部署一臺服務器需要很長時間，安裝人工來安裝的話，需要安裝源，需要配置很多配置，這樣的話是非常耗費時間的並且容易出錯，因此需要比較智能化的解決方案：而這樣方式已經非常成熟了，本文主要介紹PXE(引導)+kickstart（自動配置系統）+DHCP(客戶端獲取IP)+TFTP(傳輸Linux啓動所需要的文件）+HTTP(提供安裝源）這樣方案來完成系統的部署。
一：相關概念
二：實例
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一：相關概念和安裝過程
PXE是一種引導方式 preboot excution environment client網卡要支持網絡引導
DHCP是一種動態地址獲取協議
TFTP適合於傳輸小文件，簡單文件傳輸協議，高效傳輸小文件
HTTP文件傳輸，本例中用於完成提供安裝源
xinted超級守護進程
安裝過程，主要有以下幾步；
1、pxe啓動，會去尋找dhcp服務器獲取ip地址pxelinux.0文件
2、client通過tftp連接到服務器，下載pxelinux.0文件。
3、client下載成功pxelinux.0文件後，系統還會下載控制pxelinux.0的配置文件，叫default。然後client就會按照default的配置來執行pxelinux.0文件。
4、現在client端會在獲取一次IP地址。並且根據DHCP服務器配置文件找到kickstart配置
文件並下載。
5、pxelinux.0文件定義的想服務器請求linux內核，根文件系統之類的參數。運行這個文件，client就會向服務器請求相關的文件並下載。
6、文件下載成功後，client就會啓動linux內核，這就進入了我們安裝時候看見的第一個圖形界面，這個界面和自己安裝看見的第一個畫面一樣，回車就是圖形安裝，輸入text就是文本安裝那裏。如果使用了kickstart，這個界面消失很快，可能看不見。到這裏PXE啓動就完成了。
7、當按照default要求運行pxelinux.0文件，系統讀取內核，掛在根文件系統以後的任務就都交給了kickstart了。包括安裝介質來源、語言、時區、分區、安裝哪些包等，都是在kickstart文件中定義。只要進入這一步，kickstart配置文件正確，我們的無人值守安裝已經成功了
二：實例
配置步驟： 前提：
mkdir /mnt/cdrom
mount -r /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom
1、配置DHCP服務器
yum -y install dhcp
vim /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
service dhcpd restart
tail -f /var/log/boot.log
subnet 192.168.2.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
range 192.168.2.20 192.168.2.30;
default-lease-time 6000;
max-lease-time 72000;
next-server 192.168.2.21;
filename "/pxelinux.0";
}2、配置tftp-server
yum -y install xinetd tftp-server tftp
chkconfig xinetd on
chkconfig tftp on # service xinetd start
ss -unl | grep ":69"
[root@station133 ~]# ss -unl |grep ":69" UNCONN 0 0 *:695 *:* UNCONN 0 0 *:69 *:* UNCONN 0 0 :::695 :::*
3、準備安裝樹
mkdir /var/www/html/centos6
mount --bind /mnt/cdrom /var/www/html/centos6
service httpd start
[root@station133 ~]# ll /var/www/html/ total 12 -rw------- 1 root root 2851 Mar 9 14:18 anaconda-ks.cfg dr-xr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 Nov 29 20:09 centos6 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2822 Mar 9 14:19 ks.cfg
4、準備tftpboot下的文件
yum -y install syslinux
cp /mnt/cdrom/p_w_picpaths/pxeboot/{vmlinuz,initrd.img} /var/lib/tftpboot/
cp /mnt/cdrom/isolinux/{boot.msg,vesamenu.c32,splash.jpg} /var/lib/tftpboot/
cp /usr/share/syslinux/pxelinux.0 /var/lib/tftpboot/
mkdir /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg
cp /mnt/cdrom/isolinux/isolinux.cfg /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default
[root@station133 ~]# ll /var/lib/tftpboot/ total 348 -r--r--r-- 1 root root 84 Mar 9 14:16 boot.msg dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 9 14:15 pxeboot -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 26828 Mar 9 14:17 pxelinux.0 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 9 14:21 pxelinux.cfg -r--r--r-- 1 root root 151230 Mar 9 14:16 splash.jpg -r--r--r-- 1 root root 162860 Mar 9 14:16 vesamenu.c32
5、提供kickstart文件
注意：url及repo後的路徑要修改爲可用安裝樹的路徑； 編輯好kickstart文件後保存至/var/www/html目錄下；這裏假設爲ks.cfg
[root@station133 ~]# ll /var/www/html/ total 12 -rw------- 1 root root 2851 Mar 9 14:18 anaconda-ks.cfg dr-xr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 Nov 29 20:09 centos6 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2822 Mar 9 14:19 ks.cfg
6、配置引導程序能自動加載此kickstart文件
編輯/var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default 在label爲linux項的append一行後附加：
ks=http://192.168.2.21/ks.cfg
label linux menu label ^Install or upgrade an existing system menu default kernel vmlinuz append initrd=initrd.img ks=http://192.168.2.21/ks.cfg label vesa menu label Install system with ^basic video driver
[root@station133 ~]# cd /mnt/cdrom/
[root@station133 cdrom]# ls
CentOS_BuildTag isolinux RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Debug-6
EFI Packages RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Security-6
EULA RELEASE-NOTES-en-US.html RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-6
GPL repodata TRANS.TBL
p_w_picpaths RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6
[root@station133 cdrom]# service httpd start
Starting httpd: [ OK ]
[root@station133 cdrom]# yum install -y syslinux
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.btte.net
* extras: mirrors.btte.net
* updates: mirrors.btte.net
Setting up Install Process
Package syslinux-4.02-8.el6.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Nothing to do
[root@station133 cdrom]# ls /mnt/cdrom/p_w_picpaths/pxeboot/
initrd.img TRANS.TBL vmlinuz
[root@station133 cdrom]# cp /mnt/cdrom/p_w_picpaths/pxeboot/ /var/lib/tftpboot/
cp: omitting directory `/mnt/cdrom/p_w_picpaths/pxeboot/'
[root@station133 cdrom]# cp -r /mnt/cdrom/p_w_picpaths/pxeboot/ /var/lib/tftpboot/
[root@station133 cdrom]# ls /mnt/cdrom/isolinux/
boot.cat grub.conf isolinux.bin memtest TRANS.TBL vmlinuz
boot.msg initrd.img isolinux.cfg splash.jpg vesamenu.c32
[root@station133 cdrom]# ls /mnt/cdrom/isolinux/
boot.cat grub.conf isolinux.bin memtest TRANS.TBL vmlinuz
boot.msg initrd.img isolinux.cfg splash.jpg vesamenu.c32
[root@station133 cdrom]# cp /mnt/cdrom/isolinux/{boot.msg,vesamenu.c32,splash.jpg} /var/lib/tftpboot/
[root@station133 cdrom]#
[root@station133 cdrom]#
[root@station133 cdrom]# cp /usr/share/syslinux/pxe
pxechain.com pxelinux.0
[root@station133 cdrom]# cp /usr/share/syslinux/pxelinux.0 /var/lib/tftpboot/
[root@station133 cdrom]# mkdir /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.0
CentOS_BuildTag RELEASE-NOTES-en-US.html
.discinfo repodata/
EFI/ RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6
EULA RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Debug-6
GPL RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Security-6
p_w_picpaths/ RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-6
isolinux/ TRANS.TBL
Packages/ .treeinfo
[root@station133 cdrom]# mkdir /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg
[root@station133 cdrom]# cp /mnt/cdrom/isolinux/isolinux.cfg /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default
[root@station133 cdrom]# cp /root/anaconda-ks.cfg /var/www/html/
[root@station133 cdrom]# vi /var/www/html/ks.cfg
[root@station133 cdrom]# cp /root/anaconda-ks.cfg /var/www/html/
cp: overwrite `/var/www/html/anaconda-ks.cfg'? ^C
[root@station133 cdrom]# cp /root/anaconda-ks.cfg /var/www/html/ks.cfg
[root@station133 cdrom]# vi /var/www/html/ks.cfg
[root@station133 cdrom]# vi /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default
[root@station133 cdrom]# ss -unl |grep ":69"
UNCONN 0 0 *:695 *:*
UNCONN 0 0 :::695 :::*
[root@station133 cdrom]# service xinetd on
Usage: /etc/init.d/xinetd {start|stop|status|restart|condrestart|reload}
[root@station133 cdrom]# service tftp on
tftp: unrecognized service
[root@station133 cdrom]# yum install splash.jpg^C
[root@station133 cdrom]# yum -y install xinetd tftp-server tftp
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.btte.net
* extras: mirrors.btte.net
* updates: mirrors.btte.net
Setting up Install Process
Package 2:xinetd-2.3.14-39.el6_4.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package tftp-server-0.49-7.el6.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package tftp.x86_64 0:0.49-7.el6 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
===========================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
===========================================================================================
Installing:
tftp x86_64 0.49-7.el6 base 32 k
Transaction Summary
===========================================================================================
Install 1 Package(s)
Total download size: 32 k
Installed size: 45 k
Downloading Packages:
tftp-0.49-7.el6.x86_64.rpm | 32 kB 00:00
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Installing : tftp-0.49-7.el6.x86_64 1/1
Verifying : tftp-0.49-7.el6.x86_64 1/1
Installed:
tftp.x86_64 0:0.49-7.el6
Complete!
[root@station133 cdrom]# service tftp on
tftp: unrecognized service
[root@station133 cdrom]# service tftpd on
tftpd: unrecognized service
[root@station133 cdrom]# service tftpd on^C
[root@station133 cdrom]# service tftp on
tftp: unrecognized service
[root@station133 cdrom]# service xinetd on
Usage: /etc/init.d/xinetd {start|stop|status|restart|condrestart|reload}
[root@station133 cdrom]# service xinetd start
Starting xinetd:
[root@station133 cdrom]# ss -unl |grep ":69"
UNCONN 0 0 *:695 *:*
UNCONN 0 0 :::695 :::*
[root@station133 cdrom]# service dhcpd start
[root@station133 cdrom]# ss -unl |grep ":69"
UNCONN 0 0 *:695 *:*
UNCONN 0 0 :::695 :::*
[root@station133 cdrom]# service dhcpd restart
Shutting down dhcpd: [ OK ]
Starting dhcpd: [ OK ]
[root@station133 cdrom]# ss -unl |grep ":69"
UNCONN 0 0 *:695 *:*
UNCONN 0 0 :::695 :::*
[root@station133 cdrom]# service tftpd start
tftpd: unrecognized service
[root@station133 cdrom]# yum -y install xinetd tftp-server tftp
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.btte.net
* extras: mirrors.btte.net
* updates: mirrors.btte.net
Setting up Install Process
Package 2:xinetd-2.3.14-39.el6_4.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package tftp-server-0.49-7.el6.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package tftp-0.49-7.el6.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Nothing to do
[root@station133 cdrom]# chkconfig xinetd on
[root@station133 cdrom]# chkconfig tftp on
[root@station133 cdrom]# service xinetd start
Starting xinetd:
[root@station133 cdrom]# ss -unl |grep ":69"
UNCONN 0 0 *:695 *:*
UNCONN 0 0 *:69 *:*
UNCONN 0 0 :::695 :::*