1.什麼是Rewrite
Rewrite對稱URL Rewrite，即URL重寫，就是把傳入Web的請求重定向到其他URL的過程。
- URL Rewrite最常見的應用是URL僞靜態化，是將動態頁面顯示爲靜態頁面方式的一種技術。比如http://www.123.com/news/index.php?id=123 使用URLRewrite 轉換後可以顯示爲 http://www.123.com/news/123.html對於追求完美主義的網站設計師，就算是網頁的地址也希望看起來儘量簡潔明快。理論上，搜索引擎更喜歡靜態頁面形式的網頁，搜索引擎對靜態頁面的評分一般要高於動態頁面。所以，UrlRewrite可以讓我們網站的網頁更容易被搜索引擎所收錄。
- 從安全角度上講，如果在URL中暴露太多的參數，無疑會造成一定量的信息泄漏，可能會被一些黑客利用，對你的系統造成一定的破壞，所以靜態化的URL地址可以給我們帶來更高的安全性。
- 實現網站地址跳轉，例如用戶訪問360buy.com，將其跳轉到jd.com。例如當用戶訪問tianyun.com的80端口時，將其跳轉到443端口。
2.Rewrite 相關指令
1.if語句
if (condition) { … }
if 可以支持如下條件判斷匹配符號
~ 正則匹配 (區分大小寫)
~* 正則匹配 (不區分大小寫)
!~ 正則不匹配 (區分大小寫)
!~* 正則不匹配 (不區分大小寫)
-f 和!-f 用來判斷是否存在文件
-d 和!-d 用來判斷是否存在目錄
-e 和!-e 用來判斷是否存在文件或目錄
-x 和!-x 用來判斷文件是否可執行
在匹配過程中可以引用一些Nginx的全局變量
$args 請求中的參數;
$document_root 針對當前請求的根路徑設置值;
$host 請求信息中的"Host"，如果請求中沒有Host行，則等於設置的服務器名;
$limit_rate 對連接速率的限制;
$request_method 請求的方法，比如"GET"、"POST"等;
$remote_addr 客戶端地址;
$remote_port 客戶端端口號;
$remote_user 客戶端用戶名，認證用;
$request_filename 當前請求的文件路徑名（帶網站的主目錄/usr/local/nginx/html/images /a.jpg）
$request_uri 當前請求的文件路徑名（不帶網站的主目錄/images/a.jpg）
$query_string 與$args相同;
$scheme 用的協議，比如http或者是https
$server_protocol 請求的協議版本，"HTTP/1.0"或"HTTP/1.1";
$server_addr 服務器地址，如果沒有用listen指明服務器地址，使用這個變量將發起一次系統調用以取得地址(造成資源浪費);
$server_name 請求到達的服務器名;
$document_uri 與$uri一樣，URI地址;
$server_port 請求到達的服務器端口號;
2.Rewrite flag
rewrite** 指令根據表達式來重定向URI，或者修改字符串。可以應用於server,location, if環境下每行rewrite指令最後跟一個flag標記，支持的flag標記有：
last 相當於Apache裏的[L]標記，表示完成rewrite。默認爲last。
break 本條規則匹配完成後，終止匹配，不再匹配後面的規則
redirect 返回302臨時重定向，瀏覽器地址會顯示跳轉後的URL地址
permanent 返回301永久重定向，瀏覽器地址會顯示跳轉後URL地址
redirect 和 permanent區別則是返回的不同方式的重定向，對於客戶端來說一般狀態下是沒有區別的。而對於搜索引擎，相對來說301的重定向更加友好，如果我們把一個地址採用301跳轉方式跳轉的話，搜索引擎會把老地址的相關信息帶到新地址，同時在搜索引擎索引庫中徹底廢棄掉原先的老地址。使用302重定向時，搜索引擎(特別是google)有時會查看跳轉前後哪個網址更直觀，然後決定顯示哪個，如果它覺的跳轉前的URL更好的話，也許地址欄不會更改。
3.Rewrite匹配參考示例
首先我們需要在windows上進行本地解析，打開C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc 下面的hosts文件並添加
192.168.13.128 www.testpm.com
[root@localhost ~]# cd /tmp/
[root@localhost tmp]# mkdir a b #創建兩個目錄
[root@localhost tmp]# echo "111111" >> a/1.html
[root@localhost tmp]# echo "222222" >> b/2.html #創建兩個文件並寫入數據，以此來區分
# http://www.testpm.com/a/1.html ==> http://www.testpm.com/b/2.html 訪問前面的地址，nginx會將你帶到後面的地址
[root@localhost tmp]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
#進入配置文件添清空並添加如下代碼
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.testpm.com;
location /a { #如果訪問到地址/a這個
root /tmp; #nginx就會去 /tmp/a 這個目錄下
index 1.html index.htm; #尋找並讀取 1.html或者index.htm文件
rewrite .* /b/2.html permanent; #但是碰到這一行代碼後，就不會去讀取1.html或者index.htm文件了，而是去匹配/b/2.html（.* 代表所有）
}
location /b { #然後/b符合條件
root /tmp; #去 /tmp/b目錄下
index 2.html index.htm; #尋找並讀取 2.html或者index.htm文件
}
}
[root@localhost tmp]# nginx -s reload
訪問http://www.testpm.com/a
它會自動轉向http://www.testpm.com/b/2.html 這個地址
3.nginx 錯誤頁面配置
nginx錯誤頁面包括404 403 500 502 503 504等頁面，只需要在server中增加以下配置即可：
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
在server裏面添加如下代碼
#error_page 404 403 500 502 503 504 /404.html;
location = /404.html {
root /usr/local/nginx/html;
}
注意：
/usr/local/nginx/html/ 路徑下必須有404.html這個文件！！！
但是404.html上如果引用其他文件的png或css就會有問題，顯示不出來，因爲其他文件的訪問也要做配置；爲了簡單，可以將css嵌入文件中，圖片用base編碼嵌入；如下：
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir -p /usr/local/nginx/html
[root@localhost ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/html 404.html
#添加如下代碼
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1" />
<title>404</title>
<style>
.layout-table{display:table;height:100%;width:100%;vertical-align: middle;margin-top:150px}
.layout-table-cell{display: table-cell;vertical-align: middle;text-align:center}
.layout-tip{font-size:28px;color:#373737;margin: 0 auto;margin-top:16px;border-bottom: 1px solid #eee;padding-bottom: 20px;width: 360px;}
#tips{font-size:18px;color:#666666;margin-top:16px;}
</style>
</head>
<body class="layui-layout-body">
<div class="layui-layout layui-layout-admin">
<div class="layui-body">
<div class="layout-table">
<div class="layout-table-cell">
<img 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81z4Rc8sX5gygPzegzXYQtzAH8dFF7RwLc1PxsoOpYwvFxk/ZmQjHfRy/Is8eC6gGfoPHsFh64F8NdB4U3DizoQyfhIYUw5Gf9ASMYPycsaCgG9nq7T50AF/joqvHVDlLJk/Db3OSTj+4epkHBRg+ho6/J26XOgAn8dFN66IcqRijfFEJ0tpiwZr/oc4I7wVgmryzneRYdtfY12AX8dFN6pIuwoMppf02g+zHBV7DsMx48DaB9TT4Y4aL5vaoAEfx0U3l2Njlh3BvRE6hUwQH8wQXhV2HquEGbbYTJFUtTPlxXvmwb466Dw5rd5KwtlDgqjfZKMi1q/4QivSlzPFcI8ljQD0fsl1NOeIwPw10HhzW/zVha2FhlNjKBryWg+oexkDMJ76Mh7dM3jPVWIetcCBv46KLx180IqCKM9wmhWC+/FwHn8Hr1H1zzeQ8VAFXc8eIC/luFDjc9EDUJFkbN6KXlf5Je+D6DdXhq8J7ydhDvrgdvTthAtrhmGNvV4xXnvHPZ4uxRe+dxJh78B/LWQv1Ue746aP20UeIsZt+Etew7/sCAFlglvF6kG1z3eaYft24fwgr+W8vemIsRYo907wZKNmJAd5TiRod9UJjgLR+3Uh/B2kWoAfy3m702Jd/KI9u1lNP0mjZ4eXaf0KiEze/MWieuppkc81DTDXhEdyLWwXdw7+Gsxf286DrGAenikrHZSeJ+HK3jCJrxeXyHqAvORCm9c0U5dTFSBv5bz9wZtZg22Eik9Hkm3PV5/15FYxRXCPHThjSqEN0bXHx9/Ibz2QISeGx41hfFE6c4t9bfj08FAusFXnNe0mPUBE4PEReHRQnhHzt+bkvDohwEeHw01ctk1/sPXEYfYn7TJXggrSaxScq5J/URX29INswJxdVF4p4ZSI0Xt6VFW3nWibioawF/L+QuP1zzO3PFjHu38Bsab5wTrs5QG6CNvZyK1kfcUE8oWaLiSajB1n0gzgL+F/IXw2gfZK9yx0UUYE/Rw7YT0dysLFB5Y6hF7IxHek0J4VxBe8BfC2z1CalYPOlV4oX2lG3S93nmBuMYK4bEVJu5Rlbb5VOMzwMD5C+HtHk091UQhWn2tQIpIf5JtVSJCtqcbFmRmN7VtRbscCbt7jZa/dZYMvwzo+HYFwzUh8aXAcNcgZ6j5/U1BZzxJHt90QEQrwp6KJ81WOW51DfDXUv7e1OiETxj0KhFLnUOXKDZgp+n1zgo828iRdIOJewsVIei65zQD+Gspf29qGg/lKHreT93RMlSEvtdAaID0qk5p64MRfQNphiMVT5qtanjEXYkv+GsZf5Hj7R4bqt7vNt3n9FxiuH3P963r9QrvzpP+PlC2L8Gc7KzpNZFmCGukX3agxbj5C+HtHgdu/KcCA1749QWp1+wHPYampoUoL0Jbi71ej/R389qTunZ3Ltkcwjty/kJ4+0HCBpjmQqcpv64KO0V4urwiWUXI/GzQ642kzpt/79oIOzxHAG8X/IXwuoGFZKwtXa/0qE6oVZWySHHOeb2hJW1twtt9puLcbv7cW3Rt8BfC279Xtavh6flM4gmHMtcUqETz+kt6O7EkOuFJ8np9C+yiK4YXUqdO5LZ7ov4m1QCL+fsBbdl76C4M9zdl+cBDzjsKKCu2fiA7cqFbKWxq6/V6POqf+Tf9IZ37mhNtgiSfDBAyqeHthqAA+AvhvY7hPBaagMXsvsB7emZBii269xWLy6TFdyfcSVPvNmJPQIjSnH/rNQaYKennXPclHvMW3i74C+G1Bweyt5ZVhTN3tLarh5YscgH/veEOLIT3lttk1/NvEtfTqdu9kHrBRd6ThrcL/v4fyPECTUf8LxrfX0vCm24YfbpSymFjIMWwIvWkp+ztPsDbBSC8gA62pLcM9TEnviv2HCcs7H2Ib1AQIjbFl5JQMqS3dbvwdgEIL2BEuHTqex+ltEJaoH6UxHfV8b3rPoH3idR53UUuDN0QdiEDILyAQQHTeTT5mrLJioSynf6F+P7RkZcYGhLdoOT9HWUTkHvCggkAwgsYRJqj1RHfJWUTFen5vvJ7d2TuMfcei/yd5nmeK0R3m0sxrNBNAAivufxhWcH9mMiWiqVO2kF4h/eULcsUXumP7C0KEfvGotlGgKd8vr9JfyP5pwrbivducxEBUgzg7+iFd0P6Eyop8o9tjnKh5mJE7ZpOkOnu+zrjNEC6wEII5k+UbULyrUHYni7XTAx4uXXSC4vcvT0QHusD/pbgh5eX93v//vznb0MzmmjMdQfnlQkpX+PCxktGRo6A9HOoeewpywWTQnyn3N4L9ownBq//pcJDmnJKZCbdr08A+JvDX7/8PhrhnTJp5x1e40jZXpyxFNLKr48tHIzIzHPLrokTkzJu0L/GanPwt6Hw3gxcAA4dG434/DF3khW93ex7jOFmWh724PBveObfANEFfzvBUIU39VT68rpk4wWUbaO4pHGUE/n0Ni+W5mk/Uv9PztD1cj9S+Yq0ItG91PgOAP4OWnhD+jfPOOn5unPKdirypdfX5N6+DE2RbggS5F6PuS0+k/4j47sWXHGPHlVvTLQo8HTF9xLoJfg7RuFNd5q6u+I9TCTifpZevyczz/OyOSyMmDBFE1E7FqfPlnnAsuDW8Wx8pBfAXwjv+9BvbcG9pMYTZJTznI807DIz0THF4od0pzFPIcBCqH7itrlc4T7T52R9bCC4qSf2TfLEniG64O+YhTct+5hbdE/pstcDva1vjQcuvkKcfmVBK9s6L31vKonwscP7OvI1fqUsjxfX/G6afpA9MXEu5HTB39YYSx2vDaP5mMJTj1MPc04tbEj9FNaicH5B2YbT0wakPHK7HpjMBz7atnXI9z6RvOWAsDgC/G3Rp8ZUx2uT8RKJwEcax+q2LWXLaJ/InZ26Vnzv8qx6uk8DvFzwtxV/x1LHaxPSPQ3SnKYYPXcj+N1pSZmYxFpT9uDMqcWCG3OYOZO83F+RWgB/TfIXwtsfDvR2ZnRN43jUd8xpg6/sMYhc6T9kz54WUx4gEhbcpSS4XylLmwDgrzH+Qnj7hSCw/OicWxp2mZkM4en+SNlkhei43ymbaPN6FtuA7SEGgfuch5sKbggvF+iCv0PK8YoGeHTUoB/JricKd41U1PLlQ0fu3LHh9phyqJgeRZN1J/ZgdhBb8LcL/g55cs1V411YEA4jI5vHNguoeHnokbLqhITqrQ7z+JB3LJuUtHvEYhsTAP52yF9UNQA2Qgjkio8uazrTbSajEQ50wBUhC+8HNAdgCdKa25D/9ql9Pe9FEtWY3tb0AsDVUejxAgAAAN0BVQ0AAAAQXgAAAAgvAAAAAOEFAABwF/8VYAAXRwSpGfHzmgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" class="layout-img">
<p class="layout-tip">哎呀，找不到該頁面啦！</p>
<p id="tips">請檢查您的網絡連接是否正常或者輸入的網址是否正確</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
[root@localhost ~]# nginx -s reload
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl stop firewalld && setenforce 0
訪問http://192.168.13.128/404.html（ip地址/404.html）
是不是很好看的404頁面？