機器學習項目（五） 電影推薦系統（七）Wide&Deep

Wide&Deep

Wide&Deep模型是谷歌在2016年提出的一種用於分類、迴歸任務的模型

Memorization:
LR模型+大量的原始特徵和叉乘特徵作爲輸入，“記憶”歷史數據中曾共同出現過的特徵對。

Generalization:
爲sparse特徵學習低維的dense embeddings來捕獲特徵相關性，學習到的embeddings本身帶有一定的語義信息
$a^{(l+1)} = f(W^{(l)}a^{(l)} + b^{(l)})$
優點：減少人工參與，並且可以對歷史上沒有出現的特徵組合有更好的泛化能力
缺點：對於一些小衆的商品，很難學到有效的embedding,會導致泛化過度

from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function

import argparse
import sys
import tempfile

import pandas as pd
from six.moves import urllib
import tensorflow as tf


CSV_COLUMNS = [
    "age", "workclass", "fnlwgt", "education", "education_num",
    "marital_status", "occupation", "relationship", "race", "gender",
    "capital_gain", "capital_loss", "hours_per_week", "native_country",
    "income_bracket"
]

gender = tf.feature_column.categorical_column_with_vocabulary_list(
    "gender", ["Female", "Male"])
education = tf.feature_column.categorical_column_with_vocabulary_list(
    "education", [
        "Bachelors", "HS-grad", "11th", "Masters", "9th",
        "Some-college", "Assoc-acdm", "Assoc-voc", "7th-8th",
        "Doctorate", "Prof-school", "5th-6th", "10th", "1st-4th",
        "Preschool", "12th"
    ])
marital_status = tf.feature_column.categorical_column_with_vocabulary_list(
    "marital_status", [
        "Married-civ-spouse", "Divorced", "Married-spouse-absent",
        "Never-married", "Separated", "Married-AF-spouse", "Widowed"
    ])
relationship = tf.feature_column.categorical_column_with_vocabulary_list(
    "relationship", [
        "Husband", "Not-in-family", "Wife", "Own-child", "Unmarried",
        "Other-relative"
    ])
workclass = tf.feature_column.categorical_column_with_vocabulary_list(
    "workclass", [
        "Self-emp-not-inc", "Private", "State-gov", "Federal-gov",
        "Local-gov", "?", "Self-emp-inc", "Without-pay", "Never-worked"
    ])

# To show an example of hashing:
occupation = tf.feature_column.categorical_column_with_hash_bucket(
    "occupation", hash_bucket_size=1000)
native_country = tf.feature_column.categorical_column_with_hash_bucket(
    "native_country", hash_bucket_size=1000)

# Continuous base columns.
age = tf.feature_column.numeric_column("age")
education_num = tf.feature_column.numeric_column("education_num")
capital_gain = tf.feature_column.numeric_column("capital_gain")
capital_loss = tf.feature_column.numeric_column("capital_loss")
hours_per_week = tf.feature_column.numeric_column("hours_per_week")

# Transformations.
age_buckets = tf.feature_column.bucketized_column(
    age, boundaries=[18, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65])

# Wide columns and deep columns.
base_columns = [
    gender, education, marital_status, relationship, workclass, occupation,
    native_country, age_buckets,
]

crossed_columns = [
    tf.feature_column.crossed_column(
        ["education", "occupation"], hash_bucket_size=1000),
    tf.feature_column.crossed_column(
        [age_buckets, "education", "occupation"], hash_bucket_size=1000),
    tf.feature_column.crossed_column(
        ["native_country", "occupation"], hash_bucket_size=1000)
]

deep_columns = [
    tf.feature_column.indicator_column(workclass),
    tf.feature_column.indicator_column(education),
    tf.feature_column.indicator_column(gender),
    tf.feature_column.indicator_column(relationship),
    # To show an example of embedding
    tf.feature_column.embedding_column(native_country, dimension=8),
    tf.feature_column.embedding_column(occupation, dimension=8),
    age,
    education_num,
    capital_gain,
    capital_loss,
    hours_per_week,
]


def maybe_download(train_data, test_data):
  """Maybe downloads training data and returns train and test file names."""
  if train_data:
    train_file_name = train_data
  else:
    train_file = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False)
    urllib.request.urlretrieve(
        "https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/adult/adult.data",
        train_file.name)  # pylint: disable=line-too-long
    train_file_name = train_file.name
    train_file.close()
    print("Training data is downloaded to %s" % train_file_name)

  if test_data:
    test_file_name = test_data
  else:
    test_file = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False)
    urllib.request.urlretrieve(
        "https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/adult/adult.test",
        test_file.name)  # pylint: disable=line-too-long
    test_file_name = test_file.name
    test_file.close()
    print("Test data is downloaded to %s"% test_file_name)

  return train_file_name, test_file_name


def build_estimator(model_dir, model_type):
  """Build an estimator."""
  if model_type == "wide":
    m = tf.estimator.LinearClassifier(
        model_dir=model_dir, feature_columns=base_columns + crossed_columns)
  elif model_type == "deep":
    m = tf.estimator.DNNClassifier(
        model_dir=model_dir,
        feature_columns=deep_columns,
        hidden_units=[100, 50])
  else:
    m = tf.estimator.DNNLinearCombinedClassifier(
        model_dir=model_dir,
        linear_feature_columns=crossed_columns,
        dnn_feature_columns=deep_columns,
        dnn_hidden_units=[100, 50])
  return m


def input_fn(data_file, num_epochs, shuffle):
  """Input builder function."""
  df_data = pd.read_csv(
      tf.gfile.Open(data_file),
      names=CSV_COLUMNS,
      skipinitialspace=True,
      engine="python",
      skiprows=1)
  # remove NaN elements
  df_data = df_data.dropna(how="any", axis=0)
  labels = df_data["income_bracket"].apply(lambda x: ">50K" in x).astype(int)
  return tf.estimator.inputs.pandas_input_fn(
      x=df_data,
      y=labels,
      batch_size=100,
      num_epochs=num_epochs,
      shuffle=shuffle,
      num_threads=5)


def train_and_eval(model_dir, model_type, train_steps, train_data, test_data):
  """Train and evaluate the model."""
  train_file_name, test_file_name = maybe_download(train_data, test_data)
  model_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp() if not model_dir else model_dir

  m = build_estimator(model_dir, model_type)
  # set num_epochs to None to get infinite stream of data.
  m.train(
      input_fn=input_fn(train_file_name, num_epochs=None, shuffle=True),
      steps=train_steps)
  # set steps to None to run evaluation until all data consumed.
  results = m.evaluate(
      input_fn=input_fn(test_file_name, num_epochs=1, shuffle=False),
      steps=None)
  print("model directory = %s" % model_dir)
  for key in sorted(results):
    print("%s: %s" % (key, results[key]))


FLAGS = None


def main(_):
  train_and_eval(FLAGS.model_dir, FLAGS.model_type, FLAGS.train_steps,
                 FLAGS.train_data, FLAGS.test_data)


if __name__ == "__main__":
  parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
  parser.register("type", "bool", lambda v: v.lower() == "true")
  parser.add_argument(
      "--model_dir",
      type=str,
      default="",
      help="Base directory for output models."
  )
  parser.add_argument(
      "--model_type",
      type=str,
      default="wide_n_deep",
      help="Valid model types: {'wide', 'deep', 'wide_n_deep'}."
  )
  parser.add_argument(
      "--train_steps",
      type=int,
      default=2000,
      help="Number of training steps."
  )
  parser.add_argument(
      "--train_data",
      type=str,
      default="",
      help="Path to the training data."
  )
  parser.add_argument(
      "--test_data",
      type=str,
      default="",
      help="Path to the test data."
  )
  FLAGS, unparsed = parser.parse_known_args()
  tf.app.run(main=main, argv=[sys.argv[0]] + unparsed)