一、重定向、管道的用法練習
1、將/etc/issue文件的內容轉換爲大寫保存到/tmp/issue.out文件中
[root@localhost ~]# tr [a-z] [A-Z] < /etc/issue > /tmp/issue.out [root@localhost ~]# cat /tmp/issue.out \S KERNEL \R ON AN \M
或者
[root@localhost ~]# tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' < /etc/issue > /tmp/issue.out.bak [root@localhost ~]# cat /tmp/issue.out.bak \S KERNEL \R ON AN \M
2、將當前系統登錄用戶信息轉換爲大寫後保存至/tmp/who.out文件中
[root@localhost ~]# w |tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' > /tmp/who.out [root@localhost ~]# cat /tmp/who.out 10:54:38 UP 1:23, 2 USERS, LOAD AVERAGE: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05 USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT ROOT PTS/0 10.1.250.91 09:31 6.00S 0.49S 0.02S W ROOT PTS/1 10.1.250.91 09:36 21:10 0.29S 0.26S INFO TR
3、一個Linux用戶給root發郵件，郵件標題爲help，正文是：Hello，I am 用戶名,the system version is here,please help me to check it ,thanks!
操作系統信息
[nieda@localhost ~]$ mail -s "help" root <<eof > Hello,I am `whoami`,the system version is here,please help me to check it,thanks! > `uname -or` > eof [nieda@localhost ~]$
[root@localhost ~]# mail Heirloom Mail version 12.5 7/5/10. Type ? for help >N 8 nieda Sun Jul 31 11:01 19/716 "help" & 8 Message 8: From [email protected] Sun Jul 31 11:01:36 2016 Return-Path: <[email protected]> X-Original-To: root Delivered-To: [email protected] Date: Sun, 31 Jul 2016 11:01:36 +0800 To: [email protected] Subject: help User-Agent: Heirloom mailx 12.5 7/5/10 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii From: [email protected] (nieda) Status: R Hello,I am nieda,the system version is here,please help me to check it,thanks! 3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64 GNU/Linux
其中`whoami`可以用$USER替換，uname -ar可能信息不全，可以用uname -a或者cat /etc/centos-release
也可以將要發送的信息先寫在一個文件裏，然後在發送，但是要發送的文件裏只能是純文本，不能有變量和命令。
4、將/root/下文件列表，顯示成一行，文件名之間用空格隔開
[root@localhost ~]# ls /root/ |tr '\n' ' ' anaconda-ks.cfg Desktop Documents Downloads f1 file1 initial-setup-ks.cfg Music Pictures Public Templates Videos [root@localhost ~]#
5、file1文件的內容爲“1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10”計算出所有數字的總和
[root@localhost testdir]# cat file 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 [root@localhost testdir]# cat file |tr ' ' '+'|bc 55
6、刪除wndows文本文件中的‘^M’字符
操作系統中^是ctrl的顯示方式，在Windows中ctrl+M是回車換行的意思
[root@localhost /testdir]# ll Windows.txt -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 122 Aug 1 16:21 Windows.txt [root@localhost /testdir]# file Windows.txt Windows.txt: ASCII text, with CRLF line terminators [root@localhost /testdir]# hexdump -C Windows.txt 00000000 0d 0a 0d 0a 48 65 6c 6c 6f 2c 6e 69 63 65 20 74 |....Hello,nice t| 00000010 6f 20 6d 65 65 74 20 79 6f 75 21 0d 0a 0d 0a 0d |o meet you!.....| 00000020 0a 4c 65 74 27 73 20 73 74 75 64 79 20 68 61 72 |.Let's study har| 00000030 64 20 61 73 20 62 65 73 74 20 61 73 20 77 65 20 |d as best as we | 00000040 63 61 6e 20 64 6f 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 |can do in the ne| 00000050 78 74 20 6d 6f 6e 74 68 73 2c 0d 0a 0d 0a 61 6e |xt months,....an| 00000060 64 20 69 20 62 65 6c 65 76 65 20 77 65 20 63 61 |d i beleve we ca| 00000070 6e 20 64 6f 20 77 65 6c 6c 2e |n do well.| 0000007a [root@localhost /testdir]# cat Windows.txt Hello,nice to meet you! Let's study hard as best as we can do in the next months, and i beleve we can do well.[root@localhost /testdir]#
[root@localhost /testdir]# hexdump -c Windows.txt 0000000 \r \n \r \n H e l l o , n i c e t 0000010 o m e e t y o u ! \r \n \r \n \r 0000020 \n L e t ' s s t u d y h a r 0000030 d a s b e s t a s w e 0000040 c a n d o i n t h e n e 0000050 x t m o n t h s , \r \n \r \n a n 0000060 d i b e l e v e w e c a 0000070 n d o w e l l . 000007a
其中Windows.txt中的換行都是^M，可以看到它的編碼是\r\n和回車換行一樣
[root@localhost /testdir]# tr -d '[:cntrl:]M' < Windows.txt Hello,nice to meet you!Let's study hard as best as we can do in the next months,and i beleve we can do well.[root@localhost /testdir]#
可以看出換行已經被刪除了
7、處理字符串“xt.,| 1 jr#!$mn 2 c*/fe 3 uz 4”,只保留其中的數字和空格
[root@localhost testdir]# cat a xt.,| 1 jr#!$mn 2 c*/fe 3 uz 4 [root@localhost testdir]# tr -c -d '[:digit:][:space:]' < a 1 2 3 4
8、將PATH變量每個目錄顯示在獨立的一行
[root@localhost testdir]# echo $PATH /usr/lib64/qt-3.3/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin [root@localhost testdir]# echo $PATH|tr ':' '\n' /usr/lib64/qt-3.3/bin /usr/local/sbin /usr/local/bin /usr/sbin /usr/bin /root/bin
9、刪除指定文件的空行
[root@localhost testdir]# cat a hello,wang I am root I have some questions about the linux command need your help if you have time,call me please! eof [root@localhost testdir]# tr -s '\n' < a hello,wang I am root I have some questions about the linux command need your help if you have time,call me please! eof [root@localhost testdir]#
10、將文件中每個單詞（字母）顯示在獨立的一行，並無空行
[root@localhost testdir]# tr '[:blank:][:punct:]' '\n' < word |tr -s '\n' hello this is the CCTV welcome to listen our news you can look the news happend everywhere at once
二、用戶、組及其權限管理練習
1、創建用戶gentoo,附加組爲bin和root，默認shell是/bin/sch，註釋信息爲“Gentoo Distributuon”
[root@localhost ~]# useradd -G bin,root -s /bin/sch -c "Gentoo Distribution" geetoo [root@localhost ~]# id geetoo uid=1002(geetoo) gid=1002(geetoo) groups=1002(geetoo),0(root),1(bin)
2、創建下面的用戶、組和組成員關係
名字爲admins的組
用戶natasha，使用admins作爲附加組
用戶harry，也使用admins作爲附屬組
用戶sarah，不可交互登錄系統，且不是admins的成員，natasha,harry,sarah密碼都是centos
[root@localhost ~]# groupadd admins [root@localhost ~]# useradd -G admins natasha [root@localhost ~]# useradd -G admins harry;useradd -s /sbin/nologin sarah [root@localhost ~]# echo centos |passwd --stdin natasha harry sarah passwd: Only one user name may be specified. [root@localhost ~]# echo centos |passwd --stdin natasha Changing password for user natasha. passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully. [root@localhost ~]# echo centos |passwd --stdin harry Changing password for user harry. passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully. [root@localhost ~]# echo centos |passwd --stdin sarah Changing password for user sarah. passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully. [root@localhost ~]# id natasha uid=1003(natasha) gid=1004(natasha) groups=1004(natasha),1003(admins) [root@localhost ~]# id harry uid=1004(harry) gid=1005(harry) groups=1005(harry),1003(admins) [root@localhost ~]# id sarah uid=1005(sarah) gid=1006(sarah) groups=1006(sarah)