一:什麼是servlet
Java Servlet 簡稱servlet是運行在 Web 服務器或應用服務器上的程序,它是作爲來自 Web 瀏覽器或其他 HTTP 客戶端的請求和 HTTP 服務器上的數據庫或應用程序之間的中間層。
使用 Servlet,您可以收集來自網頁表單的用戶輸入,呈現來自數據庫或者其他源的記錄,還可以動態創建網頁。
二:WEB三大組件及Servlet實現
1.servlet;2.filter;3.listener;
原始版Servlet例子:
1.創建工程:servlet-xml
2.創建servlet:
package com.servlet;
import java.io.IOException;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
/**
* Servlet implementation class ServletDemo
*/
public class ServletDemo extends HttpServlet {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
/**
* @see HttpServlet#HttpServlet()
*/
public ServletDemo() {
super();
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
}
/**
* @see HttpServlet#doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
*/
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
response.setCharacterEncoding("GBK");
response.getWriter().write("菜鳥教程:https://www.runoob.com/servlet/servlet-intro.html");
}
/**
* @see HttpServlet#doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
*/
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(request, response);
}
}
3.web.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:web="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee" xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_2_5.xsd">
<servlet>
<servlet-name>ServletDemo</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.servlet.ServletDemo</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>ServletDemo</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/ServletDemo</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
</web-app>
4.啓動tomcat,訪問http://localhost:8080/servlet-xml/ServletDemo
註解的Servlet例子
不用web.xml配置,用註解也可以使用servlet,查看servlet官方文檔:
大概意思是說框架提供了ServletContainerInitializer的實現,必須是綁定在META/INF/services目錄下,文件爲:javax.servlet.ServletContainerInitializer,文件裏包含ServletContainerInitializer的實現類的目的地,類路徑。
1.新建工程servlet-anno,也是 Dynamic web project。
2.新建javax.servlet.ServletContainerInitializer文件。
3.新建servlet:
package com.servlet;
import java.io.IOException;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
public class OrderServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
resp.getWriter().write("testServlet...order");
}
}
4.監聽器的實現:
package com.servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletContextEvent;
import javax.servlet.ServletContextListener;
/**
* 監聽應用的啓動和停止
*/
public class OrderListener implements ServletContextListener {
//監聽ServletContext銷燬
@Override
public void contextDestroyed(ServletContextEvent arg0) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
System.out.println("OrderListener...contextDestroyed...");
}
//監聽ServletContext啓動初始化
@Override
public void contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent arg0) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
ServletContext servletContext = arg0.getServletContext();
System.out.println("OrderListener...contextInitialized...");
}
}
5.過濾器:
package com.servlet;
import java.io.IOException;
import javax.servlet.Filter;
import javax.servlet.FilterChain;
import javax.servlet.FilterConfig;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.ServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.ServletResponse;
public class OrderFilter implements Filter {
@Override
public void destroy() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
}
@Override
public void doFilter(ServletRequest arg0, ServletResponse arg1, FilterChain arg2)
throws IOException, ServletException {
// 過濾請求
System.out.println("UserFilter...doFilter...");
//放行
arg2.doFilter(arg0, arg1);
}
@Override
public void init(FilterConfig arg0) throws ServletException {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
}
}
6.實現ServletContainerInitializer,即servlet容器初始化,主要是做三大組件的註冊。
package com.servlet;
import java.util.EnumSet;
import java.util.Set;
import javax.servlet.DispatcherType;
import javax.servlet.ServletContainerInitializer;
import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.HandlesTypes;
import com.service.TestService;
//容器啓動的時候會將@HandlesTypes指定的這個類型下面的子類(實現類,子接口等)傳遞過來;
//傳入感興趣的類型;
@HandlesTypes(value={TestService.class})
public class TestServletContainerInitializer implements ServletContainerInitializer{
@Override
public void onStartup(Set<Class<?>> arg0, ServletContext arg1) throws ServletException {
System.out.println("感興趣的類型:");
for (Class<?> claz : arg0) {
System.out.println(claz);//當傳進來後,可以根據自己需要利用反射來創建對象等操作
}
//註冊servlet組件
javax.servlet.ServletRegistration.Dynamic servlet = arg1.addServlet("orderServlet", new OrderServlet());
//配置servlet的映射信息(路徑請求)
servlet.addMapping("/orderTest");
//註冊監聽器Listener
arg1.addListener(OrderListener.class);
//註冊Filter
javax.servlet.FilterRegistration.Dynamic filter = arg1.addFilter("orderFilter", OrderFilter.class);
//添加Filter的映射信息,可以指定專門來攔截哪個servlet
filter.addMappingForUrlPatterns(EnumSet.of(DispatcherType.REQUEST), true, "/*");
}
}
tomcat啓動加載應用的時候,會運行onStartup方法;
Set<Class<?>> arg0:感興趣的類型的所有子類型(對實現了
TestService接口相關的);
ServletContext arg1:代表當前Web應用的ServletContext;一個Web應用一個ServletContext;
1)、使用ServletContext註冊Web組件(Servlet、Filter、Listener)
2)、使用編碼的方式,在項目啓動的時候給ServletContext裏面添加組件;
啓動tomcat:
如圖啓動的時候打印出了3個感興趣的類即實現了TestService接口的;另外打印出了監聽器的日誌,即ServletContext啓動創建的時候。
訪問http://localhost:8080/servlet-anno/orderTest即可進入對應的servlet:即進入了過濾器
除了在ServletContainerInitializer註冊servlet還可以用註解@WebServle來加入組件:新增如下代碼並重啓tomcat
@WebServlet("/anno")
public class TestServlet extends HttpServlet{
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
resp.getWriter().write("servlet-anno....success");
}
}
訪問http://localhost:8080/servlet-anno/anno也是OK的
三.Spring mvc
spring-mvc整合也是基於servlet的,基於註解版的servlet。
1.新建maven工程:加入依賴
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
<version>5.0.6.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
<artifactId>servlet-api</artifactId>
<version>3.0-alpha-1</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
2.查看spring依賴包:
①可找到javax.servlet.ServletContainerInitializer文件爲:org.springframework.web.SpringServletContainerInitializer.
②即SpringServletContainerInitializer爲servlet容器的初始化類,容器啓動調用onStartup方法:查看代碼發現主要是做了把感興趣的類做一下判斷然後調用各自的onStartup方法。
這個感興趣的類是重點:@HandlesTypes(WebApplicationInitializer.class)
③WebApplicationInitializer在spring-web中有三個實現類:
a:AbstractContextLoaderInitializer--主要是註冊監聽器.
b:AbstractDispatcherServletInitializer--主要是DispatcherServlet容器初始化,如圖註冊servlet,filter步驟都和註解版servlet步驟類似。
c:AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer--提供了註解方式配置的dispatcherServlet初始化器,即如下2個方法:
1.getRootConfigClasses()根容器(存放service業務層,repositories數據庫dao層及事務控制相關處理);
2.getServletConfigClasses() 即servlet容器(存放controller,視圖解析,映射相關)。
如官網圖https://docs.spring.io/spring...:
3.基於註解整合spring-mvc
新建一個初始化器:
import org.springframework.web.servlet.support.AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer;
import com.enjoy.config.TestAppConfig;
import com.enjoy.config.TestRootConfig;
//web容器啓動的時候創建對象;調用方法來初始化容器以前前端控制器
public class TestWebAppInitializer extends AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer {
//獲取根容器的配置類;(Spring的配置文件) 父容器;
@Override
protected Class<?>[] getRootConfigClasses() {
//指定配置類(配置文件)位置
return new Class<?>[]{TestRootConfig.class} ;
}
//獲取web容器的配置類(SpringMVC配置文件) 子容器(servlet容器);
@Override
protected Class<?>[] getServletConfigClasses() {
return new Class<?>[]{TestAppConfig.class} ;
}
//獲取DispatcherServlet的映射信息
// /:攔截所有請求(包括靜態資源(xx.js,xx.png)),但是不包括*.jsp;
// /*:攔截所有請求;連*.jsp頁面都攔截;jsp頁面是tomcat的jsp引擎解析的;
@Override
protected String[] getServletMappings() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
return new String[]{"/"};
}
}
再來看看父容器TestRootConfig和servlet容器TestAppConfig配置類:
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan.Filter;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.FilterType;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
//Spring的容器不掃描controller;父容器
@ComponentScan(value="com.enjoy",excludeFilters={
@Filter(type=FilterType.ANNOTATION,classes={Controller.class})
})
public class TestRootConfig {
}
import java.util.List;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan.Filter;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.FilterType;
import org.springframework.format.FormatterRegistry;
import org.springframework.http.converter.HttpMessageConverter;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.validation.MessageCodesResolver;
import org.springframework.validation.Validator;
import org.springframework.web.method.support.HandlerMethodArgumentResolver;
import org.springframework.web.method.support.HandlerMethodReturnValueHandler;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.HandlerExceptionResolver;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.AsyncSupportConfigurer;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.ContentNegotiationConfigurer;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.CorsRegistry;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.DefaultServletHandlerConfigurer;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.EnableWebMvc;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.InterceptorRegistry;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.PathMatchConfigurer;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.ResourceHandlerRegistry;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.ViewControllerRegistry;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.ViewResolverRegistry;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.WebMvcConfigurer;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.WebMvcConfigurerAdapter;
//SpringMVC只掃描Controller;子容器
//useDefaultFilters=false 禁用默認的過濾規則;
@ComponentScan(value="com.enjoy",includeFilters={
@Filter(type=FilterType.ANNOTATION,classes={Controller.class})
},useDefaultFilters=false)
public class TestAppConfig {
}
啓動tomcat,2個配置文件分別會掃描對應的類加載到spring的對應的根容器和servlet容器中,註解整合spring-mvc就完成啦!!!
4.註解定製和接管spring-mvc
xml配置的時候如下配置攔截器,視圖解析等。
若使用配置註解定製我們的springmvc,可看官網描述,加入@EnableWebMvc,來定製配置功能。
直接在servlet容器對應的配置裏面加入@EnableWebMvc並實現WebMvcConfigurer接口即可對對應需要配置的用代碼做配置,或者繼承WebMvcConfigurer的具體實現類。