vue Dom diff 算法原理

簡介

虛擬dom是vue2.0以後的一個重要的特性。衆所周知，瀏覽器標準把dom設計的非常複雜，我們可以打印dom的屬性看一下

可以看到，dom元素是非常龐大，如果頻繁的操作dom會導致性能的問題。vdom很好的將dom做了一層映射關係，vdom是一個js對象，所有操作vdom的代價小很多。

mountComponent

vue在將vm實例掛載到dom上，會調用mountComponent函數，將render函數（手寫的render函數或template編譯生成的render）轉化成vnode。

export function mountComponent (
  vm: Component,
  el: ?Element,
  hydrating?: boolean
): Component {
  vm.$el = el
  if (!vm.$options.render) {
    vm.$options.render = createEmptyVNode
    if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
      /* istanbul ignore if */
      if ((vm.$options.template && vm.$options.template.charAt(0) !== '#') ||
        vm.$options.el || el) {
        warn(
          'You are using the runtime-only build of Vue where the template ' +
          'compiler is not available. Either pre-compile the templates into ' +
          'render functions, or use the compiler-included build.',
          vm
        )
      } else {
        warn(
          'Failed to mount component: template or render function not defined.',
          vm
        )
      }
    }
  }
  callHook(vm, 'beforeMount')

  let updateComponent
  /* istanbul ignore if */
  if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && config.performance && mark) {
    updateComponent = () => {
      const name = vm._name
      const id = vm._uid
      const startTag = `vue-perf-start:${id}`
      const endTag = `vue-perf-end:${id}`

      mark(startTag)
      const vnode = vm._render()
      mark(endTag)
      measure(`vue ${name} render`, startTag, endTag)

      mark(startTag)
      vm._update(vnode, hydrating)
      mark(endTag)
      measure(`vue ${name} patch`, startTag, endTag)
    }
  } else {
    updateComponent = () => {
      vm._update(vm._render(), hydrating)
    }
  }

這段代碼的核心是updateComponent函數，這個函數執行時會調用vm._update(vm._render(), hydrating)vm._render方法會返回一個新的vnode
vm._watcher = new Watcher(vm, updateComponent, noop) 在實例化Watcher時會調用updateComponent，而watcher會被響應式系統依賴收集器收集，一旦數據發生了變化，dep數組便會調用dep.notify()方法執行所有的watcher，也包括了updateComponent。updateComponent的核心是vm._update方法。

vm._update

Vue.prototype._update = function (vnode: VNode, hydrating?: boolean) {
    const vm: Component = this
    const prevEl = vm.$el
    const prevVnode = vm._vnode
    const restoreActiveInstance = setActiveInstance(vm)
    vm._vnode = vnode
    // Vue.prototype.__patch__ is injected in entry points
    // based on the rendering backend used.
    if (!prevVnode) {
      // initial render
      vm.$el = vm.__patch__(vm.$el, vnode, hydrating, false /* removeOnly */)
    } else {
      // updates
      vm.$el = vm.__patch__(prevVnode, vnode)
    }
    restoreActiveInstance()
    // update __vue__ reference
    if (prevEl) {
      prevEl.__vue__ = null
    }
    if (vm.$el) {
      vm.$el.__vue__ = vm
    }
    // if parent is an HOC, update its $el as well
    if (vm.$vnode && vm.$parent && vm.$vnode === vm.$parent._vnode) {
      vm.$parent.$el = vm.$el
    }
    // updated hook is called by the scheduler to ensure that children are
    // updated in a parent's updated hook.
  }

這段代碼主要是獲取新舊vnode，將其傳入__patch__函數進行比較生成dom。

patch

return function patch (oldVnode, vnode, hydrating, removeOnly) {
    if (isUndef(vnode)) {
      if (isDef(oldVnode)) invokeDestroyHook(oldVnode)
      return
    }

    let isInitialPatch = false
    const insertedVnodeQueue = []

    if (isUndef(oldVnode)) {
      // empty mount (likely as component), create new root element
      isInitialPatch = true
      createElm(vnode, insertedVnodeQueue)
    } else {
      const isRealElement = isDef(oldVnode.nodeType)
      if (!isRealElement && sameVnode(oldVnode, vnode)) {
        // patch existing root node
        patchVnode(oldVnode, vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, null, null, removeOnly)
      } else {
        if (isRealElement) {
          // mounting to a real element
          // check if this is server-rendered content and if we can perform
          // a successful hydration.
          if (oldVnode.nodeType === 1 && oldVnode.hasAttribute(SSR_ATTR)) {
            oldVnode.removeAttribute(SSR_ATTR)
            hydrating = true
          }
          if (isTrue(hydrating)) {
            if (hydrate(oldVnode, vnode, insertedVnodeQueue)) {
              invokeInsertHook(vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, true)
              return oldVnode
            } else if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
              warn(
                'The client-side rendered virtual DOM tree is not matching ' +
                'server-rendered content. This is likely caused by incorrect ' +
                'HTML markup, for example nesting block-level elements inside ' +
                '<p>, or missing <tbody>. Bailing hydration and performing ' +
                'full client-side render.'
              )
            }
          }
          // either not server-rendered, or hydration failed.
          // create an empty node and replace it
          oldVnode = emptyNodeAt(oldVnode)
        }

        // replacing existing element
        const oldElm = oldVnode.elm
        const parentElm = nodeOps.parentNode(oldElm)

        // create new node
        createElm(
          vnode,
          insertedVnodeQueue,
          // extremely rare edge case: do not insert if old element is in a
          // leaving transition. Only happens when combining transition +
          // keep-alive + HOCs. (#4590)
          oldElm._leaveCb ? null : parentElm,
          nodeOps.nextSibling(oldElm)
        )

        // update parent placeholder node element, recursively
        if (isDef(vnode.parent)) {
          let ancestor = vnode.parent
          const patchable = isPatchable(vnode)
          while (ancestor) {
            for (let i = 0; i < cbs.destroy.length; ++i) {
              cbs.destroy[i](ancestor)
            }
            ancestor.elm = vnode.elm
            if (patchable) {
              for (let i = 0; i < cbs.create.length; ++i) {
                cbs.create[i](emptyNode, ancestor)
              }
              // #6513
              // invoke insert hooks that may have been merged by create hooks.
              // e.g. for directives that uses the "inserted" hook.
              const insert = ancestor.data.hook.insert
              if (insert.merged) {
                // start at index 1 to avoid re-invoking component mounted hook
                for (let i = 1; i < insert.fns.length; i++) {
                  insert.fns[i]()
                }
              }
            } else {
              registerRef(ancestor)
            }
            ancestor = ancestor.parent
          }
        }

        // destroy old node
        if (isDef(parentElm)) {
          removeVnodes(parentElm, [oldVnode], 0, 0)
        } else if (isDef(oldVnode.tag)) {
          invokeDestroyHook(oldVnode)
        }
      }
    }

    invokeInsertHook(vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, isInitialPatch)
    return vnode.elm
  }

patch函數的功能就是進行dom的diff並生成最終的dom。在patch函數中，當oldVnode與vnode基本屬性相同時纔會進行patchVnode，也就是新舊VNode節點判定爲同一節點的時候纔會進行patchVnode這個過程，否則移除老節點，創建新節點，

patchVnode

function patchVnode (
    oldVnode,
    vnode,
    insertedVnodeQueue,
    ownerArray,
    index,
    removeOnly
  ) {
    if (oldVnode === vnode) {
      return
    }

    if (isDef(vnode.elm) && isDef(ownerArray)) {
      // clone reused vnode
      vnode = ownerArray[index] = cloneVNode(vnode)
    }

    const elm = vnode.elm = oldVnode.elm

    if (isTrue(oldVnode.isAsyncPlaceholder)) {
      if (isDef(vnode.asyncFactory.resolved)) {
        hydrate(oldVnode.elm, vnode, insertedVnodeQueue)
      } else {
        vnode.isAsyncPlaceholder = true
      }
      return
    }

    // reuse element for static trees.
    // note we only do this if the vnode is cloned -
    // if the new node is not cloned it means the render functions have been
    // reset by the hot-reload-api and we need to do a proper re-render.
    if (isTrue(vnode.isStatic) &&
      isTrue(oldVnode.isStatic) &&
      vnode.key === oldVnode.key &&
      (isTrue(vnode.isCloned) || isTrue(vnode.isOnce))
    ) {
      vnode.componentInstance = oldVnode.componentInstance
      return
    }

    let i
    const data = vnode.data
    if (isDef(data) && isDef(i = data.hook) && isDef(i = i.prepatch)) {
      i(oldVnode, vnode)
    }

    const oldCh = oldVnode.children
    const ch = vnode.children
    if (isDef(data) && isPatchable(vnode)) {
      for (i = 0; i < cbs.update.length; ++i) cbs.update[i](oldVnode, vnode)
      if (isDef(i = data.hook) && isDef(i = i.update)) i(oldVnode, vnode)
    }
    if (isUndef(vnode.text)) {
      if (isDef(oldCh) && isDef(ch)) {
        if (oldCh !== ch) updateChildren(elm, oldCh, ch, insertedVnodeQueue, removeOnly)
      } else if (isDef(ch)) {
        if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
          checkDuplicateKeys(ch)
        }
        if (isDef(oldVnode.text)) nodeOps.setTextContent(elm, '')
        addVnodes(elm, null, ch, 0, ch.length - 1, insertedVnodeQueue)
      } else if (isDef(oldCh)) {
        removeVnodes(elm, oldCh, 0, oldCh.length - 1)
      } else if (isDef(oldVnode.text)) {
        nodeOps.setTextContent(elm, '')
      }
    } else if (oldVnode.text !== vnode.text) {
      nodeOps.setTextContent(elm, vnode.text)
    }
    if (isDef(data)) {
      if (isDef(i = data.hook) && isDef(i = i.postpatch)) i(oldVnode, vnode)
    }
  }

• 首先進行文本節點的判斷，若oldVnode.text !== vnode.text，那麼就會直接進行文本節點的替換
• 在vnode沒有文本節點的情況下，進入子節點的diff
• 當oldCh和ch都存在且不相同的情況下，調用updateChildren對子節點進行diff
• 當oldCh不存在，ch存在，首先清空oldVnode的文本節點，同時調用addVnodes方法將ch添- 加到elm真實dom節點當中
• 當oldCh存在，ch不存在，則刪除elm真實節點下的oldCh子節點
• 當oldVnode有文本節點，而vnode沒有，那麼就清空這個文本節點

updateChildren

function updateChildren (parentElm, oldCh, newCh, insertedVnodeQueue, removeOnly) {
    let oldStartIdx = 0
    let newStartIdx = 0
    let oldEndIdx = oldCh.length - 1
    let oldStartVnode = oldCh[0]
    let oldEndVnode = oldCh[oldEndIdx]
    let newEndIdx = newCh.length - 1
    let newStartVnode = newCh[0]
    let newEndVnode = newCh[newEndIdx]
    let oldKeyToIdx, idxInOld, vnodeToMove, refElm

    // removeOnly is a special flag used only by <transition-group>
    // to ensure removed elements stay in correct relative positions
    // during leaving transitions
    const canMove = !removeOnly

    if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
      checkDuplicateKeys(newCh)
    }

    while (oldStartIdx <= oldEndIdx && newStartIdx <= newEndIdx) {
      if (isUndef(oldStartVnode)) {
        oldStartVnode = oldCh[++oldStartIdx] // Vnode has been moved left
      } else if (isUndef(oldEndVnode)) {
        oldEndVnode = oldCh[--oldEndIdx]
      } else if (sameVnode(oldStartVnode, newStartVnode)) {
        patchVnode(oldStartVnode, newStartVnode, insertedVnodeQueue, newCh, newStartIdx)
        oldStartVnode = oldCh[++oldStartIdx]
        newStartVnode = newCh[++newStartIdx]
      } else if (sameVnode(oldEndVnode, newEndVnode)) {
        patchVnode(oldEndVnode, newEndVnode, insertedVnodeQueue, newCh, newEndIdx)
        oldEndVnode = oldCh[--oldEndIdx]
        newEndVnode = newCh[--newEndIdx]
      } else if (sameVnode(oldStartVnode, newEndVnode)) { // Vnode moved right
        patchVnode(oldStartVnode, newEndVnode, insertedVnodeQueue, newCh, newEndIdx)
        canMove && nodeOps.insertBefore(parentElm, oldStartVnode.elm, nodeOps.nextSibling(oldEndVnode.elm))
        oldStartVnode = oldCh[++oldStartIdx]
        newEndVnode = newCh[--newEndIdx]
      } else if (sameVnode(oldEndVnode, newStartVnode)) { // Vnode moved left
        patchVnode(oldEndVnode, newStartVnode, insertedVnodeQueue, newCh, newStartIdx)
        canMove && nodeOps.insertBefore(parentElm, oldEndVnode.elm, oldStartVnode.elm)
        oldEndVnode = oldCh[--oldEndIdx]
        newStartVnode = newCh[++newStartIdx]
      } else {
        if (isUndef(oldKeyToIdx)) oldKeyToIdx = createKeyToOldIdx(oldCh, oldStartIdx, oldEndIdx)
        idxInOld = isDef(newStartVnode.key)
          ? oldKeyToIdx[newStartVnode.key]
          : findIdxInOld(newStartVnode, oldCh, oldStartIdx, oldEndIdx)
        if (isUndef(idxInOld)) { // New element
          createElm(newStartVnode, insertedVnodeQueue, parentElm, oldStartVnode.elm, false, newCh, newStartIdx)
        } else {
          vnodeToMove = oldCh[idxInOld]
          if (sameVnode(vnodeToMove, newStartVnode)) {
            patchVnode(vnodeToMove, newStartVnode, insertedVnodeQueue, newCh, newStartIdx)
            oldCh[idxInOld] = undefined
            canMove && nodeOps.insertBefore(parentElm, vnodeToMove.elm, oldStartVnode.elm)
          } else {
            // same key but different element. treat as new element
            createElm(newStartVnode, insertedVnodeQueue, parentElm, oldStartVnode.elm, false, newCh, newStartIdx)
          }
        }
        newStartVnode = newCh[++newStartIdx]
      }
    }
    if (oldStartIdx > oldEndIdx) {
      refElm = isUndef(newCh[newEndIdx + 1]) ? null : newCh[newEndIdx + 1].elm
      addVnodes(parentElm, refElm, newCh, newStartIdx, newEndIdx, insertedVnodeQueue)
    } else if (newStartIdx > newEndIdx) {
      removeVnodes(parentElm, oldCh, oldStartIdx, oldEndIdx)
    }
  }

在diff前，分別給oldCh和newCh分配一個了startIndex和endIndex標記指針來作爲遍歷的索引，分別對應oldCh和newCh的起點和終點，vue對vnode進行同時移動指針的操作進行節點處理，處理過的節點會被標記。這裏有幾種不同類型的處理。

• 頭部類型相同，會將oldStart對應的oldCh節點的變更更新到dom，oldStart和newStart後移1位進行標記
• 尾部類型相同，會將endStart對應oldCh節點變更更新到dom，oldEnd和newEnd前移1位進行標記
• 處理頭尾/尾頭類型相同 若是頭部 oldCh的oldStart節點移至oldEnd處 將oldStart後移1位，newEnd前移一位，尾部與之相同
• 節點新增 創建一個新的節點，插入DOM樹，插到oldStart指向的節點前， newStart後移1位

總結

在vue的初始化過程，會將template編譯成render函數，然後在掛載的時候將render函數渲染成vnode，
瀏覽器中操作dom的操作時非常昂貴的，通過vdom diff以後，我們可以減少對dom的操作，提高性能。但是在頁面簡單時，vdom不一定是最有操作，手工優化的效率高。