bash if語句

原文鏈接:https://blog.csdn.net/qq_37960324/article/details/83145412

 簡介 

 

str1 = str2      當兩個串有相同內容、長度時爲真 
str1 != str2      當串str1和str2不等時爲真 
-n str1        當串的長度大於0時爲真(串非空) 
-z str1        當串的長度爲0時爲真(空串) 
str1           當串str1爲非空時爲真

[ "2006.01.23" \> "2005.03.01" ] && echo dayu || echo budayu

int1 -eq int2    兩數相等爲真 
int1 -ne int2    兩數不等爲真 
int1 -gt int2    int1大於int2爲真 
int1 -ge int2    int1大於等於int2爲真 
int1 -lt int2    int1小於int2爲真 
int1 -le int2    int1小於等於int2爲真

-r file     用戶可讀爲真 
-w file     用戶可寫爲真 
-x file     用戶可執行爲真 
-f file     文件爲正規文件爲真 
-d file     文件爲目錄爲真 
-c file     文件爲字符特殊文件爲真 
-b file     文件爲塊特殊文件爲真 
-s file     文件大小非0時爲真 
-t file     當文件描述符(默認爲1)指定的設備爲終端時爲真

-a         與 
-o        或 
!        非

 

上面的三種寫在括號內,對應的 && || 寫在中括號之間。例如,if  [   "$a"  eq   1  -o  "$b" eq 2 ]  &&  [   "$c"  eq  3 ]

4字符串匹配

if [  `echo $str | grep -e regexp`  ];then .

 

轉自:http://hi.baidu.com/ryouaki/item/0689dcb8a467b5a7eaba9319

二 具體使用

比較兩個字符串是否相等的辦法是:

    if [ "$test"x = "test"x ]; then

    這裏的關鍵有幾點:

    1 使用單個等號

    2 注意到等號兩邊各有一個空格:這是unix shell的要求

    3 注意到"$test"x最後的x,這是特意安排的,因爲當$test爲空的時候,上面的表達式就變成了x = testx,顯然是不相等的。而如果沒有這個x,表達式就會報錯:[: =: unary operator expected

    

    二元比較操作符,比較變量或者比較數字.注意數字與字符串的區別.

    整數比較 需要注意的是 要麼使用[]gt組合 要麼使用大於號和雙括號組合

    -eq 等於,如:if [ "$a" -eq "$b" ]

    -ne 不等於,如:if [ "$a" -ne "$b" ]

    -gt 大於,如:if [ "$a" -gt "$b" ]

    -ge 大於等於,如:if [ "$a" -ge "$b" ]

    -lt 小於,如:if [ "$a" -lt "$b" ]

    -le 小於等於,如:if [ "$a" -le "$b" ]

     大於(需要雙括號),如:(("$a" > "$b"))

    >= 大於等於(需要雙括號),如:(("$a" >= "$b"))

    小數據比較可使用AWK

    字符串比較

    = 等於,如:if [ "$a" = "$b" ]

    == 等於,如:if [ "$a" == "$b" ],與=等價

     注意:==的功能在[[]]和[]中的行爲是不同的,如下:

     1 [[ $a == z* ]] # 如果$a以"z"開頭(模式匹配)那麼將爲true

     2 [[ $a == "z*" ]] # 如果$a等於z*(字符匹配),那麼結果爲true

     3

     4 [ $a == z* ] # File globbing 和word splitting將會發生

     5 [ "$a" == "z*" ] # 如果$a等於z*(字符匹配),那麼結果爲true

     一點解釋,關於File globbing是一種關於文件的速記法,比如"*.c"就是,再如~也是.

     但是file globbing並不是嚴格的正則表達式,雖然絕大多數情況下結構比較像.

    != 不等於,如:if [ "$a" != "$b" ]

     這個操作符將在[[]]結構中使用模式匹配.

     大於,在ASCII字母順序下.如:

     if [[ "$a" > "$b" ]]

     if [ "$a" \> "$b" ]

     注意:在[]結構中">"需要被轉義.

     具體參考Example 26-11來查看這個操作符應用的例子.

    -z 字符串爲"null".就是長度爲0.

    -n 字符串不爲"null"

     注意:

     使用-n在[]結構中測試必須要用""把變量引起來.使用一個未被""的字符串來使用! -z

     或者就是未用""引用的字符串本身,放到[]結構中。雖然一般情況下可

     以工作,但這是不安全的.習慣於使用""來測試字符串是一種好習慣.

if判斷式
if [ 條件判斷一 ] && (||) [ 條件判斷二 ]; then
elif [ 條件判斷三 ] && (||) [ 條件判斷四 ]; then
else
   執行第三段內容程式
fi

例如:

 

root@Bizbox:~# a=0

root@Bizbox:~# b=0

root@Bizbox:~# c=5        

root@Bizbox:~# if [ $a = 0 -a $b = 0 ]&&[ $c != 0 ]; then

> echo success

> fi

success

if 使用的表達式

 

http://www.cnblogs.com/276815076/archive/2011/10/30/2229286.html

 

 

 

 

 

if 語句格式
if  條件
then
 Command
else
 Command
fi                              別忘了這個結尾 If語句忘了結尾fi
test.sh: line 14: syntax error: unexpected end of fi 
if 的三種條件表達式
if
command
then

if
 函數
then  命令執行成功,等於返回0 (比如grep ,找到匹配)
執行失敗,返回非0 (grep,沒找到匹配) if [ expression_r_r_r  ]
then   表達式結果爲真,則返回0,if把0值引向then if test expression_r_r_r
then  表達式結果爲假,則返回非0,if把非0值引向then 
       [ ] &&  ——快捷if
[ -f "/etc/shadow" ] && echo "This computer uses shadow passwors"    && 可以理解爲then
    如果左邊的表達式爲真則執行右邊的語句 
shell的if與c語言if的功能上的區別
 shell if     c語言if 0爲真,走then  正好相反,非0走then  不支持整數變量直接if
必須:if [ i –ne 0 ]

但支持字符串變量直接if
if [ str ] 如果字符串非0  支持變量直接if
if (i ) 
  
     echo –n “input:”
read user

if
多條指令,這些命令之間相當於“and”(與)
grep $user /etc/passwd >/tmp/null      
who -u | grep $user
then             上邊的指令
都執行成功,返回值$?爲0,0爲真,運行then
 echo "$user has logged"
else     指令執行失敗,$?爲1,運行else                            
 echo "$user has not logged"
fi   

# sh test.sh
input : macg
macg     pts/0        May 15 15:55   .          2075 (192.168.1.100)
macg has logged
   
# sh test.sh
input : ddd
ddd has not logged  


以函數作爲if條件  (函數就相當於command,函數的優點是其return值可以自定義)
if
以函數作爲if條件,
getyn
then   函數reture值0爲真,走then
echo " your answer is yes"
else  函數return值非0爲假,走else
echo "your anser is no"
fi   
if command  等價於 command+if $?
$ vi testsh.sh
#!/bin/sh

if
cat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1
then
echo found
else
echo "no found"
fi  $ vi testsh.sh
#!/bin/sh

cat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1

if [ $? -eq 0 ]
then
echo $?
echo found
else
echo $?
echo "no found"
fi $ sh testsh.sh
no found   $ sh testsh.sh
1
no found $ vi 111-tmp.txt
that is 222file
thisting1 is 111file

$ sh testsh.sh
thisting1 is 111file
found $ vi 111-tmp.txt
that is 222file
thisting1 is 111file

$ sh testsh.sh
thisting1 is 111file
0
found 
    
     
   條件表達式

 

  • 文件表達式

 ]    如果文件存在且可寫
if [ -x file  ]    如果文件存在且可執行   

整數變量表達式

  
 

  •    字符串變量表達式

 [ $a = $b ]                 如果string1等於string2
                                  [ $string1 !=  $string2 ]   如果string1不等於string2        if  [ -n $string  ]             如果string 非空(非0),返回0(true)
if  [ -z $string  ]             如果string 爲空
if  [ $sting ]                  如果string 非空,返回0 (和-n類似)  

     if [ a = b ] ;then    
echo equal
else
echo no equal
fi

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
5
input b:
5
no equal  (等於表達式沒比$a$b,而是比ab,自然a!=b)

if [ $a = $b ] ;then       
echo equal
else
echo no equal
fi

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
5
input b:
5
equal


                                                                                    [macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
echo -n "input your choice:"
read var
if  [ $var -eq "yes" ]
then
echo $var
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh -x test.sh
input your choice:
y
test.sh: line 3: test: y: integer expression_r_r_r expected
                       
期望整數形式,即-eq不支持字符串 

    =放在別的地方是賦值,放在if [ ] 裏就是字符串等於,
shell裏面沒有==的,那是c語言的等於

    [macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
echo "input a:"
read a
echo "input is $a"
if [ $a = 123 ] ; then
echo equal123
fi

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
123
input is 123
equal123 


   = 作爲等於時,其兩邊都必須加空格,否則失效
等號也是操作符,必須和其他變量,關鍵字,用空格格開 (等號做賦值號時正好相反,兩邊不能有空格)
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

echo "input your choice:"
read var
if [ $var="yes" ]
then
echo $var
echo "input is correct"
else
echo $var
echo "input error"
fi [macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

echo "input your choice:"
read var
if [ $var = "yes" ]   在等號兩邊加空格
then
echo $var
echo "input is correct"
else
echo $var
echo "input error"
fi [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
y
y
input is correct
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
n    
n
input is correct 
輸錯了也走then,都走then,爲什麼?

因爲if把$var="yes"連讀成一個變量,而此變量爲空,返回1,則走else  [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
y
y
input error
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
no                       
no
input error
一切正常 

If  [  $ANS  ]     等價於  if [ -n $ANS ]
      如果字符串變量非空(then) , 空(else)
echo "input your choice:"
read ANS

if [ $ANS ]
then
echo no empty
else
echo empth
fi  [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:                       回車
                                                
empth                                    說明“回車”就是空串
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
34
no empty  
  整數條件表達式,大於,小於hell裏沒有> 和< ,會被當作尖括號,只有-ge,-gt,-le,lt
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

echo "input a:"
read a
if  [ $a -ge 100 ] ; then
echo 3bit
else
echo 2bit
fi [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
123
3bit
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
20
2bit 
if  test $a  ge 100 ; then

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
test.sh: line 4: test: ge: binary operator expected

if  test $a -ge 100 ; then

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
123
3bit


    邏輯非 !                   條件表達式的相反
if [ ! 表達式 ]
if [ ! -d $num ]                        如果不存在目錄$num

    邏輯與 –a條件表達式的並列
if [ 表達式1  –a  表達式2 ]

                –o 表達式2 ]

   邏輯表達式

 

  •     表達式與前面的=  != -d –f –x -ne -eq -lt等合用

    邏輯符號就正常的接其他表達式,沒有任何括號( ),就是並列

    注意邏輯與-a與邏輯或-o很容易和其他字符串或文件的運算符號搞混了


 

[macg@mac-home ~]$ vi test.sh
:
echo "input the num:"
read num
echo "input is $num"

if [ -z "$JHHOME" -a -d $HOME/$num ]   如果$JHHOME爲空,且$HOME/$num存在
then
JHHOME=$HOME/$num                      
則賦值
fi

echo "JHHOME is $JHHOME"  

-----------------------
[macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.sh
input the num:
ppp
input is ppp
JHHOME is

目錄-d $HOME/$num   不存在,所以$JHHOME沒被then賦值

[macg@mac-home ~]$ mkdir ppp
[macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.sh
input the num:
ppp
input is ppp
JHHOME is /home/macg/ppp


echo "input your choice:"
read ANS

if [ $ANS="Yes" -o $ANS="yes" -o $ANS="y" -o $ANS="Y" ]
then
ANS="y"
else
ANS="n"
fi

echo $ANS

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
n
y
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
no
y
爲什麼輸入不是yes,結果仍是y(走then)
因爲=被連讀了,成了變量$ANS="Yes",而量又空,所以走else


[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

echo "input your choice:"
read ANS    echo "input your choice:"
read ANS

if [ $ANS = "Yes" -o $ANS = "yes" -o $ANS = "y" -o $ANS = "Y" ]
then
ANS="y"
else
ANS="n"
fi

echo $ANS [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
no
n
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
yes
y
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
y

 test 
條件表達式 作爲if條件===================================
if test $num -eq 0      等價於   if [ $num –eq 0 ]
  test  表達式,沒有 [  ]
if test $num -eq 0                 
    man test
[macg@machome ~]$ man test
[(1)                             User Commands                            [(1)

SYNOPSIS
       test EXPRESSION
       [ EXPRESSION ]


       [-n] STRING
              the length of STRING is nonzero          -n和直接$str都是非0條件

       -z STRING
              the length of STRING is zero

       STRING1 = STRING2
              the strings are equal

       STRING1 != STRING2
              the strings are not equal

       INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2

       INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2

       INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2

       INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2

       INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2

       INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2

       FILE1 -nt FILE2
              FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2

       FILE1 -ot FILE2
              FILE1 is older than FILE2

       -b FILE
              FILE exists and is block special

       -c FILE
              FILE exists and is character special

       -d FILE
              FILE exists and is a directory

       -e FILE
              FILE exists                                 文件存在

       -f FILE
              FILE exists and is a regular file     文件存在且是普通文件

       -h FILE
              FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L)

       -L FILE
              FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h)

       -G FILE
              FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID

       -O FILE
              FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID

       -p FILE
              FILE exists and is a named pipe


       -s FILE
              FILE exists and has a size greater than zero

       -S FILE
              FILE exists and is a socket

       -w FILE
              FILE exists and is writable

       -x FILE
FILE exists and is executable
  

        && 如果是“前面”,則“後面”
[ -f /var/run/dhcpd.pid ] && rm /var/run/dhcpd.pid    檢查 文件是否存在,如果存在就刪掉

   ||   如果不是前面後面 [ -f /usr/sbin/dhcpd ] || exit 0    檢驗文件是否存在,如果存在就退


     [ -z "$1" ] && help                 如果第一個參數不存在(-z  字符串長度爲0 )
[ "$1" = "-h" ] && help                        如果第一個參數是-h,就顯示help

例子
#!/bin/sh
[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1cp ifcfg-eth1.bridge /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1 [ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1

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