部署一台服务器需要很长时间，安装人工来安装的话，需要安装源，需要配置很多配置，这样的话是非常耗费时间的并且容易出错，因此需要比较智能化的解决方案：而这样方式已经非常成熟了，本文主要介绍PXE(引导)+kickstart（自动配置系统）+DHCP(客户端获取IP)+TFTP(传输Linux启动所需要的文件）+HTTP(提供安装源）这样方案来完成系统的部署。
一：相关概念
二：实例
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一：相关概念和安装过程
PXE是一种引导方式 preboot excution environment client网卡要支持网络引导
DHCP是一种动态地址获取协议
TFTP适合于传输小文件，简单文件传输协议，高效传输小文件
HTTP文件传输，本例中用于完成提供安装源
xinted超级守护进程
安装过程，主要有以下几步；
1、pxe启动，会去寻找dhcp服务器获取ip地址pxelinux.0文件
2、client通过tftp连接到服务器，下载pxelinux.0文件。
3、client下载成功pxelinux.0文件后，系统还会下载控制pxelinux.0的配置文件，叫default。然后client就会按照default的配置来执行pxelinux.0文件。
4、现在client端会在获取一次IP地址。并且根据DHCP服务器配置文件找到kickstart配置
文件并下载。
5、pxelinux.0文件定义的想服务器请求linux内核，根文件系统之类的参数。运行这个文件，client就会向服务器请求相关的文件并下载。
6、文件下载成功后，client就会启动linux内核，这就进入了我们安装时候看见的第一个图形界面，这个界面和自己安装看见的第一个画面一样，回车就是图形安装，输入text就是文本安装那里。如果使用了kickstart，这个界面消失很快，可能看不见。到这里PXE启动就完成了。
7、当按照default要求运行pxelinux.0文件，系统读取内核，挂在根文件系统以后的任务就都交给了kickstart了。包括安装介质来源、语言、时区、分区、安装哪些包等，都是在kickstart文件中定义。只要进入这一步，kickstart配置文件正确，我们的无人值守安装已经成功了
二：实例
配置步骤： 前提：
mkdir /mnt/cdrom
mount -r /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom
1、配置DHCP服务器
yum -y install dhcp
vim /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
service dhcpd restart
tail -f /var/log/boot.log
subnet 192.168.2.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
range 192.168.2.20 192.168.2.30;
default-lease-time 6000;
max-lease-time 72000;
next-server 192.168.2.21;
filename "/pxelinux.0";
}2、配置tftp-server
yum -y install xinetd tftp-server tftp
chkconfig xinetd on
chkconfig tftp on # service xinetd start
ss -unl | grep ":69"
[root@station133 ~]# ss -unl |grep ":69" UNCONN 0 0 *:695 *:* UNCONN 0 0 *:69 *:* UNCONN 0 0 :::695 :::*
3、准备安装树
mkdir /var/www/html/centos6
mount --bind /mnt/cdrom /var/www/html/centos6
service httpd start
[root@station133 ~]# ll /var/www/html/ total 12 -rw------- 1 root root 2851 Mar 9 14:18 anaconda-ks.cfg dr-xr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 Nov 29 20:09 centos6 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2822 Mar 9 14:19 ks.cfg
4、准备tftpboot下的文件
yum -y install syslinux
cp /mnt/cdrom/p_w_picpaths/pxeboot/{vmlinuz,initrd.img} /var/lib/tftpboot/
cp /mnt/cdrom/isolinux/{boot.msg,vesamenu.c32,splash.jpg} /var/lib/tftpboot/
cp /usr/share/syslinux/pxelinux.0 /var/lib/tftpboot/
mkdir /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg
cp /mnt/cdrom/isolinux/isolinux.cfg /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default
[root@station133 ~]# ll /var/lib/tftpboot/ total 348 -r--r--r-- 1 root root 84 Mar 9 14:16 boot.msg dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 9 14:15 pxeboot -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 26828 Mar 9 14:17 pxelinux.0 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 9 14:21 pxelinux.cfg -r--r--r-- 1 root root 151230 Mar 9 14:16 splash.jpg -r--r--r-- 1 root root 162860 Mar 9 14:16 vesamenu.c32
5、提供kickstart文件
注意：url及repo后的路径要修改为可用安装树的路径； 编辑好kickstart文件后保存至/var/www/html目录下；这里假设为ks.cfg
[root@station133 ~]# ll /var/www/html/ total 12 -rw------- 1 root root 2851 Mar 9 14:18 anaconda-ks.cfg dr-xr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 Nov 29 20:09 centos6 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2822 Mar 9 14:19 ks.cfg
6、配置引导程序能自动加载此kickstart文件
编辑/var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default 在label为linux项的append一行后附加：
ks=http://192.168.2.21/ks.cfg
label linux menu label ^Install or upgrade an existing system menu default kernel vmlinuz append initrd=initrd.img ks=http://192.168.2.21/ks.cfg label vesa menu label Install system with ^basic video driver
[root@station133 ~]# cd /mnt/cdrom/
[root@station133 cdrom]# ls
CentOS_BuildTag isolinux RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Debug-6
EFI Packages RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Security-6
EULA RELEASE-NOTES-en-US.html RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-6
GPL repodata TRANS.TBL
p_w_picpaths RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6
[root@station133 cdrom]# service httpd start
Starting httpd: [ OK ]
[root@station133 cdrom]# yum install -y syslinux
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.btte.net
* extras: mirrors.btte.net
* updates: mirrors.btte.net
Setting up Install Process
Package syslinux-4.02-8.el6.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Nothing to do
[root@station133 cdrom]# ls /mnt/cdrom/p_w_picpaths/pxeboot/
initrd.img TRANS.TBL vmlinuz
[root@station133 cdrom]# cp /mnt/cdrom/p_w_picpaths/pxeboot/ /var/lib/tftpboot/
cp: omitting directory `/mnt/cdrom/p_w_picpaths/pxeboot/'
[root@station133 cdrom]# cp -r /mnt/cdrom/p_w_picpaths/pxeboot/ /var/lib/tftpboot/
[root@station133 cdrom]# ls /mnt/cdrom/isolinux/
boot.cat grub.conf isolinux.bin memtest TRANS.TBL vmlinuz
boot.msg initrd.img isolinux.cfg splash.jpg vesamenu.c32
[root@station133 cdrom]# ls /mnt/cdrom/isolinux/
boot.cat grub.conf isolinux.bin memtest TRANS.TBL vmlinuz
boot.msg initrd.img isolinux.cfg splash.jpg vesamenu.c32
[root@station133 cdrom]# cp /mnt/cdrom/isolinux/{boot.msg,vesamenu.c32,splash.jpg} /var/lib/tftpboot/
[root@station133 cdrom]#
[root@station133 cdrom]#
[root@station133 cdrom]# cp /usr/share/syslinux/pxe
pxechain.com pxelinux.0
[root@station133 cdrom]# cp /usr/share/syslinux/pxelinux.0 /var/lib/tftpboot/
[root@station133 cdrom]# mkdir /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.0
CentOS_BuildTag RELEASE-NOTES-en-US.html
.discinfo repodata/
EFI/ RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6
EULA RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Debug-6
GPL RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Security-6
p_w_picpaths/ RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-6
isolinux/ TRANS.TBL
Packages/ .treeinfo
[root@station133 cdrom]# mkdir /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg
[root@station133 cdrom]# cp /mnt/cdrom/isolinux/isolinux.cfg /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default
[root@station133 cdrom]# cp /root/anaconda-ks.cfg /var/www/html/
[root@station133 cdrom]# vi /var/www/html/ks.cfg
[root@station133 cdrom]# cp /root/anaconda-ks.cfg /var/www/html/
cp: overwrite `/var/www/html/anaconda-ks.cfg'? ^C
[root@station133 cdrom]# cp /root/anaconda-ks.cfg /var/www/html/ks.cfg
[root@station133 cdrom]# vi /var/www/html/ks.cfg
[root@station133 cdrom]# vi /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default
[root@station133 cdrom]# ss -unl |grep ":69"
UNCONN 0 0 *:695 *:*
UNCONN 0 0 :::695 :::*
[root@station133 cdrom]# service xinetd on
Usage: /etc/init.d/xinetd {start|stop|status|restart|condrestart|reload}
[root@station133 cdrom]# service tftp on
tftp: unrecognized service
[root@station133 cdrom]# yum install splash.jpg^C
[root@station133 cdrom]# yum -y install xinetd tftp-server tftp
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.btte.net
* extras: mirrors.btte.net
* updates: mirrors.btte.net
Setting up Install Process
Package 2:xinetd-2.3.14-39.el6_4.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package tftp-server-0.49-7.el6.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package tftp.x86_64 0:0.49-7.el6 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
===========================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
===========================================================================================
Installing:
tftp x86_64 0.49-7.el6 base 32 k
Transaction Summary
===========================================================================================
Install 1 Package(s)
Total download size: 32 k
Installed size: 45 k
Downloading Packages:
tftp-0.49-7.el6.x86_64.rpm | 32 kB 00:00
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Installing : tftp-0.49-7.el6.x86_64 1/1
Verifying : tftp-0.49-7.el6.x86_64 1/1
Installed:
tftp.x86_64 0:0.49-7.el6
Complete!
[root@station133 cdrom]# service tftp on
tftp: unrecognized service
[root@station133 cdrom]# service tftpd on
tftpd: unrecognized service
[root@station133 cdrom]# service tftpd on^C
[root@station133 cdrom]# service tftp on
tftp: unrecognized service
[root@station133 cdrom]# service xinetd on
Usage: /etc/init.d/xinetd {start|stop|status|restart|condrestart|reload}
[root@station133 cdrom]# service xinetd start
Starting xinetd:
[root@station133 cdrom]# ss -unl |grep ":69"
UNCONN 0 0 *:695 *:*
UNCONN 0 0 :::695 :::*
[root@station133 cdrom]# service dhcpd start
[root@station133 cdrom]# ss -unl |grep ":69"
UNCONN 0 0 *:695 *:*
UNCONN 0 0 :::695 :::*
[root@station133 cdrom]# service dhcpd restart
Shutting down dhcpd: [ OK ]
Starting dhcpd: [ OK ]
[root@station133 cdrom]# ss -unl |grep ":69"
UNCONN 0 0 *:695 *:*
UNCONN 0 0 :::695 :::*
[root@station133 cdrom]# service tftpd start
tftpd: unrecognized service
[root@station133 cdrom]# yum -y install xinetd tftp-server tftp
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.btte.net
* extras: mirrors.btte.net
* updates: mirrors.btte.net
Setting up Install Process
Package 2:xinetd-2.3.14-39.el6_4.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package tftp-server-0.49-7.el6.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package tftp-0.49-7.el6.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Nothing to do
[root@station133 cdrom]# chkconfig xinetd on
[root@station133 cdrom]# chkconfig tftp on
[root@station133 cdrom]# service xinetd start
Starting xinetd:
[root@station133 cdrom]# ss -unl |grep ":69"
UNCONN 0 0 *:695 *:*
UNCONN 0 0 *:69 *:*
UNCONN 0 0 :::695 :::*