google protocol學習

因爲要學習google開源的cartographer，其中涉及到谷歌的一個數據讀取和存儲的部件（類似於xml，性能遠超xml）。

在ubuntu下，因爲先按照cartographer的教程來，所以一不小心已經安裝了protocol。點擊打開鏈接

關鍵語句

sudo apt-get install libprotobuf-dev protobuf-compiler

下面進入google protocol的摸索過程

首先你要翻 * 牆

這個是他們主頁點擊打開鏈接

protocol是一個完全抽象的數據存儲和讀取的包，獨立於操作系統，獨立於語言。所以不論是linux還是win，不論是c++ python c# java R GO 都可以使用。

其儲存形式是二進制文件，所以相比於xml，對於相同的數據，能節約3-10倍空間，存儲和讀取效率高20-100倍。

舉個例子：

數據源

xml

  <person>
    <name>John Doe</name>
    <email>[email protected]</email>
  </person>

protocol

# Textual representation of a protocol buffer.
# This is *not* the binary format used on the wire.
person {
  name: "John Doe"
  email: "[email protected]"
}

輸出

xml

  cout << "Name: "
       << person.getElementsByTagName("name")->item(0)->innerText()
       << endl;
  cout << "E-mail: "
       << person.getElementsByTagName("email")->item(0)->innerText()
       << endl;

protocol

  cout << "Name: " << person.name() << endl;
  cout << "E-mail: " << person.email() << endl;

哪個更人性化一目瞭然。

下面是對tutorial的一些搬運：

最重要的三點：

Define message formats in a .proto file.
Use the protocol buffer compiler.
Use the C++ protocol buffer API to write and read messages.

文件是.proto形式，就像上面看到的那樣

.proto形式的文件還不能直接使用，因爲這個是抽象的，獨立於平臺和語言，所以有一個編譯器，自動把.proto文件翻譯成平臺下你要的語言，我這裏是cpp。

直接調用編譯器生成的.cc和.h文件，壓根不用關心內怎麼實現的，反正編譯器幫你做好了，你要做的就是調用API。

首先在空文件夾中新建一個addressbook.proto

內容如下

package tutorial;

message Person {
  required string name = 1;
  required int32 id = 2;
  optional string email = 3;

  enum PhoneType {
    MOBILE = 0;
    HOME = 1;
    WORK = 2;
  }

  message PhoneNumber {
    required string number = 1;
    optional PhoneType type = 2 [default = HOME];
  }

  repeated PhoneNumber phone = 4;
}

message AddressBook {
  repeated Person person = 1;
}

原始數據類型可以是bool, int32, float, double, andstring

其他數據類型也可以一級一級包含，在代碼中已經很明確了。

package tutorial;

意思是命名空間namespace

required聲明的變量是必須被初始化的，如果沒有初始化，在debug模式下會報錯。

optional聲明的變量是可以選擇性初始化。

repeated聲明的變量是可以重複添加的。

注意一些=1 =2 =3，是一種尋址機制，1-15在生成的bin中，可以快速的被讀取和寫入，所以重複使用的數據儘量放在1-15號。

下面就是編譯了，注意這兒的編譯只是將.proto文件翻譯成我們要的文件，並不是生成什麼可執行程序。

protoc -I=$SRC_DIR --cpp_out=$DST_DIR $SRC_DIR/addressbook.proto

我比較偷懶就直接在命令行中這樣寫

protoc -I=./ --cpp_out=./ ./addressbook.proto

之後會生成兩個文件分別是addressbook.pb.h addressbook.pb.cc

這兒貼一下生成的東西

addressbook.pb.h

// Generated by the protocol buffer compiler.  DO NOT EDIT!
// source: addressbook.proto

#ifndef PROTOBUF_addressbook_2eproto__INCLUDED
#define PROTOBUF_addressbook_2eproto__INCLUDED

#include <string>

#include <google/protobuf/stubs/common.h>

#if GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_VERSION < 2006000
#error This file was generated by a newer version of protoc which is
#error incompatible with your Protocol Buffer headers.  Please update
#error your headers.
#endif
#if 2006001 < GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_MIN_PROTOC_VERSION
#error This file was generated by an older version of protoc which is
#error incompatible with your Protocol Buffer headers.  Please
#error regenerate this file with a newer version of protoc.
#endif

#include <google/protobuf/generated_message_util.h>
#include <google/protobuf/message.h>
#include <google/protobuf/repeated_field.h>
#include <google/protobuf/extension_set.h>
#include <google/protobuf/generated_enum_reflection.h>
#include <google/protobuf/unknown_field_set.h>
// @@protoc_insertion_point(includes)

namespace tutorial {

// Internal implementation detail -- do not call these.
void  protobuf_AddDesc_addressbook_2eproto();
void protobuf_AssignDesc_addressbook_2eproto();
void protobuf_ShutdownFile_addressbook_2eproto();

class Person;
class Person_PhoneNumber;
class AddressBook;

enum Person_PhoneType {
  Person_PhoneType_MOBILE = 0,
  Person_PhoneType_HOME = 1,
  Person_PhoneType_WORK = 2
};
bool Person_PhoneType_IsValid(int value);
const Person_PhoneType Person_PhoneType_PhoneType_MIN = Person_PhoneType_MOBILE;
const Person_PhoneType Person_PhoneType_PhoneType_MAX = Person_PhoneType_WORK;
const int Person_PhoneType_PhoneType_ARRAYSIZE = Person_PhoneType_PhoneType_MAX + 1;

const ::google::protobuf::EnumDescriptor* Person_PhoneType_descriptor();
inline const ::std::string& Person_PhoneType_Name(Person_PhoneType value) {
  return ::google::protobuf::internal::NameOfEnum(
    Person_PhoneType_descriptor(), value);
}
inline bool Person_PhoneType_Parse(
    const ::std::string& name, Person_PhoneType* value) {
  return ::google::protobuf::internal::ParseNamedEnum<Person_PhoneType>(
    Person_PhoneType_descriptor(), name, value);
}
// ===================================================================

class Person_PhoneNumber : public ::google::protobuf::Message {
 public:
  Person_PhoneNumber();
  virtual ~Person_PhoneNumber();

  Person_PhoneNumber(const Person_PhoneNumber& from);

  inline Person_PhoneNumber& operator=(const Person_PhoneNumber& from) {
    CopyFrom(from);
    return *this;
  }

  inline const ::google::protobuf::UnknownFieldSet& unknown_fields() const {
    return _unknown_fields_;
  }

  inline ::google::protobuf::UnknownFieldSet* mutable_unknown_fields() {
    return &_unknown_fields_;
  }

  static const ::google::protobuf::Descriptor* descriptor();
  static const Person_PhoneNumber& default_instance();

  void Swap(Person_PhoneNumber* other);

  // implements Message ----------------------------------------------

  Person_PhoneNumber* New() const;
  void CopyFrom(const ::google::protobuf::Message& from);
  void MergeFrom(const ::google::protobuf::Message& from);
  void CopyFrom(const Person_PhoneNumber& from);
  void MergeFrom(const Person_PhoneNumber& from);
  void Clear();
  bool IsInitialized() const;

  int ByteSize() const;
  bool MergePartialFromCodedStream(
      ::google::protobuf::io::CodedInputStream* input);
  void SerializeWithCachedSizes(
      ::google::protobuf::io::CodedOutputStream* output) const;
  ::google::protobuf::uint8* SerializeWithCachedSizesToArray(::google::protobuf::uint8* output) const;
  int GetCachedSize() const { return _cached_size_; }
  private:
  void SharedCtor();
  void SharedDtor();
  void SetCachedSize(int size) const;
  public:
  ::google::protobuf::Metadata GetMetadata() const;

  // nested types ----------------------------------------------------

  // accessors -------------------------------------------------------

  // required string number = 1;
  inline bool has_number() const;
  inline void clear_number();
  static const int kNumberFieldNumber = 1;
  inline const ::std::string& number() const;
  inline void set_number(const ::std::string& value);
  inline void set_number(const char* value);
  inline void set_number(const char* value, size_t size);
  inline ::std::string* mutable_number();
  inline ::std::string* release_number();
  inline void set_allocated_number(::std::string* number);

  // optional .tutorial.Person.PhoneType type = 2 [default = HOME];
  inline bool has_type() const;
  inline void clear_type();
  static const int kTypeFieldNumber = 2;
  inline ::tutorial::Person_PhoneType type() const;
  inline void set_type(::tutorial::Person_PhoneType value);

  // @@protoc_insertion_point(class_scope:tutorial.Person.PhoneNumber)
 private:
  inline void set_has_number();
  inline void clear_has_number();
  inline void set_has_type();
  inline void clear_has_type();

  ::google::protobuf::UnknownFieldSet _unknown_fields_;

  ::google::protobuf::uint32 _has_bits_[1];
  mutable int _cached_size_;
  ::std::string* number_;
  int type_;
  friend void  protobuf_AddDesc_addressbook_2eproto();
  friend void protobuf_AssignDesc_addressbook_2eproto();
  friend void protobuf_ShutdownFile_addressbook_2eproto();

  void InitAsDefaultInstance();
  static Person_PhoneNumber* default_instance_;
};
// -------------------------------------------------------------------

class Person : public ::google::protobuf::Message {
 public:
  Person();
  virtual ~Person();

  Person(const Person& from);

  inline Person& operator=(const Person& from) {
    CopyFrom(from);
    return *this;
  }

  inline const ::google::protobuf::UnknownFieldSet& unknown_fields() const {
    return _unknown_fields_;
  }

  inline ::google::protobuf::UnknownFieldSet* mutable_unknown_fields() {
    return &_unknown_fields_;
  }

  static const ::google::protobuf::Descriptor* descriptor();
  static const Person& default_instance();

  void Swap(Person* other);

  // implements Message ----------------------------------------------

  Person* New() const;
  void CopyFrom(const ::google::protobuf::Message& from);
  void MergeFrom(const ::google::protobuf::Message& from);
  void CopyFrom(const Person& from);
  void MergeFrom(const Person& from);
  void Clear();
  bool IsInitialized() const;

  int ByteSize() const;
  bool MergePartialFromCodedStream(
      ::google::protobuf::io::CodedInputStream* input);
  void SerializeWithCachedSizes(
      ::google::protobuf::io::CodedOutputStream* output) const;
  ::google::protobuf::uint8* SerializeWithCachedSizesToArray(::google::protobuf::uint8* output) const;
  int GetCachedSize() const { return _cached_size_; }
  private:
  void SharedCtor();
  void SharedDtor();
  void SetCachedSize(int size) const;
  public:
  ::google::protobuf::Metadata GetMetadata() const;

  // nested types ----------------------------------------------------

  typedef Person_PhoneNumber PhoneNumber;

  typedef Person_PhoneType PhoneType;
  static const PhoneType MOBILE = Person_PhoneType_MOBILE;
  static const PhoneType HOME = Person_PhoneType_HOME;
  static const PhoneType WORK = Person_PhoneType_WORK;
  static inline bool PhoneType_IsValid(int value) {
    return Person_PhoneType_IsValid(value);
  }
  static const PhoneType PhoneType_MIN =
    Person_PhoneType_PhoneType_MIN;
  static const PhoneType PhoneType_MAX =
    Person_PhoneType_PhoneType_MAX;
  static const int PhoneType_ARRAYSIZE =
    Person_PhoneType_PhoneType_ARRAYSIZE;
  static inline const ::google::protobuf::EnumDescriptor*
  PhoneType_descriptor() {
    return Person_PhoneType_descriptor();
  }
  static inline const ::std::string& PhoneType_Name(PhoneType value) {
    return Person_PhoneType_Name(value);
  }
  static inline bool PhoneType_Parse(const ::std::string& name,
      PhoneType* value) {
    return Person_PhoneType_Parse(name, value);
  }

  // accessors -------------------------------------------------------

  // required string name = 1;
  inline bool has_name() const;
  inline void clear_name();
  static const int kNameFieldNumber = 1;
  inline const ::std::string& name() const;
  inline void set_name(const ::std::string& value);
  inline void set_name(const char* value);
  inline void set_name(const char* value, size_t size);
  inline ::std::string* mutable_name();
  inline ::std::string* release_name();
  inline void set_allocated_name(::std::string* name);

  // required int32 id = 2;
  inline bool has_id() const;
  inline void clear_id();
  static const int kIdFieldNumber = 2;
  inline ::google::protobuf::int32 id() const;
  inline void set_id(::google::protobuf::int32 value);

  // optional string email = 3;
  inline bool has_email() const;
  inline void clear_email();
  static const int kEmailFieldNumber = 3;
  inline const ::std::string& email() const;
  inline void set_email(const ::std::string& value);
  inline void set_email(const char* value);
  inline void set_email(const char* value, size_t size);
  inline ::std::string* mutable_email();
  inline ::std::string* release_email();
  inline void set_allocated_email(::std::string* email);

  // repeated .tutorial.Person.PhoneNumber phone = 4;
  inline int phone_size() const;
  inline void clear_phone();
  static const int kPhoneFieldNumber = 4;
  inline const ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber& phone(int index) const;
  inline ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber* mutable_phone(int index);
  inline ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber* add_phone();
  inline const ::google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField< ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber >&
      phone() const;
  inline ::google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField< ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber >*
      mutable_phone();

  // @@protoc_insertion_point(class_scope:tutorial.Person)
 private:
  inline void set_has_name();
  inline void clear_has_name();
  inline void set_has_id();
  inline void clear_has_id();
  inline void set_has_email();
  inline void clear_has_email();

  ::google::protobuf::UnknownFieldSet _unknown_fields_;

  ::google::protobuf::uint32 _has_bits_[1];
  mutable int _cached_size_;
  ::std::string* name_;
  ::std::string* email_;
  ::google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField< ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber > phone_;
  ::google::protobuf::int32 id_;
  friend void  protobuf_AddDesc_addressbook_2eproto();
  friend void protobuf_AssignDesc_addressbook_2eproto();
  friend void protobuf_ShutdownFile_addressbook_2eproto();

  void InitAsDefaultInstance();
  static Person* default_instance_;
};
// -------------------------------------------------------------------

class AddressBook : public ::google::protobuf::Message {
 public:
  AddressBook();
  virtual ~AddressBook();

  AddressBook(const AddressBook& from);

  inline AddressBook& operator=(const AddressBook& from) {
    CopyFrom(from);
    return *this;
  }

  inline const ::google::protobuf::UnknownFieldSet& unknown_fields() const {
    return _unknown_fields_;
  }

  inline ::google::protobuf::UnknownFieldSet* mutable_unknown_fields() {
    return &_unknown_fields_;
  }

  static const ::google::protobuf::Descriptor* descriptor();
  static const AddressBook& default_instance();

  void Swap(AddressBook* other);

  // implements Message ----------------------------------------------

  AddressBook* New() const;
  void CopyFrom(const ::google::protobuf::Message& from);
  void MergeFrom(const ::google::protobuf::Message& from);
  void CopyFrom(const AddressBook& from);
  void MergeFrom(const AddressBook& from);
  void Clear();
  bool IsInitialized() const;

  int ByteSize() const;
  bool MergePartialFromCodedStream(
      ::google::protobuf::io::CodedInputStream* input);
  void SerializeWithCachedSizes(
      ::google::protobuf::io::CodedOutputStream* output) const;
  ::google::protobuf::uint8* SerializeWithCachedSizesToArray(::google::protobuf::uint8* output) const;
  int GetCachedSize() const { return _cached_size_; }
  private:
  void SharedCtor();
  void SharedDtor();
  void SetCachedSize(int size) const;
  public:
  ::google::protobuf::Metadata GetMetadata() const;

  // nested types ----------------------------------------------------

  // accessors -------------------------------------------------------

  // repeated .tutorial.Person person = 1;
  inline int person_size() const;
  inline void clear_person();
  static const int kPersonFieldNumber = 1;
  inline const ::tutorial::Person& person(int index) const;
  inline ::tutorial::Person* mutable_person(int index);
  inline ::tutorial::Person* add_person();
  inline const ::google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField< ::tutorial::Person >&
      person() const;
  inline ::google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField< ::tutorial::Person >*
      mutable_person();

  // @@protoc_insertion_point(class_scope:tutorial.AddressBook)
 private:

  ::google::protobuf::UnknownFieldSet _unknown_fields_;

  ::google::protobuf::uint32 _has_bits_[1];
  mutable int _cached_size_;
  ::google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField< ::tutorial::Person > person_;
  friend void  protobuf_AddDesc_addressbook_2eproto();
  friend void protobuf_AssignDesc_addressbook_2eproto();
  friend void protobuf_ShutdownFile_addressbook_2eproto();

  void InitAsDefaultInstance();
  static AddressBook* default_instance_;
};
// ===================================================================


// ===================================================================

// Person_PhoneNumber

// required string number = 1;
inline bool Person_PhoneNumber::has_number() const {
  return (_has_bits_[0] & 0x00000001u) != 0;
}
inline void Person_PhoneNumber::set_has_number() {
  _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
}
inline void Person_PhoneNumber::clear_has_number() {
  _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000001u;
}
inline void Person_PhoneNumber::clear_number() {
  if (number_ != &::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited()) {
    number_->clear();
  }
  clear_has_number();
}
inline const ::std::string& Person_PhoneNumber::number() const {
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_get:tutorial.Person.PhoneNumber.number)
  return *number_;
}
inline void Person_PhoneNumber::set_number(const ::std::string& value) {
  set_has_number();
  if (number_ == &::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited()) {
    number_ = new ::std::string;
  }
  number_->assign(value);
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set:tutorial.Person.PhoneNumber.number)
}
inline void Person_PhoneNumber::set_number(const char* value) {
  set_has_number();
  if (number_ == &::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited()) {
    number_ = new ::std::string;
  }
  number_->assign(value);
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:tutorial.Person.PhoneNumber.number)
}
inline void Person_PhoneNumber::set_number(const char* value, size_t size) {
  set_has_number();
  if (number_ == &::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited()) {
    number_ = new ::std::string;
  }
  number_->assign(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size);
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:tutorial.Person.PhoneNumber.number)
}
inline ::std::string* Person_PhoneNumber::mutable_number() {
  set_has_number();
  if (number_ == &::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited()) {
    number_ = new ::std::string;
  }
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_mutable:tutorial.Person.PhoneNumber.number)
  return number_;
}
inline ::std::string* Person_PhoneNumber::release_number() {
  clear_has_number();
  if (number_ == &::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited()) {
    return NULL;
  } else {
    ::std::string* temp = number_;
    number_ = const_cast< ::std::string*>(&::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
    return temp;
  }
}
inline void Person_PhoneNumber::set_allocated_number(::std::string* number) {
  if (number_ != &::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited()) {
    delete number_;
  }
  if (number) {
    set_has_number();
    number_ = number;
  } else {
    clear_has_number();
    number_ = const_cast< ::std::string*>(&::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
  }
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_allocated:tutorial.Person.PhoneNumber.number)
}

// optional .tutorial.Person.PhoneType type = 2 [default = HOME];
inline bool Person_PhoneNumber::has_type() const {
  return (_has_bits_[0] & 0x00000002u) != 0;
}
inline void Person_PhoneNumber::set_has_type() {
  _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
}
inline void Person_PhoneNumber::clear_has_type() {
  _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000002u;
}
inline void Person_PhoneNumber::clear_type() {
  type_ = 1;
  clear_has_type();
}
inline ::tutorial::Person_PhoneType Person_PhoneNumber::type() const {
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_get:tutorial.Person.PhoneNumber.type)
  return static_cast< ::tutorial::Person_PhoneType >(type_);
}
inline void Person_PhoneNumber::set_type(::tutorial::Person_PhoneType value) {
  assert(::tutorial::Person_PhoneType_IsValid(value));
  set_has_type();
  type_ = value;
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set:tutorial.Person.PhoneNumber.type)
}

// -------------------------------------------------------------------

// Person

// required string name = 1;
inline bool Person::has_name() const {
  return (_has_bits_[0] & 0x00000001u) != 0;
}
inline void Person::set_has_name() {
  _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000001u;
}
inline void Person::clear_has_name() {
  _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000001u;
}
inline void Person::clear_name() {
  if (name_ != &::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited()) {
    name_->clear();
  }
  clear_has_name();
}
inline const ::std::string& Person::name() const {
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_get:tutorial.Person.name)
  return *name_;
}
inline void Person::set_name(const ::std::string& value) {
  set_has_name();
  if (name_ == &::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited()) {
    name_ = new ::std::string;
  }
  name_->assign(value);
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set:tutorial.Person.name)
}
inline void Person::set_name(const char* value) {
  set_has_name();
  if (name_ == &::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited()) {
    name_ = new ::std::string;
  }
  name_->assign(value);
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:tutorial.Person.name)
}
inline void Person::set_name(const char* value, size_t size) {
  set_has_name();
  if (name_ == &::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited()) {
    name_ = new ::std::string;
  }
  name_->assign(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size);
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:tutorial.Person.name)
}
inline ::std::string* Person::mutable_name() {
  set_has_name();
  if (name_ == &::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited()) {
    name_ = new ::std::string;
  }
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_mutable:tutorial.Person.name)
  return name_;
}
inline ::std::string* Person::release_name() {
  clear_has_name();
  if (name_ == &::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited()) {
    return NULL;
  } else {
    ::std::string* temp = name_;
    name_ = const_cast< ::std::string*>(&::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
    return temp;
  }
}
inline void Person::set_allocated_name(::std::string* name) {
  if (name_ != &::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited()) {
    delete name_;
  }
  if (name) {
    set_has_name();
    name_ = name;
  } else {
    clear_has_name();
    name_ = const_cast< ::std::string*>(&::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
  }
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_allocated:tutorial.Person.name)
}

// required int32 id = 2;
inline bool Person::has_id() const {
  return (_has_bits_[0] & 0x00000002u) != 0;
}
inline void Person::set_has_id() {
  _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000002u;
}
inline void Person::clear_has_id() {
  _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000002u;
}
inline void Person::clear_id() {
  id_ = 0;
  clear_has_id();
}
inline ::google::protobuf::int32 Person::id() const {
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_get:tutorial.Person.id)
  return id_;
}
inline void Person::set_id(::google::protobuf::int32 value) {
  set_has_id();
  id_ = value;
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set:tutorial.Person.id)
}

// optional string email = 3;
inline bool Person::has_email() const {
  return (_has_bits_[0] & 0x00000004u) != 0;
}
inline void Person::set_has_email() {
  _has_bits_[0] |= 0x00000004u;
}
inline void Person::clear_has_email() {
  _has_bits_[0] &= ~0x00000004u;
}
inline void Person::clear_email() {
  if (email_ != &::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited()) {
    email_->clear();
  }
  clear_has_email();
}
inline const ::std::string& Person::email() const {
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_get:tutorial.Person.email)
  return *email_;
}
inline void Person::set_email(const ::std::string& value) {
  set_has_email();
  if (email_ == &::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited()) {
    email_ = new ::std::string;
  }
  email_->assign(value);
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set:tutorial.Person.email)
}
inline void Person::set_email(const char* value) {
  set_has_email();
  if (email_ == &::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited()) {
    email_ = new ::std::string;
  }
  email_->assign(value);
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_char:tutorial.Person.email)
}
inline void Person::set_email(const char* value, size_t size) {
  set_has_email();
  if (email_ == &::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited()) {
    email_ = new ::std::string;
  }
  email_->assign(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(value), size);
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_pointer:tutorial.Person.email)
}
inline ::std::string* Person::mutable_email() {
  set_has_email();
  if (email_ == &::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited()) {
    email_ = new ::std::string;
  }
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_mutable:tutorial.Person.email)
  return email_;
}
inline ::std::string* Person::release_email() {
  clear_has_email();
  if (email_ == &::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited()) {
    return NULL;
  } else {
    ::std::string* temp = email_;
    email_ = const_cast< ::std::string*>(&::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
    return temp;
  }
}
inline void Person::set_allocated_email(::std::string* email) {
  if (email_ != &::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited()) {
    delete email_;
  }
  if (email) {
    set_has_email();
    email_ = email;
  } else {
    clear_has_email();
    email_ = const_cast< ::std::string*>(&::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
  }
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_set_allocated:tutorial.Person.email)
}

// repeated .tutorial.Person.PhoneNumber phone = 4;
inline int Person::phone_size() const {
  return phone_.size();
}
inline void Person::clear_phone() {
  phone_.Clear();
}
inline const ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber& Person::phone(int index) const {
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_get:tutorial.Person.phone)
  return phone_.Get(index);
}
inline ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber* Person::mutable_phone(int index) {
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_mutable:tutorial.Person.phone)
  return phone_.Mutable(index);
}
inline ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber* Person::add_phone() {
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_add:tutorial.Person.phone)
  return phone_.Add();
}
inline const ::google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField< ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber >&
Person::phone() const {
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_list:tutorial.Person.phone)
  return phone_;
}
inline ::google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField< ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber >*
Person::mutable_phone() {
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_mutable_list:tutorial.Person.phone)
  return &phone_;
}

// -------------------------------------------------------------------

// AddressBook

// repeated .tutorial.Person person = 1;
inline int AddressBook::person_size() const {
  return person_.size();
}
inline void AddressBook::clear_person() {
  person_.Clear();
}
inline const ::tutorial::Person& AddressBook::person(int index) const {
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_get:tutorial.AddressBook.person)
  return person_.Get(index);
}
inline ::tutorial::Person* AddressBook::mutable_person(int index) {
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_mutable:tutorial.AddressBook.person)
  return person_.Mutable(index);
}
inline ::tutorial::Person* AddressBook::add_person() {
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_add:tutorial.AddressBook.person)
  return person_.Add();
}
inline const ::google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField< ::tutorial::Person >&
AddressBook::person() const {
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_list:tutorial.AddressBook.person)
  return person_;
}
inline ::google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField< ::tutorial::Person >*
AddressBook::mutable_person() {
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(field_mutable_list:tutorial.AddressBook.person)
  return &person_;
}


// @@protoc_insertion_point(namespace_scope)

}  // namespace tutorial

#ifndef SWIG
namespace google {
namespace protobuf {

template <> struct is_proto_enum< ::tutorial::Person_PhoneType> : ::google::protobuf::internal::true_type {};
template <>
inline const EnumDescriptor* GetEnumDescriptor< ::tutorial::Person_PhoneType>() {
  return ::tutorial::Person_PhoneType_descriptor();
}

}  // namespace google
}  // namespace protobuf
#endif  // SWIG

// @@protoc_insertion_point(global_scope)

#endif  // PROTOBUF_addressbook_2eproto__INCLUDED

addressbook.pb.cc

// Generated by the protocol buffer compiler.  DO NOT EDIT!
// source: addressbook.proto

#define INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_PROTOBUF_FIELD_DEPRECATION
#include "addressbook.pb.h"

#include <algorithm>

#include <google/protobuf/stubs/common.h>
#include <google/protobuf/stubs/once.h>
#include <google/protobuf/io/coded_stream.h>
#include <google/protobuf/wire_format_lite_inl.h>
#include <google/protobuf/descriptor.h>
#include <google/protobuf/generated_message_reflection.h>
#include <google/protobuf/reflection_ops.h>
#include <google/protobuf/wire_format.h>
// @@protoc_insertion_point(includes)

namespace tutorial {

namespace {

const ::google::protobuf::Descriptor* Person_descriptor_ = NULL;
const ::google::protobuf::internal::GeneratedMessageReflection*
  Person_reflection_ = NULL;
const ::google::protobuf::Descriptor* Person_PhoneNumber_descriptor_ = NULL;
const ::google::protobuf::internal::GeneratedMessageReflection*
  Person_PhoneNumber_reflection_ = NULL;
const ::google::protobuf::EnumDescriptor* Person_PhoneType_descriptor_ = NULL;
const ::google::protobuf::Descriptor* AddressBook_descriptor_ = NULL;
const ::google::protobuf::internal::GeneratedMessageReflection*
  AddressBook_reflection_ = NULL;

}  // namespace


void protobuf_AssignDesc_addressbook_2eproto() {
  protobuf_AddDesc_addressbook_2eproto();
  const ::google::protobuf::FileDescriptor* file =
    ::google::protobuf::DescriptorPool::generated_pool()->FindFileByName(
      "addressbook.proto");
  GOOGLE_CHECK(file != NULL);
  Person_descriptor_ = file->message_type(0);
  static const int Person_offsets_[4] = {
    GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_GENERATED_MESSAGE_FIELD_OFFSET(Person, name_),
    GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_GENERATED_MESSAGE_FIELD_OFFSET(Person, id_),
    GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_GENERATED_MESSAGE_FIELD_OFFSET(Person, email_),
    GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_GENERATED_MESSAGE_FIELD_OFFSET(Person, phone_),
  };
  Person_reflection_ =
    new ::google::protobuf::internal::GeneratedMessageReflection(
      Person_descriptor_,
      Person::default_instance_,
      Person_offsets_,
      GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_GENERATED_MESSAGE_FIELD_OFFSET(Person, _has_bits_[0]),
      GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_GENERATED_MESSAGE_FIELD_OFFSET(Person, _unknown_fields_),
      -1,
      ::google::protobuf::DescriptorPool::generated_pool(),
      ::google::protobuf::MessageFactory::generated_factory(),
      sizeof(Person));
  Person_PhoneNumber_descriptor_ = Person_descriptor_->nested_type(0);
  static const int Person_PhoneNumber_offsets_[2] = {
    GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_GENERATED_MESSAGE_FIELD_OFFSET(Person_PhoneNumber, number_),
    GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_GENERATED_MESSAGE_FIELD_OFFSET(Person_PhoneNumber, type_),
  };
  Person_PhoneNumber_reflection_ =
    new ::google::protobuf::internal::GeneratedMessageReflection(
      Person_PhoneNumber_descriptor_,
      Person_PhoneNumber::default_instance_,
      Person_PhoneNumber_offsets_,
      GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_GENERATED_MESSAGE_FIELD_OFFSET(Person_PhoneNumber, _has_bits_[0]),
      GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_GENERATED_MESSAGE_FIELD_OFFSET(Person_PhoneNumber, _unknown_fields_),
      -1,
      ::google::protobuf::DescriptorPool::generated_pool(),
      ::google::protobuf::MessageFactory::generated_factory(),
      sizeof(Person_PhoneNumber));
  Person_PhoneType_descriptor_ = Person_descriptor_->enum_type(0);
  AddressBook_descriptor_ = file->message_type(1);
  static const int AddressBook_offsets_[1] = {
    GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_GENERATED_MESSAGE_FIELD_OFFSET(AddressBook, person_),
  };
  AddressBook_reflection_ =
    new ::google::protobuf::internal::GeneratedMessageReflection(
      AddressBook_descriptor_,
      AddressBook::default_instance_,
      AddressBook_offsets_,
      GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_GENERATED_MESSAGE_FIELD_OFFSET(AddressBook, _has_bits_[0]),
      GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_GENERATED_MESSAGE_FIELD_OFFSET(AddressBook, _unknown_fields_),
      -1,
      ::google::protobuf::DescriptorPool::generated_pool(),
      ::google::protobuf::MessageFactory::generated_factory(),
      sizeof(AddressBook));
}

namespace {

GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_DECLARE_ONCE(protobuf_AssignDescriptors_once_);
inline void protobuf_AssignDescriptorsOnce() {
  ::google::protobuf::GoogleOnceInit(&protobuf_AssignDescriptors_once_,
                 &protobuf_AssignDesc_addressbook_2eproto);
}

void protobuf_RegisterTypes(const ::std::string&) {
  protobuf_AssignDescriptorsOnce();
  ::google::protobuf::MessageFactory::InternalRegisterGeneratedMessage(
    Person_descriptor_, &Person::default_instance());
  ::google::protobuf::MessageFactory::InternalRegisterGeneratedMessage(
    Person_PhoneNumber_descriptor_, &Person_PhoneNumber::default_instance());
  ::google::protobuf::MessageFactory::InternalRegisterGeneratedMessage(
    AddressBook_descriptor_, &AddressBook::default_instance());
}

}  // namespace

void protobuf_ShutdownFile_addressbook_2eproto() {
  delete Person::default_instance_;
  delete Person_reflection_;
  delete Person_PhoneNumber::default_instance_;
  delete Person_PhoneNumber_reflection_;
  delete AddressBook::default_instance_;
  delete AddressBook_reflection_;
}

void protobuf_AddDesc_addressbook_2eproto() {
  static bool already_here = false;
  if (already_here) return;
  already_here = true;
  GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_VERIFY_VERSION;

  ::google::protobuf::DescriptorPool::InternalAddGeneratedFile(
    "\n\021addressbook.proto\022\010tutorial\"\332\001\n\006Person"
    "\022\014\n\004name\030\001 \002(\t\022\n\n\002id\030\002 \002(\005\022\r\n\005email\030\003 \001("
    "\t\022+\n\005phone\030\004 \003(\0132\034.tutorial.Person.Phone"
    "Number\032M\n\013PhoneNumber\022\016\n\006number\030\001 \002(\t\022.\n"
    "\004type\030\002 \001(\0162\032.tutorial.Person.PhoneType:"
    "\004HOME\"+\n\tPhoneType\022\n\n\006MOBILE\020\000\022\010\n\004HOME\020\001"
    "\022\010\n\004WORK\020\002\"/\n\013AddressBook\022 \n\006person\030\001 \003("
    "\0132\020.tutorial.Person", 299);
  ::google::protobuf::MessageFactory::InternalRegisterGeneratedFile(
    "addressbook.proto", &protobuf_RegisterTypes);
  Person::default_instance_ = new Person();
  Person_PhoneNumber::default_instance_ = new Person_PhoneNumber();
  AddressBook::default_instance_ = new AddressBook();
  Person::default_instance_->InitAsDefaultInstance();
  Person_PhoneNumber::default_instance_->InitAsDefaultInstance();
  AddressBook::default_instance_->InitAsDefaultInstance();
  ::google::protobuf::internal::OnShutdown(&protobuf_ShutdownFile_addressbook_2eproto);
}

// Force AddDescriptors() to be called at static initialization time.
struct StaticDescriptorInitializer_addressbook_2eproto {
  StaticDescriptorInitializer_addressbook_2eproto() {
    protobuf_AddDesc_addressbook_2eproto();
  }
} static_descriptor_initializer_addressbook_2eproto_;

// ===================================================================

const ::google::protobuf::EnumDescriptor* Person_PhoneType_descriptor() {
  protobuf_AssignDescriptorsOnce();
  return Person_PhoneType_descriptor_;
}
bool Person_PhoneType_IsValid(int value) {
  switch(value) {
    case 0:
    case 1:
    case 2:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

#ifndef _MSC_VER
const Person_PhoneType Person::MOBILE;
const Person_PhoneType Person::HOME;
const Person_PhoneType Person::WORK;
const Person_PhoneType Person::PhoneType_MIN;
const Person_PhoneType Person::PhoneType_MAX;
const int Person::PhoneType_ARRAYSIZE;
#endif  // _MSC_VER
#ifndef _MSC_VER
const int Person_PhoneNumber::kNumberFieldNumber;
const int Person_PhoneNumber::kTypeFieldNumber;
#endif  // !_MSC_VER

Person_PhoneNumber::Person_PhoneNumber()
  : ::google::protobuf::Message() {
  SharedCtor();
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(constructor:tutorial.Person.PhoneNumber)
}

void Person_PhoneNumber::InitAsDefaultInstance() {
}

Person_PhoneNumber::Person_PhoneNumber(const Person_PhoneNumber& from)
  : ::google::protobuf::Message() {
  SharedCtor();
  MergeFrom(from);
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(copy_constructor:tutorial.Person.PhoneNumber)
}

void Person_PhoneNumber::SharedCtor() {
  ::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyString();
  _cached_size_ = 0;
  number_ = const_cast< ::std::string*>(&::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
  type_ = 1;
  ::memset(_has_bits_, 0, sizeof(_has_bits_));
}

Person_PhoneNumber::~Person_PhoneNumber() {
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(destructor:tutorial.Person.PhoneNumber)
  SharedDtor();
}

void Person_PhoneNumber::SharedDtor() {
  if (number_ != &::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited()) {
    delete number_;
  }
  if (this != default_instance_) {
  }
}

void Person_PhoneNumber::SetCachedSize(int size) const {
  GOOGLE_SAFE_CONCURRENT_WRITES_BEGIN();
  _cached_size_ = size;
  GOOGLE_SAFE_CONCURRENT_WRITES_END();
}
const ::google::protobuf::Descriptor* Person_PhoneNumber::descriptor() {
  protobuf_AssignDescriptorsOnce();
  return Person_PhoneNumber_descriptor_;
}

const Person_PhoneNumber& Person_PhoneNumber::default_instance() {
  if (default_instance_ == NULL) protobuf_AddDesc_addressbook_2eproto();
  return *default_instance_;
}

Person_PhoneNumber* Person_PhoneNumber::default_instance_ = NULL;

Person_PhoneNumber* Person_PhoneNumber::New() const {
  return new Person_PhoneNumber;
}

void Person_PhoneNumber::Clear() {
  if (_has_bits_[0 / 32] & 3) {
    if (has_number()) {
      if (number_ != &::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited()) {
        number_->clear();
      }
    }
    type_ = 1;
  }
  ::memset(_has_bits_, 0, sizeof(_has_bits_));
  mutable_unknown_fields()->Clear();
}

bool Person_PhoneNumber::MergePartialFromCodedStream(
    ::google::protobuf::io::CodedInputStream* input) {
#define DO_(EXPRESSION) if (!(EXPRESSION)) goto failure
  ::google::protobuf::uint32 tag;
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(parse_start:tutorial.Person.PhoneNumber)
  for (;;) {
    ::std::pair< ::google::protobuf::uint32, bool> p = input->ReadTagWithCutoff(127);
    tag = p.first;
    if (!p.second) goto handle_unusual;
    switch (::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::GetTagFieldNumber(tag)) {
      // required string number = 1;
      case 1: {
        if (tag == 10) {
          DO_(::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::ReadString(
                input, this->mutable_number()));
          ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormat::VerifyUTF8StringNamedField(
            this->number().data(), this->number().length(),
            ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormat::PARSE,
            "number");
        } else {
          goto handle_unusual;
        }
        if (input->ExpectTag(16)) goto parse_type;
        break;
      }

      // optional .tutorial.Person.PhoneType type = 2 [default = HOME];
      case 2: {
        if (tag == 16) {
         parse_type:
          int value;
          DO_((::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::ReadPrimitive<
                   int, ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::TYPE_ENUM>(
                 input, &value)));
          if (::tutorial::Person_PhoneType_IsValid(value)) {
            set_type(static_cast< ::tutorial::Person_PhoneType >(value));
          } else {
            mutable_unknown_fields()->AddVarint(2, value);
          }
        } else {
          goto handle_unusual;
        }
        if (input->ExpectAtEnd()) goto success;
        break;
      }

      default: {
      handle_unusual:
        if (tag == 0 ||
            ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::GetTagWireType(tag) ==
            ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::WIRETYPE_END_GROUP) {
          goto success;
        }
        DO_(::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormat::SkipField(
              input, tag, mutable_unknown_fields()));
        break;
      }
    }
  }
success:
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(parse_success:tutorial.Person.PhoneNumber)
  return true;
failure:
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(parse_failure:tutorial.Person.PhoneNumber)
  return false;
#undef DO_
}

void Person_PhoneNumber::SerializeWithCachedSizes(
    ::google::protobuf::io::CodedOutputStream* output) const {
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(serialize_start:tutorial.Person.PhoneNumber)
  // required string number = 1;
  if (has_number()) {
    ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormat::VerifyUTF8StringNamedField(
      this->number().data(), this->number().length(),
      ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormat::SERIALIZE,
      "number");
    ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::WriteStringMaybeAliased(
      1, this->number(), output);
  }

  // optional .tutorial.Person.PhoneType type = 2 [default = HOME];
  if (has_type()) {
    ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::WriteEnum(
      2, this->type(), output);
  }

  if (!unknown_fields().empty()) {
    ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormat::SerializeUnknownFields(
        unknown_fields(), output);
  }
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(serialize_end:tutorial.Person.PhoneNumber)
}

::google::protobuf::uint8* Person_PhoneNumber::SerializeWithCachedSizesToArray(
    ::google::protobuf::uint8* target) const {
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(serialize_to_array_start:tutorial.Person.PhoneNumber)
  // required string number = 1;
  if (has_number()) {
    ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormat::VerifyUTF8StringNamedField(
      this->number().data(), this->number().length(),
      ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormat::SERIALIZE,
      "number");
    target =
      ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::WriteStringToArray(
        1, this->number(), target);
  }

  // optional .tutorial.Person.PhoneType type = 2 [default = HOME];
  if (has_type()) {
    target = ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::WriteEnumToArray(
      2, this->type(), target);
  }

  if (!unknown_fields().empty()) {
    target = ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormat::SerializeUnknownFieldsToArray(
        unknown_fields(), target);
  }
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(serialize_to_array_end:tutorial.Person.PhoneNumber)
  return target;
}

int Person_PhoneNumber::ByteSize() const {
  int total_size = 0;

  if (_has_bits_[0 / 32] & (0xffu << (0 % 32))) {
    // required string number = 1;
    if (has_number()) {
      total_size += 1 +
        ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::StringSize(
          this->number());
    }

    // optional .tutorial.Person.PhoneType type = 2 [default = HOME];
    if (has_type()) {
      total_size += 1 +
        ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::EnumSize(this->type());
    }

  }
  if (!unknown_fields().empty()) {
    total_size +=
      ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormat::ComputeUnknownFieldsSize(
        unknown_fields());
  }
  GOOGLE_SAFE_CONCURRENT_WRITES_BEGIN();
  _cached_size_ = total_size;
  GOOGLE_SAFE_CONCURRENT_WRITES_END();
  return total_size;
}

void Person_PhoneNumber::MergeFrom(const ::google::protobuf::Message& from) {
  GOOGLE_CHECK_NE(&from, this);
  const Person_PhoneNumber* source =
    ::google::protobuf::internal::dynamic_cast_if_available<const Person_PhoneNumber*>(
      &from);
  if (source == NULL) {
    ::google::protobuf::internal::ReflectionOps::Merge(from, this);
  } else {
    MergeFrom(*source);
  }
}

void Person_PhoneNumber::MergeFrom(const Person_PhoneNumber& from) {
  GOOGLE_CHECK_NE(&from, this);
  if (from._has_bits_[0 / 32] & (0xffu << (0 % 32))) {
    if (from.has_number()) {
      set_number(from.number());
    }
    if (from.has_type()) {
      set_type(from.type());
    }
  }
  mutable_unknown_fields()->MergeFrom(from.unknown_fields());
}

void Person_PhoneNumber::CopyFrom(const ::google::protobuf::Message& from) {
  if (&from == this) return;
  Clear();
  MergeFrom(from);
}

void Person_PhoneNumber::CopyFrom(const Person_PhoneNumber& from) {
  if (&from == this) return;
  Clear();
  MergeFrom(from);
}

bool Person_PhoneNumber::IsInitialized() const {
  if ((_has_bits_[0] & 0x00000001) != 0x00000001) return false;

  return true;
}

void Person_PhoneNumber::Swap(Person_PhoneNumber* other) {
  if (other != this) {
    std::swap(number_, other->number_);
    std::swap(type_, other->type_);
    std::swap(_has_bits_[0], other->_has_bits_[0]);
    _unknown_fields_.Swap(&other->_unknown_fields_);
    std::swap(_cached_size_, other->_cached_size_);
  }
}

::google::protobuf::Metadata Person_PhoneNumber::GetMetadata() const {
  protobuf_AssignDescriptorsOnce();
  ::google::protobuf::Metadata metadata;
  metadata.descriptor = Person_PhoneNumber_descriptor_;
  metadata.reflection = Person_PhoneNumber_reflection_;
  return metadata;
}


// -------------------------------------------------------------------

#ifndef _MSC_VER
const int Person::kNameFieldNumber;
const int Person::kIdFieldNumber;
const int Person::kEmailFieldNumber;
const int Person::kPhoneFieldNumber;
#endif  // !_MSC_VER

Person::Person()
  : ::google::protobuf::Message() {
  SharedCtor();
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(constructor:tutorial.Person)
}

void Person::InitAsDefaultInstance() {
}

Person::Person(const Person& from)
  : ::google::protobuf::Message() {
  SharedCtor();
  MergeFrom(from);
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(copy_constructor:tutorial.Person)
}

void Person::SharedCtor() {
  ::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyString();
  _cached_size_ = 0;
  name_ = const_cast< ::std::string*>(&::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
  id_ = 0;
  email_ = const_cast< ::std::string*>(&::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited());
  ::memset(_has_bits_, 0, sizeof(_has_bits_));
}

Person::~Person() {
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(destructor:tutorial.Person)
  SharedDtor();
}

void Person::SharedDtor() {
  if (name_ != &::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited()) {
    delete name_;
  }
  if (email_ != &::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited()) {
    delete email_;
  }
  if (this != default_instance_) {
  }
}

void Person::SetCachedSize(int size) const {
  GOOGLE_SAFE_CONCURRENT_WRITES_BEGIN();
  _cached_size_ = size;
  GOOGLE_SAFE_CONCURRENT_WRITES_END();
}
const ::google::protobuf::Descriptor* Person::descriptor() {
  protobuf_AssignDescriptorsOnce();
  return Person_descriptor_;
}

const Person& Person::default_instance() {
  if (default_instance_ == NULL) protobuf_AddDesc_addressbook_2eproto();
  return *default_instance_;
}

Person* Person::default_instance_ = NULL;

Person* Person::New() const {
  return new Person;
}

void Person::Clear() {
  if (_has_bits_[0 / 32] & 7) {
    if (has_name()) {
      if (name_ != &::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited()) {
        name_->clear();
      }
    }
    id_ = 0;
    if (has_email()) {
      if (email_ != &::google::protobuf::internal::GetEmptyStringAlreadyInited()) {
        email_->clear();
      }
    }
  }
  phone_.Clear();
  ::memset(_has_bits_, 0, sizeof(_has_bits_));
  mutable_unknown_fields()->Clear();
}

bool Person::MergePartialFromCodedStream(
    ::google::protobuf::io::CodedInputStream* input) {
#define DO_(EXPRESSION) if (!(EXPRESSION)) goto failure
  ::google::protobuf::uint32 tag;
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(parse_start:tutorial.Person)
  for (;;) {
    ::std::pair< ::google::protobuf::uint32, bool> p = input->ReadTagWithCutoff(127);
    tag = p.first;
    if (!p.second) goto handle_unusual;
    switch (::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::GetTagFieldNumber(tag)) {
      // required string name = 1;
      case 1: {
        if (tag == 10) {
          DO_(::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::ReadString(
                input, this->mutable_name()));
          ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormat::VerifyUTF8StringNamedField(
            this->name().data(), this->name().length(),
            ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormat::PARSE,
            "name");
        } else {
          goto handle_unusual;
        }
        if (input->ExpectTag(16)) goto parse_id;
        break;
      }

      // required int32 id = 2;
      case 2: {
        if (tag == 16) {
         parse_id:
          DO_((::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::ReadPrimitive<
                   ::google::protobuf::int32, ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::TYPE_INT32>(
                 input, &id_)));
          set_has_id();
        } else {
          goto handle_unusual;
        }
        if (input->ExpectTag(26)) goto parse_email;
        break;
      }

      // optional string email = 3;
      case 3: {
        if (tag == 26) {
         parse_email:
          DO_(::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::ReadString(
                input, this->mutable_email()));
          ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormat::VerifyUTF8StringNamedField(
            this->email().data(), this->email().length(),
            ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormat::PARSE,
            "email");
        } else {
          goto handle_unusual;
        }
        if (input->ExpectTag(34)) goto parse_phone;
        break;
      }

      // repeated .tutorial.Person.PhoneNumber phone = 4;
      case 4: {
        if (tag == 34) {
         parse_phone:
          DO_(::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::ReadMessageNoVirtual(
                input, add_phone()));
        } else {
          goto handle_unusual;
        }
        if (input->ExpectTag(34)) goto parse_phone;
        if (input->ExpectAtEnd()) goto success;
        break;
      }

      default: {
      handle_unusual:
        if (tag == 0 ||
            ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::GetTagWireType(tag) ==
            ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::WIRETYPE_END_GROUP) {
          goto success;
        }
        DO_(::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormat::SkipField(
              input, tag, mutable_unknown_fields()));
        break;
      }
    }
  }
success:
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(parse_success:tutorial.Person)
  return true;
failure:
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(parse_failure:tutorial.Person)
  return false;
#undef DO_
}

void Person::SerializeWithCachedSizes(
    ::google::protobuf::io::CodedOutputStream* output) const {
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(serialize_start:tutorial.Person)
  // required string name = 1;
  if (has_name()) {
    ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormat::VerifyUTF8StringNamedField(
      this->name().data(), this->name().length(),
      ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormat::SERIALIZE,
      "name");
    ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::WriteStringMaybeAliased(
      1, this->name(), output);
  }

  // required int32 id = 2;
  if (has_id()) {
    ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::WriteInt32(2, this->id(), output);
  }

  // optional string email = 3;
  if (has_email()) {
    ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormat::VerifyUTF8StringNamedField(
      this->email().data(), this->email().length(),
      ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormat::SERIALIZE,
      "email");
    ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::WriteStringMaybeAliased(
      3, this->email(), output);
  }

  // repeated .tutorial.Person.PhoneNumber phone = 4;
  for (int i = 0; i < this->phone_size(); i++) {
    ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::WriteMessageMaybeToArray(
      4, this->phone(i), output);
  }

  if (!unknown_fields().empty()) {
    ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormat::SerializeUnknownFields(
        unknown_fields(), output);
  }
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(serialize_end:tutorial.Person)
}

::google::protobuf::uint8* Person::SerializeWithCachedSizesToArray(
    ::google::protobuf::uint8* target) const {
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(serialize_to_array_start:tutorial.Person)
  // required string name = 1;
  if (has_name()) {
    ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormat::VerifyUTF8StringNamedField(
      this->name().data(), this->name().length(),
      ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormat::SERIALIZE,
      "name");
    target =
      ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::WriteStringToArray(
        1, this->name(), target);
  }

  // required int32 id = 2;
  if (has_id()) {
    target = ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::WriteInt32ToArray(2, this->id(), target);
  }

  // optional string email = 3;
  if (has_email()) {
    ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormat::VerifyUTF8StringNamedField(
      this->email().data(), this->email().length(),
      ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormat::SERIALIZE,
      "email");
    target =
      ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::WriteStringToArray(
        3, this->email(), target);
  }

  // repeated .tutorial.Person.PhoneNumber phone = 4;
  for (int i = 0; i < this->phone_size(); i++) {
    target = ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::
      WriteMessageNoVirtualToArray(
        4, this->phone(i), target);
  }

  if (!unknown_fields().empty()) {
    target = ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormat::SerializeUnknownFieldsToArray(
        unknown_fields(), target);
  }
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(serialize_to_array_end:tutorial.Person)
  return target;
}

int Person::ByteSize() const {
  int total_size = 0;

  if (_has_bits_[0 / 32] & (0xffu << (0 % 32))) {
    // required string name = 1;
    if (has_name()) {
      total_size += 1 +
        ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::StringSize(
          this->name());
    }

    // required int32 id = 2;
    if (has_id()) {
      total_size += 1 +
        ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::Int32Size(
          this->id());
    }

    // optional string email = 3;
    if (has_email()) {
      total_size += 1 +
        ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::StringSize(
          this->email());
    }

  }
  // repeated .tutorial.Person.PhoneNumber phone = 4;
  total_size += 1 * this->phone_size();
  for (int i = 0; i < this->phone_size(); i++) {
    total_size +=
      ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::MessageSizeNoVirtual(
        this->phone(i));
  }

  if (!unknown_fields().empty()) {
    total_size +=
      ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormat::ComputeUnknownFieldsSize(
        unknown_fields());
  }
  GOOGLE_SAFE_CONCURRENT_WRITES_BEGIN();
  _cached_size_ = total_size;
  GOOGLE_SAFE_CONCURRENT_WRITES_END();
  return total_size;
}

void Person::MergeFrom(const ::google::protobuf::Message& from) {
  GOOGLE_CHECK_NE(&from, this);
  const Person* source =
    ::google::protobuf::internal::dynamic_cast_if_available<const Person*>(
      &from);
  if (source == NULL) {
    ::google::protobuf::internal::ReflectionOps::Merge(from, this);
  } else {
    MergeFrom(*source);
  }
}

void Person::MergeFrom(const Person& from) {
  GOOGLE_CHECK_NE(&from, this);
  phone_.MergeFrom(from.phone_);
  if (from._has_bits_[0 / 32] & (0xffu << (0 % 32))) {
    if (from.has_name()) {
      set_name(from.name());
    }
    if (from.has_id()) {
      set_id(from.id());
    }
    if (from.has_email()) {
      set_email(from.email());
    }
  }
  mutable_unknown_fields()->MergeFrom(from.unknown_fields());
}

void Person::CopyFrom(const ::google::protobuf::Message& from) {
  if (&from == this) return;
  Clear();
  MergeFrom(from);
}

void Person::CopyFrom(const Person& from) {
  if (&from == this) return;
  Clear();
  MergeFrom(from);
}

bool Person::IsInitialized() const {
  if ((_has_bits_[0] & 0x00000003) != 0x00000003) return false;

  if (!::google::protobuf::internal::AllAreInitialized(this->phone())) return false;
  return true;
}

void Person::Swap(Person* other) {
  if (other != this) {
    std::swap(name_, other->name_);
    std::swap(id_, other->id_);
    std::swap(email_, other->email_);
    phone_.Swap(&other->phone_);
    std::swap(_has_bits_[0], other->_has_bits_[0]);
    _unknown_fields_.Swap(&other->_unknown_fields_);
    std::swap(_cached_size_, other->_cached_size_);
  }
}

::google::protobuf::Metadata Person::GetMetadata() const {
  protobuf_AssignDescriptorsOnce();
  ::google::protobuf::Metadata metadata;
  metadata.descriptor = Person_descriptor_;
  metadata.reflection = Person_reflection_;
  return metadata;
}


// ===================================================================

#ifndef _MSC_VER
const int AddressBook::kPersonFieldNumber;
#endif  // !_MSC_VER

AddressBook::AddressBook()
  : ::google::protobuf::Message() {
  SharedCtor();
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(constructor:tutorial.AddressBook)
}

void AddressBook::InitAsDefaultInstance() {
}

AddressBook::AddressBook(const AddressBook& from)
  : ::google::protobuf::Message() {
  SharedCtor();
  MergeFrom(from);
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(copy_constructor:tutorial.AddressBook)
}

void AddressBook::SharedCtor() {
  _cached_size_ = 0;
  ::memset(_has_bits_, 0, sizeof(_has_bits_));
}

AddressBook::~AddressBook() {
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(destructor:tutorial.AddressBook)
  SharedDtor();
}

void AddressBook::SharedDtor() {
  if (this != default_instance_) {
  }
}

void AddressBook::SetCachedSize(int size) const {
  GOOGLE_SAFE_CONCURRENT_WRITES_BEGIN();
  _cached_size_ = size;
  GOOGLE_SAFE_CONCURRENT_WRITES_END();
}
const ::google::protobuf::Descriptor* AddressBook::descriptor() {
  protobuf_AssignDescriptorsOnce();
  return AddressBook_descriptor_;
}

const AddressBook& AddressBook::default_instance() {
  if (default_instance_ == NULL) protobuf_AddDesc_addressbook_2eproto();
  return *default_instance_;
}

AddressBook* AddressBook::default_instance_ = NULL;

AddressBook* AddressBook::New() const {
  return new AddressBook;
}

void AddressBook::Clear() {
  person_.Clear();
  ::memset(_has_bits_, 0, sizeof(_has_bits_));
  mutable_unknown_fields()->Clear();
}

bool AddressBook::MergePartialFromCodedStream(
    ::google::protobuf::io::CodedInputStream* input) {
#define DO_(EXPRESSION) if (!(EXPRESSION)) goto failure
  ::google::protobuf::uint32 tag;
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(parse_start:tutorial.AddressBook)
  for (;;) {
    ::std::pair< ::google::protobuf::uint32, bool> p = input->ReadTagWithCutoff(127);
    tag = p.first;
    if (!p.second) goto handle_unusual;
    switch (::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::GetTagFieldNumber(tag)) {
      // repeated .tutorial.Person person = 1;
      case 1: {
        if (tag == 10) {
         parse_person:
          DO_(::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::ReadMessageNoVirtual(
                input, add_person()));
        } else {
          goto handle_unusual;
        }
        if (input->ExpectTag(10)) goto parse_person;
        if (input->ExpectAtEnd()) goto success;
        break;
      }

      default: {
      handle_unusual:
        if (tag == 0 ||
            ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::GetTagWireType(tag) ==
            ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::WIRETYPE_END_GROUP) {
          goto success;
        }
        DO_(::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormat::SkipField(
              input, tag, mutable_unknown_fields()));
        break;
      }
    }
  }
success:
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(parse_success:tutorial.AddressBook)
  return true;
failure:
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(parse_failure:tutorial.AddressBook)
  return false;
#undef DO_
}

void AddressBook::SerializeWithCachedSizes(
    ::google::protobuf::io::CodedOutputStream* output) const {
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(serialize_start:tutorial.AddressBook)
  // repeated .tutorial.Person person = 1;
  for (int i = 0; i < this->person_size(); i++) {
    ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::WriteMessageMaybeToArray(
      1, this->person(i), output);
  }

  if (!unknown_fields().empty()) {
    ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormat::SerializeUnknownFields(
        unknown_fields(), output);
  }
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(serialize_end:tutorial.AddressBook)
}

::google::protobuf::uint8* AddressBook::SerializeWithCachedSizesToArray(
    ::google::protobuf::uint8* target) const {
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(serialize_to_array_start:tutorial.AddressBook)
  // repeated .tutorial.Person person = 1;
  for (int i = 0; i < this->person_size(); i++) {
    target = ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::
      WriteMessageNoVirtualToArray(
        1, this->person(i), target);
  }

  if (!unknown_fields().empty()) {
    target = ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormat::SerializeUnknownFieldsToArray(
        unknown_fields(), target);
  }
  // @@protoc_insertion_point(serialize_to_array_end:tutorial.AddressBook)
  return target;
}

int AddressBook::ByteSize() const {
  int total_size = 0;

  // repeated .tutorial.Person person = 1;
  total_size += 1 * this->person_size();
  for (int i = 0; i < this->person_size(); i++) {
    total_size +=
      ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormatLite::MessageSizeNoVirtual(
        this->person(i));
  }

  if (!unknown_fields().empty()) {
    total_size +=
      ::google::protobuf::internal::WireFormat::ComputeUnknownFieldsSize(
        unknown_fields());
  }
  GOOGLE_SAFE_CONCURRENT_WRITES_BEGIN();
  _cached_size_ = total_size;
  GOOGLE_SAFE_CONCURRENT_WRITES_END();
  return total_size;
}

void AddressBook::MergeFrom(const ::google::protobuf::Message& from) {
  GOOGLE_CHECK_NE(&from, this);
  const AddressBook* source =
    ::google::protobuf::internal::dynamic_cast_if_available<const AddressBook*>(
      &from);
  if (source == NULL) {
    ::google::protobuf::internal::ReflectionOps::Merge(from, this);
  } else {
    MergeFrom(*source);
  }
}

void AddressBook::MergeFrom(const AddressBook& from) {
  GOOGLE_CHECK_NE(&from, this);
  person_.MergeFrom(from.person_);
  mutable_unknown_fields()->MergeFrom(from.unknown_fields());
}

void AddressBook::CopyFrom(const ::google::protobuf::Message& from) {
  if (&from == this) return;
  Clear();
  MergeFrom(from);
}

void AddressBook::CopyFrom(const AddressBook& from) {
  if (&from == this) return;
  Clear();
  MergeFrom(from);
}

bool AddressBook::IsInitialized() const {

  if (!::google::protobuf::internal::AllAreInitialized(this->person())) return false;
  return true;
}

void AddressBook::Swap(AddressBook* other) {
  if (other != this) {
    person_.Swap(&other->person_);
    std::swap(_has_bits_[0], other->_has_bits_[0]);
    _unknown_fields_.Swap(&other->_unknown_fields_);
    std::swap(_cached_size_, other->_cached_size_);
  }
}

::google::protobuf::Metadata AddressBook::GetMetadata() const {
  protobuf_AssignDescriptorsOnce();
  ::google::protobuf::Metadata metadata;
  metadata.descriptor = AddressBook_descriptor_;
  metadata.reflection = AddressBook_reflection_;
  return metadata;
}


// @@protoc_insertion_point(namespace_scope)

}  // namespace tutorial

// @@protoc_insertion_point(global_scope)

之後就是學着調用API了。

觀察.h文件可以看到重要的東西如下，仔細體會，就不解釋了（有些我還不懂，以後慢慢懂）。人家的名字取得已經很好了。

// name
  inline bool has_name() const;
  inline void clear_name();
  inline const ::std::string& name() const;
  inline void set_name(const ::std::string& value);
  inline void set_name(const char* value);
  inline ::std::string* mutable_name();

  // id
  inline bool has_id() const;
  inline void clear_id();
  inline int32_t id() const;
  inline void set_id(int32_t value);

  // email
  inline bool has_email() const;
  inline void clear_email();
  inline const ::std::string& email() const;
  inline void set_email(const ::std::string& value);
  inline void set_email(const char* value);
  inline ::std::string* mutable_email();

  // phone
  inline int phone_size() const;
  inline void clear_phone();
  inline const ::google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField< ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber >& phone() const;
  inline ::google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField< ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber >* mutable_phone();
  inline const ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber& phone(int index) const;
  inline ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber* mutable_phone(int index);
  inline ::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber* add_phone();

Standard Message Methods

Each message class also contains a number of other methods that let you check or manipulate the entire message, including:

bool IsInitialized() const;: checks if all the required fields have been set.
string DebugString() const;: returns a human-readable representation of the message, particularly useful for debugging.
void CopyFrom(const Person& from);: overwrites the message with the given message's values.
void Clear();: clears all the elements back to the empty state.

These and the I/O methods described in the following section implement the Message interface shared by all C++ protocol buffer classes. For more info, see thecomplete API documentation for Message.

Parsing and Serialization

Finally, each protocol buffer class has methods for writing and reading messages of your chosen type using the protocol bufferbinary format. These include:

bool SerializeToString(string* output) const;: serializes the message and stores the bytes in the given string. Note that the bytes are binary, not text; we only use thestring class as a convenient container.
bool ParseFromString(const string& data);: parses a message from the given string.
bool SerializeToOstream(ostream* output) const;: writes the message to the given C++ostream.
bool ParseFromIstream(istream* input);: parses a message from the given C++istream.

These are just a couple of the options provided for parsing and serialization. Again, see theMessage API reference for a complete list.

最後就是寫一個測試代碼了。

新建一個test1.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include "addressbook.pb.h"
using namespace std;

// This function fills in a Person message based on user input.
void PromptForAddress(tutorial::Person* person) {
  cout << "Enter person ID number: ";
  int id;
  cin >> id;
  person->set_id(id);
  cin.ignore(256, '\n');

  cout << "Enter name: ";
  getline(cin, *person->mutable_name());

  cout << "Enter email address (blank for none): ";
  string email;
  getline(cin, email);
  if (!email.empty()) {
    person->set_email(email);
  }

  while (true) {
    cout << "Enter a phone number (or leave blank to finish): ";
    string number;
    getline(cin, number);
    if (number.empty()) {
      break;
    }

    tutorial::Person::PhoneNumber* phone_number = person->add_phone();
    phone_number->set_number(number);

    cout << "Is this a mobile, home, or work phone? ";
    string type;
    getline(cin, type);
    if (type == "mobile") {
      phone_number->set_type(tutorial::Person::MOBILE);
    } else if (type == "home") {
      phone_number->set_type(tutorial::Person::HOME);
    } else if (type == "work") {
      phone_number->set_type(tutorial::Person::WORK);
    } else {
      cout << "Unknown phone type.  Using default." << endl;
    }
  }
}

// Main function:  Reads the entire address book from a file,
//   adds one person based on user input, then writes it back out to the same
//   file.
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
  // Verify that the version of the library that we linked against is
  // compatible with the version of the headers we compiled against.
  GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_VERIFY_VERSION;

  if (argc != 2) {
    cerr << "Usage:  " << argv[0] << " ADDRESS_BOOK_FILE" << endl;
    return -1;
  }

  tutorial::AddressBook address_book;

  {
    // Read the existing address book.
    fstream input(argv[1], ios::in | ios::binary);
    if (!input) {
      cout << argv[1] << ": File not found.  Creating a new file." << endl;
    } else if (!address_book.ParseFromIstream(&input)) {
      cerr << "Failed to parse address book." << endl;
      return -1;
    }
  }

  // Add an address.
  PromptForAddress(address_book.add_person());

  {
    // Write the new address book back to disk.
    fstream output(argv[1], ios::out | ios::trunc | ios::binary);
    if (!address_book.SerializeToOstream(&output)) {
      cerr << "Failed to write address book." << endl;
      return -1;
    }
  }

  // Optional:  Delete all global objects allocated by libprotobuf.
  google::protobuf::ShutdownProtobufLibrary();

  return 0;
}

代碼其實就是新建了一個聯繫人，裏面可以放許多聯繫人，電話，email。

然後這樣子編譯。好像使用aptget install並不能讓g++自動找到.so文件。所以手動設置路徑。

g++ test1.cpp addressbook.pb.cc -L /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu -l protobuf -o test1

運行以後會生成一個二進制文件。這個文件也是protocol的最終產物了。一個寫入和加載速度最快，體積最小的東西。

下面一段程序是讀取這個文件的內容。

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include "addressbook.pb.h"
using namespace std;

// Iterates though all people in the AddressBook and prints info about them.
void ListPeople(const tutorial::AddressBook& address_book) {
  for (int i = 0; i < address_book.person_size(); i++) {
    const tutorial::Person& person = address_book.person(i);

    cout << "Person ID: " << person.id() << endl;
    cout << "  Name: " << person.name() << endl;
    if (person.has_email()) {
      cout << "  E-mail address: " << person.email() << endl;
    }

    for (int j = 0; j < person.phone_size(); j++) {
      const tutorial::Person::PhoneNumber& phone_number = person.phone(j);

      switch (phone_number.type()) {
        case tutorial::Person::MOBILE:
          cout << "  Mobile phone #: ";
          break;
        case tutorial::Person::HOME:
          cout << "  Home phone #: ";
          break;
        case tutorial::Person::WORK:
          cout << "  Work phone #: ";
          break;
      }
      cout << phone_number.number() << endl;
    }
  }
}

// Main function:  Reads the entire address book from a file and prints all
//   the information inside.
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
  // Verify that the version of the library that we linked against is
  // compatible with the version of the headers we compiled against.
  GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_VERIFY_VERSION;

  if (argc != 2) {
    cerr << "Usage:  " << argv[0] << " ADDRESS_BOOK_FILE" << endl;
    return -1;
  }

  tutorial::AddressBook address_book;

  {
    // Read the existing address book.
    fstream input(argv[1], ios::in | ios::binary);
    if (!address_book.ParseFromIstream(&input)) {
      cerr << "Failed to parse address book." << endl;
      return -1;
    }
  }

  ListPeople(address_book);

  // Optional:  Delete all global objects allocated by libprotobuf.
  google::protobuf::ShutdownProtobufLibrary();

  return 0;
}

2016.10.18更新一下

谷歌在定義他們的2d雷達數據時是這麼寫的

// Modeled after ROS's MultiEchoLaserScan message.
// http://docs.ros.org/api/sensor_msgs/html/msg/MultiEchoLaserScan.html
message LaserScan {
  message Values {
    repeated float value = 1 [packed = true];
  }

  optional float angle_min = 2;
  optional float angle_max = 3;
  optional float angle_increment = 4;
  optional float time_increment = 5;
  optional float scan_time = 6;
  optional float range_min = 7;
  optional float range_max = 8;

  repeated Values range = 9;
  repeated Values intensity = 10;
}

其中有一句

[packed = true]

這句話的意思是一種優化。因爲歷史原因 repeated的數據不能高效的壓縮和使用，所以使用這個修飾，來實現優化。

路飛洗頭用飄柔

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