環境：某項目的DB19數據庫服務器，無從庫也無開過binlog日誌，負載有時比較高但基本運行穩定。備份情況：本地每天完整備份保留一週再rsync到異地備份機保留一月，由於數據量的增長加上每天晚上rsync到異地機時流量非常大，所以單獨建臺虛擬機作爲DB19的備份。
備份措施：
1) DB19作爲主庫開啓binlog日誌。
2) DB19爲從庫開設同步帳號並開放複製權限。
3) DB19寫腳本在凌晨一點鎖表進行一次完整備份，並記錄鎖表前的binlog文件和position位置點（show master status\G;可查看信息）
4) 將備份的文件導入到從庫並設置主從同步.
5) 從庫上腳本實施每月1號本地進行一次全備，每天00-20每3小時進行一次增量備份(備份binlog日誌)
1.DB19 主庫設置並開啓binlog日誌
my.cnf配置文件更改：
[mysqld]
datadir=/var/lib/mysql
socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
user=mysql
server-id=1 #id號在LAN中唯一
log-bin=log #開啓binlog日誌
binlog-ignore-db=mysql #忽略權限庫的同步
max_connections=1000
long_query_time = 10
log-slow-queries = /var/log/mysql/mysql_slow.log #開啓慢查詢日誌
2. DB19爲從庫開設同步帳號
mysql>grant replication slave on *.* to 'sqlsync'@'192.168.7.51' identified by '123456';
mysql> flush privileges;
mysql> show grants for sqlsync@"192.168.7.51";
3. DB19凌晨一點完整備份腳本並記錄鎖表前master status信息
#!/bin/bash
################################################
#this scripts is bakdb19
################################################
MYUSER=root
MYPASS="pwd19"
MYSOCK=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
DATA_PATH=/backup/0314
LOG_FILE=${DATA_PATH}/mysqllogs_0314.log
DATA_FILE=${DATA_PATH}/mysql_backup_0314.sql.gz
MYSQL_PATH=/usr/bin
MYSQL_CMD="$MYSQL_PATH/mysql -u$MYUSER -p$MYPASS -S $MYSOCK"
MYSQL_DUMP="$MYSQL_PATH/mysqldump -u$MYUSER -p$MYPASS -S $MYSOCK -A -B --flush-logs --single-transaction"
$MYSQL_CMD -e "flush tables with read lock;"
echo "-----show master status result-----" >>$LOG_FILE
$MYSQL_CMD -e "show master status;" >>$LOG_FILE
${MYSQL_DUMP} | gzip > $DATA_FILE
$MYSQL_CMD -e "unlock tables;"
腳本加入到crontab中：
0 01 * * * sh /root/dbbak0314.sh>>/root/tasks/backup.log 2>&1
4. 將備份文件和記錄master信息的文件.log複製到從庫服務器
備份文件mysql_backup_0314.sql.gz
master信息的文件mysqllogs_0314.log
1)從庫安裝：
#yum install mysql mysq-server
#my.cnf配置文件：
[mysqld]
datadir=/data/mysql
socket=/data/mysql/mysql.sock
user=mysql
log-bin=log
#mysql_install_db
#/etc/init.d/mysqld start
2)數據導入
#gzip -d mysql_backup_0314.sql.gz
#mysql -S /data/mysql/mysql.sock <mysql_backup_0314.sql
#more mysqllogs_0314.log
-----show master status result-----
File Position Binlog_Do_DB Binlog_Ignore_DB
log.000003 61139130 mysql
3)配置同步
# vi /root/.my.cnf 創建密碼文件，省得mysql進去每次輸入密碼
[client]
password=pwd19
mysql> CHANGE MASTER TO
-> MASTER_HOST='192.168.7.19',
-> MASTER_USER='sqlsync',
-> MASTER_PASSWORD='123456',
-> MASTER_PORT=3306,
-> MASTER_LOG_FILE='log.000003', #指向鎖表前記錄的binlog文件和位置點，可查看mysqllogs_0314.log
-> MASTER_LOG_POS=61139130,
-> MASTER_CONNECT_RETRY=60;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec)
mysql> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show slave status\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Slave_IO_State: Queueing master event to the relay log
Master_Host: 192.168.7.19
Master_User: sqlsync
Master_Port: 3306
Connect_Retry: 60
Master_Log_File: log.000028
Read_Master_Log_Pos: 4
Relay_Log_File: mysqld-relay-bin.000002
Relay_Log_Pos: 229
Relay_Master_Log_File: log.000003
Slave_IO_Running: Yes
Slave_SQL_Running: No
Replicate_Do_DB:
Replicate_Ignore_DB:
Replicate_Do_Table:
Replicate_Ignore_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:
Last_Errno: 1062
Last_Error: Error 'Duplicate entry '197963' for key 1' on query. Default database: 'agrocms'. Query: 'INSERT INTO rocms.web_swgkbdxx (web_id,town_code,name,area,bdxx,swgk,bdxxsum,swgksum,day) values ('116597','330522105212','xx村','xx/xx/xx縣/xx鎮/xx村',0,0,0,17,'2013-03-14')'
Skip_Counter: 0
Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 61139130
Relay_Log_Space: 5383075
Until_Condition: None
Until_Log_File:
Until_Log_Pos: 0
Master_SSL_Allowed: No
Master_SSL_CA_File:
Master_SSL_CA_Path:
Master_SSL_Cert:
Master_SSL_Cipher:
Master_SSL_Key:
Seconds_Behind_Master: NULL
1 row in set (0.25 sec)
ERROR:
No query specified
mysql> INSERT INTO rocms.web_swgkbdxx (web_id,town_code,name,area,bdxx,swgk,bdxxsum,swgksum,day) values ('116597','330522105212','xx村','xx/xx/xx縣/xx鎮/xx村',0,0,0,17,'2013-03-14');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '116597-2013-03-14' for key 2 提示錯誤重複插入
解決方法：
mysql>set global sql_slave_skip_counter=1;不行，因爲後面很多重複的insert語句執行不了同樣的提示錯誤
只好將slave-skip-errors=1062加入到my.cnf中 跳過錯誤代碼爲1062（重複更新）的所有語句.
mysql> show slave status\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
Master_Host: 192.168.7.19
Master_User: sqlsync
Master_Port: 3306
Connect_Retry: 60
Master_Log_File: log.000029
Read_Master_Log_Pos: 189077906
Relay_Log_File: mysqld-relay-bin.000058
Relay_Log_Pos: 34636888
Relay_Master_Log_File: log.000029
Slave_IO_Running: Yes
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
Replicate_Do_DB:
Replicate_Ignore_DB:
Replicate_Do_Table:
Replicate_Ignore_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:
Last_Errno: 0
Last_Error:
Skip_Counter: 0
Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 189077906
Relay_Log_Space: 34636888
Until_Condition: None
Until_Log_File:
Until_Log_Pos: 0
Master_SSL_Allowed: No
Master_SSL_CA_File:
Master_SSL_CA_Path:
Master_SSL_Cert:
Master_SSL_Cipher:
Master_SSL_Key:
Seconds_Behind_Master: 0
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
ERROR:
No query specified
已同步OK，可用checksum來檢驗主從同步數據的一致性，線上機器需鎖表，暫不檢驗了
補充：
Slave_IO_Running: No 極有可能是網絡問題或主庫設了防火牆阻擋了，或設置的MASTER_LOG_POS位置信息不對.
測試OK，最好再將change master to信息在my.cnf配置文件中指定下：
# more /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
datadir=/data/mysql
socket=/data/mysql/mysql.sock
user=mysql
log-bin=log
expire-logs-days=3
log-slave-updates
server-id=2
master-host=192.168.7.19
master-user=sqlsync
master-password=wer852
master-port=3306
master-connect-retry=60
relay-log=mysqld-relay-bin
5. 從庫完整+增量備份腳本（暫略）
6. 恢復
1)目錄級的備份，恢復時可直接進行目錄的恢復frm,MYD,MYI文件
2)mysqldump全備加--tab參數時會生成sql和txt兩個文件，sql記錄所有包括create table的相關表結構更新語句，txt是數據文件。恢復時mysql先執行sql語句，再mysqlimport執行txt文件，如果表結構無更改，恢復時可直接mysqlimport導入txt文件.
3)mysqdump全備+增量備份，先最近一次的全備恢復，如果有多個binlog可按時間順序逐個導入.