如果饿了就吃，困了就睡，渴了就喝，人生就太无趣了
1. 介绍
类Object 是类层次结构的根类。每个类都使用 Object 作为超类。所有对象（包括数组）都实现这个类的方法。
简单来说就是，Object类是所有类的父类，包括我们所写的类，我们在使用类的时候就会利用Object类中的方法
2.常用方法
Object类中的大部分方法都是native方法，用此关键字修饰的方法是Java中的本地方法，一般是用C/C++语言来实现。
2.1 类图
2.2 getClass()
/**
* Returns the runtime class of this {@code Object}. The returned
* {@code Class} object is the object that is locked by {@code
* static synchronized} methods of the represented class.
*
* <p><b>The actual result type is {@code Class<? extends |X|>}
* where {@code |X|} is the erasure of the static type of the
* expression on which {@code getClass} is called.</b> For
* example, no cast is required in this code fragment:</p>
*
* <p>
* {@code Number n = 0; }<br>
* {@code Class<? extends Number> c = n.getClass(); }
* </p>
*
* @return The {@code Class} object that represents the runtime
* class of this object.
* @jls 15.8.2 Class Literals
*/
public final native Class<?> getClass();
- 该类使用了
final关键字，表示此方法不能重写 - 此方法会返回一个类运行时类型。
2.3 hashCode()
/**
* Returns a hash code value for the object. This method is
* supported for the benefit of hash tables such as those provided by
* {@link java.util.HashMap}.
* <p>
* The general contract of {@code hashCode} is:
* <ul>
* <li>Whenever it is invoked on the same object more than once during
* an execution of a Java application, the {@code hashCode} method
* must consistently return the same integer, provided no information
* used in {@code equals} comparisons on the object is modified.
* This integer need not remain consistent from one execution of an
* application to another execution of the same application.
* <li>If two objects are equal according to the {@code equals(Object)}
* method, then calling the {@code hashCode} method on each of
* the two objects must produce the same integer result.
* <li>It is <em>not</em> required that if two objects are unequal
* according to the {@link java.lang.Object#equals(java.lang.Object)}
* method, then calling the {@code hashCode} method on each of the
* two objects must produce distinct integer results. However, the
* programmer should be aware that producing distinct integer results
* for unequal objects may improve the performance of hash tables.
* </ul>
* <p>
* As much as is reasonably practical, the hashCode method defined by
* class {@code Object} does return distinct integers for distinct
* objects. (This is typically implemented by converting the internal
* address of the object into an integer, but this implementation
* technique is not required by the
* Java™ programming language.)
*
* @return a hash code value for this object.
* @see java.lang.Object#equals(java.lang.Object)
* @see java.lang.System#identityHashCode
*/
public native int hashCode();
- 返回对象的哈希值，返回一个整数
- 此方法遵循三个规则：
- 在java程序运行期间，若用于equals方法的信息或者数据没有修改，name同一个对象多次调用此方法，返回的哈希码是相同的。而在两次独立的运行java程序时，对于同一对象，不需要返回的哈希码相同
- 如果根据equals方法，两个对象相同，则这两个对象的哈希码一定相同
- 假如两个对象通过equals方法比较不相同，那么这两个对象调用hashCode也不是要一定不同，相同也是可以的。但是使用者应该知道对不同的对象产生不同的
hashCode是可以提高hash tables的性能的。
2.4 equals()
/**
* Indicates whether some other object is "equal to" this one.
* <p>
* The {@code equals} method implements an equivalence relation
* on non-null object references:
* <ul>
* <li>It is <i>reflexive</i>: for any non-null reference value
* {@code x}, {@code x.equals(x)} should return
* {@code true}.
* <li>It is <i>symmetric</i>: for any non-null reference values
* {@code x} and {@code y}, {@code x.equals(y)}
* should return {@code true} if and only if
* {@code y.equals(x)} returns {@code true}.
* <li>It is <i>transitive</i>: for any non-null reference values
* {@code x}, {@code y}, and {@code z}, if
* {@code x.equals(y)} returns {@code true} and
* {@code y.equals(z)} returns {@code true}, then
* {@code x.equals(z)} should return {@code true}.
* <li>It is <i>consistent</i>: for any non-null reference values
* {@code x} and {@code y}, multiple invocations of
* {@code x.equals(y)} consistently return {@code true}
* or consistently return {@code false}, provided no
* information used in {@code equals} comparisons on the
* objects is modified.
* <li>For any non-null reference value {@code x},
* {@code x.equals(null)} should return {@code false}.
* </ul>
* <p>
* The {@code equals} method for class {@code Object} implements
* the most discriminating possible equivalence relation on objects;
* that is, for any non-null reference values {@code x} and
* {@code y}, this method returns {@code true} if and only
* if {@code x} and {@code y} refer to the same object
* ({@code x == y} has the value {@code true}).
* <p>
* Note that it is generally necessary to override the {@code hashCode}
* method whenever this method is overridden, so as to maintain the
* general contract for the {@code hashCode} method, which states
* that equal objects must have equal hash codes.
*
* @param obj the reference object with which to compare.
* @return {@code true} if this object is the same as the obj
* argument; {@code false} otherwise.
* @see #hashCode()
* @see java.util.HashMap
*/
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
return (this == obj);
}
- 主要是比较两个对象是否相同，Object中的equals方法比较的是对象的地址是否相同,跟String.equals方法不同,它比较的只是对象的值
- 非Null值的传递规则
- 自反性：任何非null值x，
x.equals(x)返回true - 对称性：任何非null值x，y，当且仅当
x.equals(y),返回true，y.equals(x)才返回true。 - 传递性：任何非null值x，y，z，如果
x.equals(y),返回true，y.equals(z)返回true，则x.equals(z),返回true。 - 一致性：任何非null值x，y，如果未修改对象的equals比较中使用的信息，则多次调用
x.equals（y）始终返回true或始终返回false。 - 对于任何非null值x，
x.equals(null)返回false.
例子：
public class People {
// other method
public static void main(String[] args) {
People a=new People();
People b=new People();
People c=a;
System.out.println("a.equals(b) 返回"+a.equals(b));
System.out.println("a.equals(c) 返回"+a.equals(c));
}
}
返回结果：
2.5 clone()
/**
* Creates and returns a copy of this object. The precise meaning
* of "copy" may depend on the class of the object. The general
* intent is that, for any object {@code x}, the expression:
* <blockquote>
* <pre>
* x.clone() != x</pre></blockquote>
* will be true, and that the expression:
* <blockquote>
* <pre>
* x.clone().getClass() == x.getClass()</pre></blockquote>
* will be {@code true}, but these are not absolute requirements.
* While it is typically the case that:
* <blockquote>
* <pre>
* x.clone().equals(x)</pre></blockquote>
* will be {@code true}, this is not an absolute requirement.
* <p>
* By convention, the returned object should be obtained by calling
* {@code super.clone}. If a class and all of its superclasses (except
* {@code Object}) obey this convention, it will be the case that
* {@code x.clone().getClass() == x.getClass()}.
* <p>
* By convention, the object returned by this method should be independent
* of this object (which is being cloned). To achieve this independence,
* it may be necessary to modify one or more fields of the object returned
* by {@code super.clone} before returning it. Typically, this means
* copying any mutable objects that comprise the internal "deep structure"
* of the object being cloned and replacing the references to these
* objects with references to the copies. If a class contains only
* primitive fields or references to immutable objects, then it is usually
* the case that no fields in the object returned by {@code super.clone}
* need to be modified.
* <p>
* The method {@code clone} for class {@code Object} performs a
* specific cloning operation. First, if the class of this object does
* not implement the interface {@code Cloneable}, then a
* {@code CloneNotSupportedException} is thrown. Note that all arrays
* are considered to implement the interface {@code Cloneable} and that
* the return type of the {@code clone} method of an array type {@code T[]}
* is {@code T[]} where T is any reference or primitive type.
* Otherwise, this method creates a new instance of the class of this
* object and initializes all its fields with exactly the contents of
* the corresponding fields of this object, as if by assignment; the
* contents of the fields are not themselves cloned. Thus, this method
* performs a "shallow copy" of this object, not a "deep copy" operation.
* <p>
* The class {@code Object} does not itself implement the interface
* {@code Cloneable}, so calling the {@code clone} method on an object
* whose class is {@code Object} will result in throwing an
* exception at run time.
*
* @return a clone of this instance.
* @throws CloneNotSupportedException if the object's class does not
* support the {@code Cloneable} interface. Subclasses
* that override the {@code clone} method can also
* throw this exception to indicate that an instance cannot
* be cloned.
* @see java.lang.Cloneable
*/
protected native Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException;
- 本地CLONE方法，用于对象的复制
- 克隆分为浅克隆和深克隆，本人在这篇博客中已经详细讲述：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_41938180/article/details/105246940
2.6 toString()
/**
* Returns a string representation of the object. In general, the
* {@code toString} method returns a string that
* "textually represents" this object. The result should
* be a concise but informative representation that is easy for a
* person to read.
* It is recommended that all subclasses override this method.
* <p>
* The {@code toString} method for class {@code Object}
* returns a string consisting of the name of the class of which the
* object is an instance, the at-sign character `{@code @}', and
* the unsigned hexadecimal representation of the hash code of the
* object. In other words, this method returns a string equal to the
* value of:
* <blockquote>
* <pre>
* getClass().getName() + '@' + Integer.toHexString(hashCode())
* </pre></blockquote>
*
* @return a string representation of the object.
*/
public String toString() {
return getClass().getName() + "@" + Integer.toHexString(hashCode());
}
- 用简洁的文本来描述对象，建议所有子类都重写此方法
- Object类的toString方法返回一个字符串，该字符串包括该对象是其实例的类的名称，
@符号，和哈希值
2.7 notify()
/**
* Wakes up a single thread that is waiting on this object's
* monitor. If any threads are waiting on this object, one of them
* is chosen to be awakened. The choice is arbitrary and occurs at
* the discretion of the implementation. A thread waits on an object's
* monitor by calling one of the {@code wait} methods.
* <p>
* The awakened thread will not be able to proceed until the current
* thread relinquishes the lock on this object. The awakened thread will
* compete in the usual manner with any other threads that might be
* actively competing to synchronize on this object; for example, the
* awakened thread enjoys no reliable privilege or disadvantage in being
* the next thread to lock this object.
* <p>
* This method should only be called by a thread that is the owner
* of this object's monitor. A thread becomes the owner of the
* object's monitor in one of three ways:
* <ul>
* <li>By executing a synchronized instance method of that object.
* <li>By executing the body of a {@code synchronized} statement
* that synchronizes on the object.
* <li>For objects of type {@code Class,} by executing a
* synchronized static method of that class.
* </ul>
* <p>
* Only one thread at a time can own an object's monitor.
*
* @throws IllegalMonitorStateException if the current thread is not
* the owner of this object's monitor.
* @see java.lang.Object#notifyAll()
* @see java.lang.Object#wait()
*/
public final native void notify();
通知可能等待该对象的对象锁的其他线程。由JVM(与优先级无关)随机挑选一个处于wait状态的线程。
- 在调用notify()之前，线程必须获得该对象的对象级别锁
- 执行完notify()方法后，不会马上释放锁，要直到退出synchronized代码块，当前线程才会释放锁
- notify()一次只随机通知一个线程进行唤醒
2.8 notifyAll()
/**
* Wakes up all threads that are waiting on this object's monitor. A
* thread waits on an object's monitor by calling one of the
* {@code wait} methods.
* <p>
* The awakened threads will not be able to proceed until the current
* thread relinquishes the lock on this object. The awakened threads
* will compete in the usual manner with any other threads that might
* be actively competing to synchronize on this object; for example,
* the awakened threads enjoy no reliable privilege or disadvantage in
* being the next thread to lock this object.
* <p>
* This method should only be called by a thread that is the owner
* of this object's monitor. See the {@code notify} method for a
* description of the ways in which a thread can become the owner of
* a monitor.
*
* @throws IllegalMonitorStateException if the current thread is not
* the owner of this object's monitor.
* @see java.lang.Object#notify()
* @see java.lang.Object#wait()
*/
public final native void notifyAll();
和notify()差不多，只不过是使所有正在等待池中等待同一共享资源的全部线程从等待状态退出，进入可运行状态
让它们竞争对象的锁，只有获得锁的线程才能进入就绪状态
每个锁对象有两个队列：就绪队列和阻塞队列
- 就绪队列：存储将要获得锁的线程
- 阻塞队列：存储被阻塞的线程
2.9 wait()
存在三种wait()方法:
public final native void wait(long timeout) throws InterruptedException;
public final void wait(long timeout, int nanos) throws InterruptedException {
if (timeout < 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("timeout value is negative");
}
if (nanos < 0 || nanos > 999999) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"nanosecond timeout value out of range");
}
if (nanos > 0) {
timeout++;
}
wait(timeout);
}
public final void wait() throws InterruptedException {
wait(0);
}
可见wait()和wait(long timeout, int nanos)都在在内部调用了wait(long timeout)方法。(此处对线程方面不是很了解，全面了解后会专门去说，此时只是将注释简单翻译，望谅解)
- wait方法会引起当前线程阻塞，直到另外一个线程在对应的对象上调用notify或者notifyAll()方法，或者达到了方法参数中指定的时间。
- 调用wait方法的当前线程一定要拥有对象的监视器锁。
- wait方法会把当前线程T放置在对应的object上的等到队列中，在这个对象上的所有同步请求都不会得到响应。线程调度将不会调用线程T，在以下四件事发生之前，线程T一直处于休眠状态（线程T是在其代码中调用wait方法的那个线程）
- 当其他的线程在对应的对象上调用notify方法，而在此对象的对应的等待队列中将会任意选择一个线程进行唤醒。
- 其他一些线程为此对象调用notifyAll方法
- 其他的线程调用了interrupt方法来中断线程T
- 等待的时间已经超过了wait中指定的时间。如果参数timeout的值为0，不是指真实的等待时间是0，而是线程等待直到被另外一个线程唤醒。
2.10 finalize()
/**
* Called by the garbage collector on an object when garbage collection
* determines that there are no more references to the object.
* A subclass overrides the {@code finalize} method to dispose of
* system resources or to perform other cleanup.
* <p>
* The general contract of {@code finalize} is that it is invoked
* if and when the Java™ virtual
* machine has determined that there is no longer any
* means by which this object can be accessed by any thread that has
* not yet died, except as a result of an action taken by the
* finalization of some other object or class which is ready to be
* finalized. The {@code finalize} method may take any action, including
* making this object available again to other threads; the usual purpose
* of {@code finalize}, however, is to perform cleanup actions before
* the object is irrevocably discarded. For example, the finalize method
* for an object that represents an input/output connection might perform
* explicit I/O transactions to break the connection before the object is
* permanently discarded.
* <p>
* The {@code finalize} method of class {@code Object} performs no
* special action; it simply returns normally. Subclasses of
* {@code Object} may override this definition.
* <p>
* The Java programming language does not guarantee which thread will
* invoke the {@code finalize} method for any given object. It is
* guaranteed, however, that the thread that invokes finalize will not
* be holding any user-visible synchronization locks when finalize is
* invoked. If an uncaught exception is thrown by the finalize method,
* the exception is ignored and finalization of that object terminates.
* <p>
* After the {@code finalize} method has been invoked for an object, no
* further action is taken until the Java virtual machine has again
* determined that there is no longer any means by which this object can
* be accessed by any thread that has not yet died, including possible
* actions by other objects or classes which are ready to be finalized,
* at which point the object may be discarded.
* <p>
* The {@code finalize} method is never invoked more than once by a Java
* virtual machine for any given object.
* <p>
* Any exception thrown by the {@code finalize} method causes
* the finalization of this object to be halted, but is otherwise
* ignored.
*
* @throws Throwable the {@code Exception} raised by this method
* @see java.lang.ref.WeakReference
* @see java.lang.ref.PhantomReference
* @jls 12.6 Finalization of Class Instances
*/
protected void finalize() throws Throwable { }
- 当垃圾回收期确定不存在对该对象的更多引用时,由对象的垃圾回收器调用此方法
- 子类覆盖finalize方法以处置系统资源或执行其他清除