定的软件仓库中自动下载RPM包并且安装，还可以自动解决软件包之间的依赖关系关自动完成安装；
1、yum常用选项和命令
选项：
--enablerepo=REPO_NAME ：临时打开某个软件仓库 --disablerepo=REPO_NAME ：临时关闭某个软件仓库 --nogpgcheck ：安装软件包时不检查签名 -y ：安装软件包时自动回答为yes
安装：
yum install package1 [package2] [...] ：安装软件包 yum restall package1 [package2] [...] ：重新安装
升级：
yum update [package1] [package2] [...]：升级单个或多个软件 yum update：更新系统上已安装的软件包
卸载：
yum remove package1 [package2] [...]：卸载软件包
查询：
yum list：列出所有软件包 yum info PACKAGE_NAME：查询某个软件包的信息 yum search KEYWORD：根据关键字搜索软件包 yum provides FILE_NAME：根据文件查询是由哪个软件包提供的
包组：
yum grouplist：查询所有包组 yum groupinfo GROUP_NAME：查询某个包组的相关信息 yum groupinstall GROUP_NAME：安装包组 yum groupremove GROUP_NAME：卸载包组 yum groupupdate GROUP_NAME：升级包组：
其它：
yum还可安装本地rpm包文件： yum localinstall RPM_PACKAGE_FILE
2、修改配置文件，使用互联网上的软件仓库
备份原有的配置文件：
mv /etc/yum.repos.d/{CentOS-Base.repo,CentOS-Base.repo.backup}从互联网下载对应repo文件，并放入/etc/repos.d/目录下，然后运行以下命令生成缓存：
yum clean all yum makecache
3、制作本地的软件仓库
创建一个本地目录：
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir -v /tmp/repo mkdir: created directory `/tmp/repo' [root@localhost ~]#
挂载镜像盘至/mnt目录：
[root@localhost ~]# mount -r /dev/sr0 /mnt/
复制/mnt/Packages目录下所有文件至/tmp/repo目录：
[root@localhost ~]# cp -a /mnt/Packages/* /tmp/repo/
生成仓库元数据信息：
[root@localhost ~]# createrepo /tmp/repo/ Spawning worker 0 with 215 pkgs Workers Finished Gathering worker results Saving Primary metadata Saving file lists metadata Saving other metadata Generating sqlite DBs Sqlite DBs complete [root@localhost ~]#
添加repo配置文件：
[root@localhost ~]# cat > /etc/yum.repos.d/local.repo [local] name=local repo baseurl=file:///tmp/repo/ enabled=1 gpgcheck=0 [root@localhost ~]#
查看本地仓库是否生效：
[root@localhost ~]# yum repolist Loaded plugins: downloadonly, fastestmirror Repository epel is listed more than once in the configuration Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile local | 2.9 kB 00:00 ... local/primary_db | 477 kB 00:00 ... repo id repo name status base CentOS 6 x86_64 on local server 172.16.0.1 4,184 epel Fedora EPEL for CentOS6 x86_64 on local server 172.16.0.1 12,922 extra CentOS 6 x86_64 extras 2,334 local local repo 215 repolist: 19,655 [root@localhost ~]# 由上面的结果可以看出，本地仓库已成功创建
三、基于源码包编译安装程序包
源码安装一般需要的几个步骤：
1.获取源码包,从软件官方或其它路径获取
2.准备编译环境，安装基本的编译工具
3.解压源码包，执行configure检查编译环境，并根据指定的选项确定编译的特性、安装路径等
4.执行make程序进行编译
5.执行make install安装程序
6.新增程序库的找路径配置文件，一般存放在/etc/ld.so.conf.d/目录中(这一步一般都不需要，看具体情况)
7.添加二进制程序所在路径至PATh环境变量中,用于实现在命令行中直接查找程序并运行
以编译nginx为例：
下载源码包：
[root@localhost ~]# wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.6.0.tar.gz --2015-02-10 22:04:10-- http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.6.0.tar.gz Resolving nginx.org... 206.251.255.63 Connecting to nginx.org|206.251.255.63|:80... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 802956 (784K) [application/octet-stream] Saving to: “nginx-1.6.0.tar.gz” 100%[==================================================>] 802,956 4.54K/s in 88s 2015-02-10 22:05:39 (8.93 KB/s) - “nginx-1.6.0.tar.gz” saved [802956/802956] [root@localhost ~]#
安装gcc编译工具：
[root@localhost ~]# yum install gcc -y Loaded plugins: downloadonly, fastestmirror Setting up Install Process Repository epel is listed more than once in the configuration Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package gcc.x86_64 0:4.4.7-11.el6 will be installed --> Processing Dependency: libgomp = 4.4.7-11.el6 for package: gcc-4.4.7-11.el6.x86_64 --> Processing Dependency: cpp = 4.4.7-11.el6 for package: gcc-4.4.7-11.el6.x86_64 --> Processing Dependency: glibc-devel >= 2.2.90-12 for package: gcc-4.4.7-11.el6.x86_64 ...略... Installed: gcc.x86_64 0:4.4.7-11.el6 Dependency Installed: cloog-ppl.x86_64 0:0.15.7-1.2.el6 cpp.x86_64 0:4.4.7-11.el6 glibc-devel.x86_64 0:2.12-1.149.el6 glibc-headers.x86_64 0:2.12-1.149.el6 kernel-headers.x86_64 0:2.6.32-504.el6 libgomp.x86_64 0:4.4.7-11.el6 mpfr.x86_64 0:2.4.1-6.el6 ppl.x86_64 0:0.10.2-11.el6 Complete! [root@localhost ~]#
解压源码包，并运行configure程序：
[root@localhost ~]# tar xf nginx-1.6.0.tar.gz [root@localhost ~]# cd nginx-1.6.0 [root@localhost nginx-1.6.0]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx checking for OS + Linux 2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64 x86_64 checking for C compiler ... found + using GNU C compiler + gcc version: 4.4.7 20120313 (Red Hat 4.4.7-11) (GCC) checking for gcc -pipe switch ... found checking for gcc builtin atomic operations ... found checking for C99 variadic macros ... found checking for gcc variadic macros ... found checking for unistd.h ... found checking for inttypes.h ... found checking for limits.h ... found checking for sys/filio.h ... not found ...略... checking for PCRE library in /usr/include/pcre/ ... not found checking for PCRE library in /usr/pkg/ ... not found checking for PCRE library in /opt/local/ ... not found ./configure: error: the HTTP rewrite module requires the PCRE library. You can either disable the module by using --without-http_rewrite_module option, or install the PCRE library into the system, or build the PCRE library statically from the source with nginx by using --with-pcre=<path> option. [root@localhost nginx-1.6.0]#
出现一个错误，不过，根据提示可以知道是缺少一个PCRE库导致的，安装pcre库即可：
[root@localhost nginx-1.6.0]# yum install pcre-devel -y Loaded plugins: downloadonly, fastestmirror Setting up Install Process Repository epel is listed more than once in the configuration Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package pcre-devel.x86_64 0:7.8-6.el6 will be installed --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ============================================================================================ Package Arch Version Repository Size ============================================================================================ Installing: pcre-devel x86_64 7.8-6.el6 base 318 k Transaction Summary ============================================================================================ Install 1 Package(s) Total download size: 318 k Installed size: 954 k Downloading Packages: pcre-devel-7.8-6.el6.x86_64.rpm | 318 kB 00:00 Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Installing : pcre-devel-7.8-6.el6.x86_64 1/1 Verifying : pcre-devel-7.8-6.el6.x86_64 1/1 Installed: pcre-devel.x86_64 0:7.8-6.el6 Complete! [root@localhost nginx-1.6.0]#
重启执行configure程序，成功后会出现以下信息：
Configuration summary + using system PCRE library + OpenSSL library is not used + using builtin md5 code + sha1 library is not found + using system zlib library nginx path prefix: "/usr/local/nginx" nginx binary file: "/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx" nginx configuration prefix: "/usr/local/nginx/conf" nginx configuration file: "/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf" nginx pid file: "/usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid" nginx error log file: "/usr/local/nginx/logs/error.log" nginx http access log file: "/usr/local/nginx/logs/access.log" nginx http client request body temporary files: "client_body_temp" nginx http proxy temporary files: "proxy_temp" nginx http fastcgi temporary files: "fastcgi_temp" nginx http uwsgi temporary files: "uwsgi_temp" nginx http scgi temporary files: "scgi_temp"
编译：
[root@localhost nginx-1.6.0]# make make -f objs/Makefile make[1]: Entering directory `/root/nginx-1.6.0' ...略... make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/nginx-1.6.0' make -f objs/Makefile manpage make[1]: Entering directory `/root/nginx-1.6.0' sed -e "s|%%PREFIX%%|/usr/local/nginx|" \ -e "s|%%PID_PATH%%|/usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid|" \ -e "s|%%CONF_PATH%%|/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf|" \ -e "s|%%ERROR_LOG_PATH%%|/usr/local/nginx/logs/error.log|" \ < man/nginx.8 > objs/nginx.8 make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/nginx-1.6.0' [root@localhost nginx-1.6.0]#
安装：
[root@localhost nginx-1.6.0]# make install make -f objs/Makefile install make[1]: Entering directory `/root/nginx-1.6.0' test -d '/usr/local/nginx' || mkdir -p '/usr/local/nginx' test -d '/usr/local/nginx/sbin' || mkdir -p '/usr/local/nginx/sbin' test ! -f '/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx' || mv '/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx''/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx.old' cp objs/nginx '/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx' test -d '/usr/local/nginx/conf' || mkdir -p '/usr/local/nginx/conf' cp conf/koi-win '/usr/local/nginx/conf' cp conf/koi-utf '/usr/local/nginx/conf' cp conf/win-utf '/usr/local/nginx/conf' test -f '/usr/local/nginx/conf/mime.types' || cp conf/mime.types '/usr/local/nginx/conf' cp conf/mime.types '/usr/local/nginx/conf/mime.types.default' test -f '/usr/local/nginx/conf/fastcgi_params' || cp conf/fastcgi_params '/usr/local/nginx/conf' cp conf/fastcgi_params '/usr/local/nginx/conf/fastcgi_params.default' test -f '/usr/local/nginx/conf/fastcgi.conf' || cp conf/fastcgi.conf '/usr/local/nginx/conf' cp conf/fastcgi.conf '/usr/local/nginx/conf/fastcgi.conf.default' test -f '/usr/local/nginx/conf/uwsgi_params' || cp conf/uwsgi_params '/usr/local/nginx/conf' cp conf/uwsgi_params '/usr/local/nginx/conf/uwsgi_params.default' test -f '/usr/local/nginx/conf/scgi_params' || cp conf/scgi_params '/usr/local/nginx/conf' cp conf/scgi_params '/usr/local/nginx/conf/scgi_params.default' test -f '/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf' || cp conf/nginx.conf '/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf' cp conf/nginx.conf '/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf.default' test -d '/usr/local/nginx/logs' || mkdir -p '/usr/local/nginx/logs' test -d '/usr/local/nginx/logs' || mkdir -p '/usr/local/nginx/logs' test -d '/usr/local/nginx/html' || cp -R html '/usr/local/nginx' test -d '/usr/local/nginx/logs' || mkdir -p '/usr/local/nginx/logs' make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/nginx-1.6.0' [root@localhost nginx-1.6.0]#
添加二进制程序到PATH环境变量中：
[root@localhost nginx-1.6.0]# export PATH=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/:$PATH [root@localhost nginx-1.6.0]# echo $PATH /usr/local/nginx/sbin/:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin [root@localhost nginx-1.6.0]#
到此，编译安装完成，执行nginx即可启动程序：
[root@localhost nginx-1.6.0]# nginx [root@localhost nginx-1.6.0]# ss -atn | grep :80 LISTEN 0 128 *:80 *:* [root@localhost nginx-1.6.0]#
编译成功^-^
至此，本文完。。