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進程之子承父業
在創建用戶進程、用戶線程和內核線程的時候，不同的系統調用對新創建的進程或線程如何繼承父進程相關的屬性？對於虛擬內存、文件系統、相關文件、信號量等等屬性是如何區分的的？
1.首先從克隆父進程時的FLAG說起
CLONE時的FLAG就好比父親簽署的文件，直接指定兒子可以繼承父親的哪些家產，哪些目前是父子共用的，哪些需要兒子獨立打拼白手起家的，下面的這些FLAG註釋簡單明瞭，就不翻譯了。
//within file linux-3.9.3/include/uapi/linux/sched.h
/*
* cloning flags:
*/
#define CSIGNAL 0x000000ff/* signal mask to be sent at exit */
#define CLONE_VM 0x00000100/* set if VM shared between processes */
#define CLONE_FS 0x00000200/* set if fs info shared between processes */
#define CLONE_FILES 0x00000400/* set if open files shared between processes */
#define CLONE_SIGHAND 0x00000800/* set if signal handlers and blocked signals shared */
#define CLONE_PTRACE 0x00002000/* set if we want to let tracing continue on the child too */
#define CLONE_VFORK 0x00004000/* set if the parent wants the child to wake it up on mm_release */
#define CLONE_PARENT 0x00008000/* set if we want to have the same parent as the cloner */
#define CLONE_THREAD 0x00010000/* Same thread group? */
#define CLONE_NEWNS 0x00020000/* New namespace group? */
#define CLONE_SYSVSEM 0x00040000/* share system V SEM_UNDO semantics */
#define CLONE_SETTLS 0x00080000/* create a new TLS for the child */
#define CLONE_PARENT_SETTID 0x00100000/* set the TID in the parent */
#define CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID 0x00200000/* clear the TID in the child */
#define CLONE_DETACHED 0x00400000/* Unused, ignored */
#define CLONE_UNTRACED 0x00800000/* set if the tracing process can't force CLONE_PTRACE on this clone */
#define CLONE_CHILD_SETTID 0x01000000/* set the TID in the child */
/* 0x02000000 was previously the unused CLONE_STOPPED (Start in stopped state)
and is now available for re-use. */
#define CLONE_NEWUTS 0x04000000/* New utsname group? */
#define CLONE_NEWIPC 0x08000000/* New ipcs */
#define CLONE_NEWUSER 0x10000000/* New user namespace */
#define CLONE_NEWPID 0x20000000/* New pid namespace */
#define CLONE_NEWNET 0x40000000/* New network namespace */
#define CLONE_IO 0x80000000/* Clone io context */2.系統調用fork和vfork
在用戶空間我們使用fork來創建一個進程的時候，系統調用fork的實現，可以參考對系統調用的分析博文《Linux從用戶層到內核層系列 - TCP/IP協議棧部分系列6:linux 系統調用中斷向量表》和姊妹篇博文《Linux從用戶層到內核層系列 - TCP/IP協議棧部分系列11: 再話Linux系統調用》，相信看完這兩篇博文之後，對系統調用會有直觀的理解。來點幹活吧，我們從標記爲的角度來看看系統調用fork是如何爲子進程合法的獲得父進程的資源的。
#ifdef __ARCH_WANT_SYS_FORK
SYSCALL_DEFINE0(fork)
{
#ifdef CONFIG_MMU
return do_fork(SIGCHLD, 0, 0, NULL, NULL);
#else
/* can not support in nommu mode */
return(-EINVAL);
#endif
}
#endif其實fork函數只是對do_fork函數的一個簡單的封裝，與處理器平臺無關的內核代碼部分中，fork、vfork和kernel_thread都對do_fork進程了封裝，略有區別的就是標記爲的不同，我們再看一下vfork和kernel_thread對do_fork是如何使用標記位的。
#ifdef __ARCH_WANT_SYS_VFORK
SYSCALL_DEFINE0(vfork)
{
return do_fork(CLONE_VFORK | CLONE_VM | SIGCHLD, 0,
0, NULL, NULL);
}
#endif
/*
* Create a kernel thread.
*/
pid_t kernel_thread(int (*fn)(void *), void *arg, unsigned long flags)
{
return do_fork(flags|CLONE_VM|CLONE_UNTRACED, (unsigned long)fn,
(unsigned long)arg, NULL, NULL);
}源碼告訴了我們一切，從用戶層開發角度，你說fork和vfork的區別千千萬，不過直接看kernel的源碼，一目瞭然。
fork使用的標記位：SIGCHLD //新創建的子進程終結的時候，發送信號通知其父進程
vfork使用的標記位：CLONE_VFORK | CLONE_VM | SIGCHLD //新創建的子進程是要共享除了父進程的數據段的，至於如何copy請看內核源碼copy_process函數
kernel_thread使用的標記位： CLONE_VM | CLONE_UNTREACED
而且我們
#ifdef __ARCH_WANT_SYS_VFORK
SYSCALL_DEFINE0(vfork)
{
return do_fork(CLONE_VFORK | CLONE_VM | SIGCHLD, 0,
0, NULL, NULL);
}
#endif
/*
* Create a kernel thread.
*/
pid_t kernel_thread(int (*fn)(void *), void *arg, unsigned long flags)
{
return do_fork(flags|CLONE_VM|CLONE_UNTRACED, (unsigned long)fn,
(unsigned long)arg, NULL, NULL);
}可以看到，新創建的內核線程是需要指定起始執行函數和其參數的。
另外列上源碼，看看do_fork的參數：
long do_fork(unsigned long clone_flags, unsigned long stack_start, unsigned long stack_size, int __user *parent_tidptr, int __user *child_tidptr)對於創建進程和線程比較重要的do_fork函數和copy_process函數我們這裏列出源代碼，對於懶的看源碼的童鞋可以直接讀下面的代碼即可。如何使用上面的這些標記爲，下面的代碼寫的清清楚楚，請保持耐心，仔細品味。
long do_fork(unsigned long clone_flags,
unsigned long stack_start,
unsigned long stack_size,
int __user *parent_tidptr,
int __user *child_tidptr)
{
struct task_struct *p;
int trace = 0;
long nr;
/*
* Do some preliminary argument and permissions checking before we
* actually start allocating stuff
*/
if (clone_flags & (CLONE_NEWUSER | CLONE_NEWPID)) {
if (clone_flags & (CLONE_THREAD|CLONE_PARENT))
return -EINVAL;
}
/*
* Determine whether and which event to report to ptracer. When
* called from kernel_thread or CLONE_UNTRACED is explicitly
* requested, no event is reported; otherwise, report if the event
* for the type of forking is enabled.
*/
if (!(clone_flags & CLONE_UNTRACED)) {
if (clone_flags & CLONE_VFORK)
trace = PTRACE_EVENT_VFORK;
else if ((clone_flags & CSIGNAL) != SIGCHLD)
trace = PTRACE_EVENT_CLONE;
else
trace = PTRACE_EVENT_FORK;
if (likely(!ptrace_event_enabled(current, trace)))
trace = 0;
}
p = copy_process(clone_flags, stack_start, stack_size,
child_tidptr, NULL, trace);
/*
* Do this prior waking up the new thread - the thread pointer
* might get invalid after that point, if the thread exits quickly.
*/
if (!IS_ERR(p)) {
struct completion vfork;
trace_sched_process_fork(current, p);
nr = task_pid_vnr(p);
if (clone_flags & CLONE_PARENT_SETTID)
put_user(nr, parent_tidptr);
if (clone_flags & CLONE_VFORK) {
p->vfork_done = &vfork;
init_completion(&vfork);
get_task_struct(p);
}
wake_up_new_task(p);
/* forking complete and child started to run, tell ptracer */
if (unlikely(trace))
ptrace_event(trace, nr);
if (clone_flags & CLONE_VFORK) {
if (!wait_for_vfork_done(p, &vfork))
ptrace_event(PTRACE_EVENT_VFORK_DONE, nr);
}
} else {
nr = PTR_ERR(p);
}
return nr;
}
copy_process函數源碼，可以看到copy_process函數返回的是task_struct，真是我們所關心的。
/*
* This creates a new process as a copy of the old one,
* but does not actually start it yet.
*
* It copies the registers, and all the appropriate
* parts of the process environment (as per the clone
* flags). The actual kick-off is left to the caller.
*/
static struct task_struct *copy_process(unsigned long clone_flags,
unsigned long stack_start,
unsigned long stack_size,
int __user *child_tidptr,
struct pid *pid,
int trace)
{
int retval;
struct task_struct *p;
if ((clone_flags & (CLONE_NEWNS|CLONE_FS)) == (CLONE_NEWNS|CLONE_FS))
return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
if ((clone_flags & (CLONE_NEWUSER|CLONE_FS)) == (CLONE_NEWUSER|CLONE_FS))
return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
/*
* Thread groups must share signals as well, and detached threads
* can only be started up within the thread group.
*/
if ((clone_flags & CLONE_THREAD) && !(clone_flags & CLONE_SIGHAND))
return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
/*
* Shared signal handlers imply shared VM. By way of the above,
* thread groups also imply shared VM. Blocking this case allows
* for various simplifications in other code.
*/
if ((clone_flags & CLONE_SIGHAND) && !(clone_flags & CLONE_VM))
return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
/*
* Siblings of global init remain as zombies on exit since they are
* not reaped by their parent (swapper). To solve this and to avoid
* multi-rooted process trees, prevent global and container-inits
* from creating siblings.
*/
if ((clone_flags & CLONE_PARENT) &&
current->signal->flags & SIGNAL_UNKILLABLE)
return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
/*
* If the new process will be in a different pid namespace
* don't allow the creation of threads.
*/
if ((clone_flags & (CLONE_VM|CLONE_NEWPID)) &&
(task_active_pid_ns(current) != current->nsproxy->pid_ns))
return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
retval = security_task_create(clone_flags);
if (retval)
goto fork_out;
retval = -ENOMEM;
p = dup_task_struct(current);
if (!p)
goto fork_out;
ftrace_graph_init_task(p);
get_seccomp_filter(p);
rt_mutex_init_task(p);
#ifdef CONFIG_PROVE_LOCKING
DEBUG_LOCKS_WARN_ON(!p->hardirqs_enabled);
DEBUG_LOCKS_WARN_ON(!p->softirqs_enabled);
#endif
retval = -EAGAIN;
if (atomic_read(&p->real_cred->user->processes) >=
task_rlimit(p, RLIMIT_NPROC)) {
if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN) && !capable(CAP_SYS_RESOURCE) &&
p->real_cred->user != INIT_USER)
goto bad_fork_free;
}
current->flags &= ~PF_NPROC_EXCEEDED;
retval = copy_creds(p, clone_flags);
if (retval < 0)
goto bad_fork_free;
/*
* If multiple threads are within copy_process(), then this check
* triggers too late. This doesn't hurt, the check is only there
* to stop root fork bombs.
*/
retval = -EAGAIN;
if (nr_threads >= max_threads)
goto bad_fork_cleanup_count;
if (!try_module_get(task_thread_info(p)->exec_domain->module))
goto bad_fork_cleanup_count;
p->did_exec = 0;
delayacct_tsk_init(p); /* Must remain after dup_task_struct() */
copy_flags(clone_flags, p);
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&p->children);
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&p->sibling);
rcu_copy_process(p);
p->vfork_done = NULL;
spin_lock_init(&p->alloc_lock);
init_sigpending(&p->pending);
p->utime = p->stime = p->gtime = 0;
p->utimescaled = p->stimescaled = 0;
#ifndef CONFIG_VIRT_CPU_ACCOUNTING
p->prev_cputime.utime = p->prev_cputime.stime = 0;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_VIRT_CPU_ACCOUNTING_GEN
seqlock_init(&p->vtime_seqlock);
p->vtime_snap = 0;
p->vtime_snap_whence = VTIME_SLEEPING;
#endif
#if defined(SPLIT_RSS_COUNTING)
memset(&p->rss_stat, 0, sizeof(p->rss_stat));
#endif
p->default_timer_slack_ns = current->timer_slack_ns;
task_io_accounting_init(&p->ioac);
acct_clear_integrals(p);
posix_cpu_timers_init(p);
do_posix_clock_monotonic_gettime(&p->start_time);
p->real_start_time = p->start_time;
monotonic_to_bootbased(&p->real_start_time);
p->io_context = NULL;
p->audit_context = NULL;
if (clone_flags & CLONE_THREAD)
threadgroup_change_begin(current);
cgroup_fork(p);
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
p->mempolicy = mpol_dup(p->mempolicy);
if (IS_ERR(p->mempolicy)) {
retval = PTR_ERR(p->mempolicy);
p->mempolicy = NULL;
goto bad_fork_cleanup_cgroup;
}
mpol_fix_fork_child_flag(p);
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_CPUSETS
p->cpuset_mem_spread_rotor = NUMA_NO_NODE;
p->cpuset_slab_spread_rotor = NUMA_NO_NODE;
seqcount_init(&p->mems_allowed_seq);
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_TRACE_IRQFLAGS
p->irq_events = 0;
p->hardirqs_enabled = 0;
p->hardirq_enable_ip = 0;
p->hardirq_enable_event = 0;
p->hardirq_disable_ip = _THIS_IP_;
p->hardirq_disable_event = 0;
p->softirqs_enabled = 1;
p->softirq_enable_ip = _THIS_IP_;
p->softirq_enable_event = 0;
p->softirq_disable_ip = 0;
p->softirq_disable_event = 0;
p->hardirq_context = 0;
p->softirq_context = 0;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_LOCKDEP
p->lockdep_depth = 0; /* no locks held yet */
p->curr_chain_key = 0;
p->lockdep_recursion = 0;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_MUTEXES
p->blocked_on = NULL; /* not blocked yet */
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG
p->memcg_batch.do_batch = 0;
p->memcg_batch.memcg = NULL;
#endif
/* Perform scheduler related setup. Assign this task to a CPU. */
sched_fork(p);
retval = perf_event_init_task(p);
if (retval)
goto bad_fork_cleanup_policy;
retval = audit_alloc(p);
if (retval)
goto bad_fork_cleanup_policy;
/* copy all the process information */
retval = copy_semundo(clone_flags, p);
if (retval)
goto bad_fork_cleanup_audit;
retval = copy_files(clone_flags, p);
if (retval)
goto bad_fork_cleanup_semundo;
retval = copy_fs(clone_flags, p);
if (retval)
goto bad_fork_cleanup_files;
retval = copy_sighand(clone_flags, p);
if (retval)
goto bad_fork_cleanup_fs;
retval = copy_signal(clone_flags, p);
if (retval)
goto bad_fork_cleanup_sighand;
retval = copy_mm(clone_flags, p);
if (retval)
goto bad_fork_cleanup_signal;
retval = copy_namespaces(clone_flags, p);
if (retval)
goto bad_fork_cleanup_mm;
retval = copy_io(clone_flags, p);
if (retval)
goto bad_fork_cleanup_namespaces;
retval = copy_thread(clone_flags, stack_start, stack_size, p);
if (retval)
goto bad_fork_cleanup_io;
if (pid != &init_struct_pid) {
retval = -ENOMEM;
pid = alloc_pid(p->nsproxy->pid_ns);
if (!pid)
goto bad_fork_cleanup_io;
}
p->pid = pid_nr(pid);
p->tgid = p->pid;
if (clone_flags & CLONE_THREAD)
p->tgid = current->tgid;
p->set_child_tid = (clone_flags & CLONE_CHILD_SETTID) ? child_tidptr : NULL;
/*
* Clear TID on mm_release()?
*/
p->clear_child_tid = (clone_flags & CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID) ? child_tidptr : NULL;
#ifdef CONFIG_BLOCK
p->plug = NULL;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_FUTEX
p->robust_list = NULL;
#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
p->compat_robust_list = NULL;
#endif
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&p->pi_state_list);
p->pi_state_cache = NULL;
#endif
uprobe_copy_process(p);
/*
* sigaltstack should be cleared when sharing the same VM
*/
if ((clone_flags & (CLONE_VM|CLONE_VFORK)) == CLONE_VM)
p->sas_ss_sp = p->sas_ss_size = 0;
/*
* Syscall tracing and stepping should be turned off in the
* child regardless of CLONE_PTRACE.
*/
user_disable_single_step(p);
clear_tsk_thread_flag(p, TIF_SYSCALL_TRACE);
#ifdef TIF_SYSCALL_EMU
clear_tsk_thread_flag(p, TIF_SYSCALL_EMU);
#endif
clear_all_latency_tracing(p);
/* ok, now we should be set up.. */
if (clone_flags & CLONE_THREAD)
p->exit_signal = -1;
else if (clone_flags & CLONE_PARENT)
p->exit_signal = current->group_leader->exit_signal;
else
p->exit_signal = (clone_flags & CSIGNAL);
p->pdeath_signal = 0;
p->exit_state = 0;
p->nr_dirtied = 0;
p->nr_dirtied_pause = 128 >> (PAGE_SHIFT - 10);
p->dirty_paused_when = 0;
/*
* Ok, make it visible to the rest of the system.
* We dont wake it up yet.
*/
p->group_leader = p;
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&p->thread_group);
p->task_works = NULL;
/* Need tasklist lock for parent etc handling! */
write_lock_irq(&tasklist_lock);
/* CLONE_PARENT re-uses the old parent */
if (clone_flags & (CLONE_PARENT|CLONE_THREAD)) {
p->real_parent = current->real_parent;
p->parent_exec_id = current->parent_exec_id;
} else {
p->real_parent = current;
p->parent_exec_id = current->self_exec_id;
}
spin_lock(¤t->sighand->siglock);
/*
* Process group and session signals need to be delivered to just the
* parent before the fork or both the parent and the child after the
* fork. Restart if a signal comes in before we add the new process to
* it's process group.
* A fatal signal pending means that current will exit, so the new
* thread can't slip out of an OOM kill (or normal SIGKILL).
*/
recalc_sigpending();
if (signal_pending(current)) {
spin_unlock(¤t->sighand->siglock);
write_unlock_irq(&tasklist_lock);
retval = -ERESTARTNOINTR;
goto bad_fork_free_pid;
}
if (clone_flags & CLONE_THREAD) {
current->signal->nr_threads++;
atomic_inc(¤t->signal->live);
atomic_inc(¤t->signal->sigcnt);
p->group_leader = current->group_leader;
list_add_tail_rcu(&p->thread_group, &p->group_leader->thread_group);
}
if (likely(p->pid)) {
ptrace_init_task(p, (clone_flags & CLONE_PTRACE) || trace);
if (thread_group_leader(p)) {
if (is_child_reaper(pid)) {
ns_of_pid(pid)->child_reaper = p;
p->signal->flags |= SIGNAL_UNKILLABLE;
}
p->signal->leader_pid = pid;
p->signal->tty = tty_kref_get(current->signal->tty);
attach_pid(p, PIDTYPE_PGID, task_pgrp(current));
attach_pid(p, PIDTYPE_SID, task_session(current));
list_add_tail(&p->sibling, &p->real_parent->children);
list_add_tail_rcu(&p->tasks, &init_task.tasks);
__this_cpu_inc(process_counts);
}
attach_pid(p, PIDTYPE_PID, pid);
nr_threads++;
}
total_forks++;
spin_unlock(¤t->sighand->siglock);
write_unlock_irq(&tasklist_lock);
proc_fork_connector(p);
cgroup_post_fork(p);
if (clone_flags & CLONE_THREAD)
threadgroup_change_end(current);
perf_event_fork(p);
trace_task_newtask(p, clone_flags);
return p;
bad_fork_free_pid:
if (pid != &init_struct_pid)
free_pid(pid);
bad_fork_cleanup_io:
if (p->io_context)
exit_io_context(p);
bad_fork_cleanup_namespaces:
exit_task_namespaces(p);
bad_fork_cleanup_mm:
if (p->mm)
mmput(p->mm);
bad_fork_cleanup_signal:
if (!(clone_flags & CLONE_THREAD))
free_signal_struct(p->signal);
bad_fork_cleanup_sighand:
__cleanup_sighand(p->sighand);
bad_fork_cleanup_fs:
exit_fs(p); /* blocking */
bad_fork_cleanup_files:
exit_files(p); /* blocking */
bad_fork_cleanup_semundo:
exit_sem(p);
bad_fork_cleanup_audit:
audit_free(p);
bad_fork_cleanup_policy:
perf_event_free_task(p);
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
mpol_put(p->mempolicy);
bad_fork_cleanup_cgroup:
#endif
if (clone_flags & CLONE_THREAD)
threadgroup_change_end(current);
cgroup_exit(p, 0);
delayacct_tsk_free(p);
module_put(task_thread_info(p)->exec_domain->module);
bad_fork_cleanup_count:
atomic_dec(&p->cred->user->processes);
exit_creds(p);
bad_fork_free:
free_task(p);
fork_out:
return ERR_PTR(retval);
}進程管理的內容不是一篇博文就能說的明白的，儘可能每次從一個小的點入手，以點搏面，娓娓道來。