ArcGIS Engine，要素類中插入數據效率探究

在ArcGIS Engine程序開發過程中是否遇到過要將新獲取的數據向已有要素類中插入？對於數據插入的幾種方法您是否清楚？各種方法的效率您對比過嗎？今天我們討論的話題爲Engine中如何往已有要素類中插入數據，上述問題的答案會爲您一一揭曉。

一、往已有要素類中插入數據的幾種方式及其優缺點：

1，IFeatureClass.CreateFeature配合IFeature.Store使用。該方法在調用Store時會觸發所有與Feature相關的行爲，不但會觸發IObjectClassEvents，還會觸發涉及網絡、註記要素，以及參與拓撲的要素等特殊的行爲（比如向參加拓撲的要素類中添加要素後會自動創建dirty area）。

該方法在調用CreateFeature方法時，創建要素的OID，執行Store時將要素存入數據庫中。

優點：代碼簡單；
缺點：效率低，如果僅僅插入幾個要素或者進行測試而不考慮性能的話可以考慮。

2，IFeatureClass.CreateFeatureBuffer配合insert cursor使用。不會觸發事件，該方法常常用來一次性插入大量要素，比第一種方法效率高很多。此外，IFeatureClass.Insert(bool useBuffering)方法中參數useBuffering建議總將其設爲true，這樣數據會先緩衝在客戶端，然後執行Flush時批量寫入，以提升效率。

該方法創建的IFeatureBuffer可以進行多次賦值，在執行InsertFeature時，創建要素的OID，但是此時數據並沒有寫入到數據庫中，只有在執行IFeatureCursor.Flush時數據纔會真正寫入到數據庫中。注意Flush方法是需要手動調用的，如果不執行，在程序釋放或者Buffer滿了會自動執行，但這樣會無法檢測錯誤，比如要素類空間不夠了就會報錯。

優點：效率高，尤其是插入大量數據時。如果僅就性能而言，除非插入一個要素，其餘情況都推薦使用該方法；
缺點：代碼相比第一種，稍顯複雜，注意需要釋放ICursor和IFeatureBuffer對象。

這裏提一下，該方法中涉及到cursor的釋放，有兩種方法釋放遊標：
a，直接使用ComReleaser.ReleaseCOMObject(cursor); 或者Marshal.FinalReleaseComObject(cursor);

b，使用using(){ }方式，如下：

  using(ComReleaser comReleaser = new ComReleaser())
    {
        // Create a feature buffer.
        IFeatureBuffer featureBuffer = featureClass.CreateFeatureBuffer();
        comReleaser.ManageLifetime(featureBuffer);

        // Create an insert cursor.
        IFeatureCursor insertCursor = featureClass.Insert(true);
        comReleaser.ManageLifetime(insertCursor);

      …
    }

執行完using後會自動釋放insertCursor和featureBuffer，可以避免程序比較複雜時不確定在哪釋放或者忘記釋放的情況，是比較優秀的編程方式，推薦使用。

3，使用Load-Only模式插入數據（SDE以及FileGDB都支持）。這種方法是對第二種方法的升級，主要用來在插入數據量特別大的情況下提高性能。Load-Only模式僅能用來插入新的要素，而不能用於編輯已有要素。原理是開啓Load-Only模式後，插入數據時會停止更新空間索引和屬性索引，解除Load-Only後才重建索引（重建索引是重建該要素類所有要素的索引，如果已有要素類中含有大量要素，而插入數據量不太大時，重建索引可能會影響性能）。開啓Load-Only模式時，其它程序不能訪問該數據，可以在獲取排它鎖之後設置Load-Only。如下：

    // Cast the feature class to the IFeatureClassLoad interface.
    IFeatureClassLoad featureClassLoad = (IFeatureClassLoad)featureClass;

    // Acquire an exclusive schema lock for the class.
    ISchemaLock schemaLock = (ISchemaLock)featureClass;
    try
    {
        schemaLock.ChangeSchemaLock(esriSchemaLock.esriExclusiveSchemaLock);

        // Enable load-only mode on the feature class.
        featureClassLoad.LoadOnlyMode = true;
        using(ComReleaser comReleaser = new ComReleaser())
        {
            // Create the feature buffer.
            IFeatureBuffer featureBuffer = featureClass.CreateFeatureBuffer();
            comReleaser.ManageLifetime(featureBuffer);

            // Create an insert cursor.
            IFeatureCursor insertCursor = featureClass.Insert(true);
            comReleaser.ManageLifetime(insertCursor);

            …
        }
    }
    catch (Exception)
    {
        // Handle the failure in a way appropriate to the application.
    }
    finally
    {
        // Disable load-only mode on the feature class.
        featureClassLoad.LoadOnlyMode = false;

        // Demote the exclusive schema lock to a shared lock.
        schemaLock.ChangeSchemaLock(esriSchemaLock.esriSharedSchemaLock);
}

插入數據常用的就是以上三種方式，下面兩種方式也可以插入數據，但是不常用，簡要介紹一下。

4，IObjectLoader.LoadObjects方法。該方法只能在Desktop產品下使用，也就是Engine許可無法使用，相比之前的方法，該方法代碼簡單，對於屬性值的複製也更爲簡單，如下：

            IObjectLoader objectLoader = new ObjectLoaderClass();
            IFeatureClass sourceFeatureClass = getFeatureClass("esriDataSourcesGDB.FileGDBWorkspaceFactory", fileGDBPath, sourceFCName);
            IFeatureClass targetFeatureClass = getFeatureClass("esriDataSourcesGDB.SdeWorkspaceFactory", sdePath, targetFCName);

            string sInFieldList = targetFeatureClass.Fields.get_Field(0).Name;
            for(int i=1;i< targetFeatureClass.Fields.FieldCount;i++)
                sInFieldList = sInFieldList + "," + targetFeatureClass.Fields.get_Field(i).Name;

            IQueryFilter queryFilter = new QueryFilterClass();
            queryFilter.WhereClause = queryClause;
            queryFilter.SubFields = sInFieldList;

            IEnumInvalidObject invalidObject;
            objectLoader.LoadObjects(null, sourceFeatureClass as ITable, queryFilter, targetFeatureClass as ITable, targetFeatureClass.Fields, false, 0, false, false, 1000, out invalidObject);

優點：代碼簡單，屬性值複製也更爲簡單；
缺點：只能在Desktop許可下使用。

5，IFeatureClass.CreateFeature配合IFeatureClassWrite.WriteFeature/WriteFeatures使用。IFeatureClassWrite是low-level的接口，不會觸發任何事件。只是使用WriteFeature/WriteFeatures替換IFeature.Store將要素寫入數據庫，用的人很少。

以上就是插入數據的幾種方式，您是否都清楚了？接下來，在程序的編寫過程中有哪些需要注意的呢？

a，以下數據類型需要EngineGeoDB許可或者Desktop產品的Standard或者Advanced許可：涉及幾何網絡、拓撲、Dimension要素類、註記類、ArcSDE數據庫的。

b，以下情況需要開啓編輯會話：涉及拓撲、幾何網絡、terrain、representation以及ArcSDE中的版本數據的。

c，在給要素賦予Shape時，有必要執行一下ITopologicalOperator.Simplify來驗證幾何，尤其是往SDE中插入時，有幾何錯誤會導致失敗。

d，插入數據可能導致要素類的Extent發生變化，插入完後建議調用IFeatureClassManage. UpdateExtent更新範圍（需要獲取要素類的排他鎖，也就是不能有別的用戶或程序訪問該要素類），不然有可能執行縮放到圖層或全圖時數據顯示不全。

e， Geometry的空間參考需要與目標要素類的空間參考相一致，否則會進行動態投影而影響性能。

f，如果源要素類中有Z值或M值，注意賦Shape時需要使用IZAware或者IMAware進行設置。

二、效率對比

由於經常碰到用戶需要將本地數據庫的數據往SDE中導入，所以本文以將FileGDB中的點要素類插入到ArcSDE中已有的字段結構相同的要素類中爲例進行測試。

代碼可參考：ArcObjects幫助文檔

測試結果：

1，將100個點要素從FileGDB中插入SDE要素類中使用五種方法分別用時：2.25秒、0.19秒、0.21秒、0.23秒、2.40秒。

2，將10000個點要素從FileGDB中插入SDE要素類中使用五種方法分別用時：185秒、14.5秒、11.3秒、13.2秒、204秒。

3，將100000個點要素從FileGDB中插入SDE要素類中使用五種方法分別用時：1345秒、163秒、127秒、146秒、1409秒。

4，文中提到使用遊標方式插入數據，如果將IFeatureClass.Insert(bool useBuffering)方法中參數useBuffering設爲true會提高效率，現在就來測試一下。將100000個點要素插入SDE中，設爲false所用時間爲：164秒，設爲true所用時間爲：122秒。

5，開啓編輯會話會不會提高效率呢？將100000個點要素插入SDE中，設爲false所用時間爲：161秒，設爲true所用時間爲：117秒。相比不開啓編輯會話，幾乎沒有差別。

從上述測試結果可以看出：

a，無論是插入少量數據還是插入大量數據，Insert方式都比CreateFeature方式快；

b，如果僅插入少量數據，使用LoadOnly模式反而會慢（文中插入100個點），如果插入大量要素使用LoadOnly會快（文中插入1萬和10萬個點），但是如果該要素類中已有大量要素，而僅插入不是太多數據的話重建索引可能會影響性能；

c， IFeatureClassWrite.WriteFeature方法比IFeature.Store還要慢，這大概也是該方法用的很少的原因之一吧；

d， IObjectLoader.LoadObjects方法比Insert稍快，但是比LoadOnly要慢些（文中插入1萬和10萬個點）。由於測試數據中僅含有兩個自定義字段，如果字段個數較多的話，我覺得這種方法會更快；

e， IFeatureClass.Insert(bool useBuffering)方法中參數useBuffering設爲true確實可以提高效率；

f，開啓編輯會話與不開啓效率幾乎一樣，當然如果涉及到拓撲，幾何網絡等複雜情況時必須開啓編輯會話。

完整代碼：

using ESRI.ArcGIS.ADF;
using ESRI.ArcGIS.Catalog;
using ESRI.ArcGIS.EditorExt;
using ESRI.ArcGIS.esriSystem;
using ESRI.ArcGIS.Geodatabase;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace insertingFeatures
{
    public partial class Form1 : Form
    {
        public Form1()
        {
            InitializeComponent();
        }
        string sdePath = @"C:\Users\Xinying\AppData\Roaming\ESRI\Desktop10.4\ArcCatalog\Connection to 192.168.220.132 (3).sde";
        string fileGDBPath = Application.StartupPath + "\\test.gdb";
        string sourceFCName = "testPoint_10w";
        string targetFCName = "testPoint_10w_sde";
        string queryClause = "OBJECTID <101";
        private void createFeatureToolStripMenuItem_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            Stopwatch myWatch = Stopwatch.StartNew();

            IFeatureClass sourceFeatureClass = getFeatureClass("esriDataSourcesGDB.FileGDBWorkspaceFactory", fileGDBPath, sourceFCName);
            IFeatureClass targetFeatureClass = getFeatureClass("esriDataSourcesGDB.SdeWorkspaceFactory", sdePath, targetFCName);
          
            createFeature(sourceFeatureClass, targetFeatureClass);

            myWatch.Stop();
            string time = myWatch.Elapsed.TotalSeconds.ToString();
            MessageBox.Show(time + " Seconds");   
           
        }

        public void createFeature(IFeatureClass sourceFeatureClass, IFeatureClass targetFeatureClass)
        {
            IQueryFilter queryFilter = new QueryFilterClass();
            queryFilter.WhereClause = queryClause;
            IFeatureCursor cursor = sourceFeatureClass.Search(queryFilter, true);
            IFeature sourceFeature = cursor.NextFeature();
            while (sourceFeature != null)
            {
                IFeature targetFeature = targetFeatureClass.CreateFeature();

                //如果是線或面要素類需要執行下Simplify，這裏用的點要素類，不做驗證了
                targetFeature.Shape = sourceFeature.ShapeCopy;

                for (int i = 0; i < sourceFeature.Fields.FieldCount; i++)
                {
                    IField field = sourceFeature.Fields.get_Field(i);
                    if (field.Type != esriFieldType.esriFieldTypeOID && field.Type != esriFieldType.esriFieldTypeGeometry && field.Type != esriFieldType.esriFieldTypeGlobalID && field.Type != esriFieldType.esriFieldTypeGUID)
                    {
                        string fieldName = field.Name;
                        int index = targetFeature.Fields.FindField(fieldName);
                        if (index > -1 && fieldName != "Shape_Length" && fieldName != "Shape_Area")
                            targetFeature.set_Value(index, sourceFeature.get_Value(i));
                    }

                }
                targetFeature.Store();
                sourceFeature = cursor.NextFeature();

            }
            ComReleaser.ReleaseCOMObject(cursor);

            IFeatureClassManage targetFeatureClassManage = targetFeatureClass as IFeatureClassManage;
            targetFeatureClassManage.UpdateExtent();
        }
        private IFeatureClass getFeatureClass(string WorkspaceFactoryProgID, string GDBPath, string featureClassName)
        {
            IWorkspaceName workspaceName = new WorkspaceNameClass
            {
                WorkspaceFactoryProgID = WorkspaceFactoryProgID,
                PathName = GDBPath
            };

            IName workspaceIName = (IName)workspaceName;
            IWorkspace workspace = (IWorkspace)workspaceIName.Open();

            IFeatureClass featureClass = (workspace as IFeatureWorkspace).OpenFeatureClass(featureClassName);

            return featureClass; 
        }       

        private void insertFeatureToolStripMenuItem_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            Stopwatch myWatch = Stopwatch.StartNew();

            IFeatureClass sourceFeatureClass = getFeatureClass("esriDataSourcesGDB.FileGDBWorkspaceFactory", fileGDBPath, sourceFCName);
            IFeatureClass targetFeatureClass = getFeatureClass("esriDataSourcesGDB.SdeWorkspaceFactory", sdePath, targetFCName);
           
            InsertFeaturesUsingCursor(sourceFeatureClass, targetFeatureClass);

            myWatch.Stop();
            string time = myWatch.Elapsed.TotalSeconds.ToString();
            MessageBox.Show(time + " Seconds"); 
        }
        public void InsertFeaturesUsingCursor(IFeatureClass sourceFeatureClass, IFeatureClass targetFeatureClass)
        {
            using (ComReleaser comReleaser = new ComReleaser())
            {
                // Create a feature buffer.
                IFeatureBuffer featureBuffer = targetFeatureClass.CreateFeatureBuffer();
                comReleaser.ManageLifetime(featureBuffer);

                // Create an insert cursor.
                IFeatureCursor insertCursor = targetFeatureClass.Insert(true);
                comReleaser.ManageLifetime(insertCursor);

                IQueryFilter queryFilter = new QueryFilterClass();
                queryFilter.WhereClause = queryClause;
                IFeatureCursor cursor = sourceFeatureClass.Search(queryFilter, true);

                IFeature sourceFeature = cursor.NextFeature();

                while (sourceFeature != null)
                {
                    //如果是線或面要素類需要執行下Simplify，這裏用的點要素類，不做驗證了
                    featureBuffer.Shape = sourceFeature.ShapeCopy;

                    for (int i = 0; i < sourceFeature.Fields.FieldCount; i++)
                    {
                        IField field = sourceFeature.Fields.get_Field(i);
                        if (field.Type != esriFieldType.esriFieldTypeOID && field.Type != esriFieldType.esriFieldTypeGeometry && field.Type != esriFieldType.esriFieldTypeGlobalID && field.Type != esriFieldType.esriFieldTypeGUID)
                        {
                            string fieldName = field.Name;
                            int index = featureBuffer.Fields.FindField(fieldName);
                            if (index > -1 && fieldName != "Shape_Length" && fieldName != "Shape_Area")
                                featureBuffer.set_Value(index, sourceFeature.get_Value(i));
                        }

                    }
                    insertCursor.InsertFeature(featureBuffer);
                    sourceFeature = cursor.NextFeature();
                }

                // Flush the buffer to the geodatabase.
                insertCursor.Flush();
                ComReleaser.ReleaseCOMObject(cursor);
                
            }
            IFeatureClassManage targetFeatureClassManage = targetFeatureClass as IFeatureClassManage;
            targetFeatureClassManage.UpdateExtent();
        }

        private void loadOnlyToolStripMenuItem_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            Stopwatch myWatch = Stopwatch.StartNew();

            IFeatureClass sourceFeatureClass = getFeatureClass("esriDataSourcesGDB.FileGDBWorkspaceFactory", fileGDBPath, sourceFCName);
            IFeatureClass targetFeatureClass = getFeatureClass("esriDataSourcesGDB.SdeWorkspaceFactory", sdePath, targetFCName);
          
            LoadOnlyModeInsert(sourceFeatureClass, targetFeatureClass);

            myWatch.Stop();
            string time = myWatch.Elapsed.TotalSeconds.ToString();
            MessageBox.Show(time + " Seconds"); 
        }
        public void LoadOnlyModeInsert(IFeatureClass sourceFeatureClass, IFeatureClass targetFeatureClass)
        {
            // Cast the feature class to the IFeatureClassLoad interface.
            IFeatureClassLoad featureClassLoad = (IFeatureClassLoad)targetFeatureClass;

            // Acquire an exclusive schema lock for the class.
            ISchemaLock schemaLock = (ISchemaLock)targetFeatureClass;
            try
            {
                schemaLock.ChangeSchemaLock(esriSchemaLock.esriExclusiveSchemaLock);

                // Enable load-only mode on the feature class.
                featureClassLoad.LoadOnlyMode = true;
                using (ComReleaser comReleaser = new ComReleaser())
                {
                    // Create the feature buffer.
                    IFeatureBuffer featureBuffer = targetFeatureClass.CreateFeatureBuffer();
                    comReleaser.ManageLifetime(featureBuffer);

                    // Create an insert cursor.
                    IFeatureCursor insertCursor = targetFeatureClass.Insert(true);
                    comReleaser.ManageLifetime(insertCursor);

                    IQueryFilter queryFilter = new QueryFilterClass();
                    queryFilter.WhereClause = queryClause;
                    IFeatureCursor cursor = sourceFeatureClass.Search(queryFilter, true);

                    IFeature sourceFeature = cursor.NextFeature();

                    while (sourceFeature != null)
                    {
                        //如果是線或面要素類需要執行下Simplify，這裏用的點要素類，不做驗證了
                        featureBuffer.Shape = sourceFeature.ShapeCopy;

                        for (int i = 0; i < sourceFeature.Fields.FieldCount; i++)
                        {
                            IField field = sourceFeature.Fields.get_Field(i);
                            if (field.Type != esriFieldType.esriFieldTypeOID && field.Type != esriFieldType.esriFieldTypeGeometry && field.Type != esriFieldType.esriFieldTypeGlobalID && field.Type != esriFieldType.esriFieldTypeGUID)
                            {
                                string fieldName = field.Name;
                                int index = featureBuffer.Fields.FindField(fieldName);
                                if (index > -1 && fieldName != "Shape_Length" && fieldName != "Shape_Area")
                                    featureBuffer.set_Value(index, sourceFeature.get_Value(i));
                            }

                        }
                        insertCursor.InsertFeature(featureBuffer);
                        sourceFeature = cursor.NextFeature();
                    }

                    // Flush the buffer to the geodatabase.
                    insertCursor.Flush();
                    ComReleaser.ReleaseCOMObject(cursor);
                    IFeatureClassManage targetFeatureClassManage = targetFeatureClass as IFeatureClassManage;
                    targetFeatureClassManage.UpdateExtent();
                }
            }
            catch (Exception)
            {
                // Handle the failure in a way appropriate to the application.
                MessageBox.Show("無法獲取該要素類的排它鎖，檢查ArcMap是否打開了該要素類，建議關閉！");
            }
            finally
            {
                // Disable load-only mode on the feature class.
                featureClassLoad.LoadOnlyMode = false;

                // Demote the exclusive schema lock to a shared lock.
                schemaLock.ChangeSchemaLock(esriSchemaLock.esriSharedSchemaLock);
            }
            
        }

        private void objectLoaderToolStripMenuItem_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            Stopwatch myWatch = Stopwatch.StartNew();

            IObjectLoader objectLoader = new ObjectLoaderClass();
            IFeatureClass sourceFeatureClass = getFeatureClass("esriDataSourcesGDB.FileGDBWorkspaceFactory", fileGDBPath, sourceFCName);
            IFeatureClass targetFeatureClass = getFeatureClass("esriDataSourcesGDB.SdeWorkspaceFactory", sdePath, targetFCName);
             
            string sInFieldList = targetFeatureClass.Fields.get_Field(0).Name;
            for (int i = 1; i < targetFeatureClass.Fields.FieldCount; i++)
                sInFieldList = sInFieldList + "," + targetFeatureClass.Fields.get_Field(i).Name;
            
            IQueryFilter queryFilter = new QueryFilterClass();
            queryFilter.WhereClause = queryClause;
            queryFilter.SubFields = sInFieldList;
            
            IEnumInvalidObject invalidObject;
            objectLoader.LoadObjects(null, sourceFeatureClass as ITable, queryFilter, targetFeatureClass as ITable, targetFeatureClass.Fields, false, 0, false, false, 1000, out invalidObject);
            IFeatureClassManage targetFeatureClassManage = targetFeatureClass as IFeatureClassManage;
            targetFeatureClassManage.UpdateExtent();
           
            myWatch.Stop();
            string time = myWatch.Elapsed.TotalSeconds.ToString();
            MessageBox.Show(time + " Seconds"); 
        }

        private void comboBox1_SelectedIndexChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {            
            queryClause = comboBox1.Text;
        }

        private void featureClassWriteToolStripMenuItem_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            Stopwatch myWatch = Stopwatch.StartNew();

            IFeatureClass sourceFeatureClass = getFeatureClass("esriDataSourcesGDB.FileGDBWorkspaceFactory", fileGDBPath, sourceFCName);
            IFeatureClass targetFeatureClass = getFeatureClass("esriDataSourcesGDB.SdeWorkspaceFactory", sdePath, targetFCName);
           
            featureClassWrite(sourceFeatureClass, targetFeatureClass);

            myWatch.Stop();
            string time = myWatch.Elapsed.TotalSeconds.ToString();
            MessageBox.Show(time + " Seconds"); 
        }
        public void featureClassWrite(IFeatureClass sourceFeatureClass, IFeatureClass targetFeatureClass)
        {
            IQueryFilter queryFilter = new QueryFilterClass();
            queryFilter.WhereClause = queryClause;
            IFeatureCursor cursor = sourceFeatureClass.Search(queryFilter, true);
            IFeature sourceFeature = cursor.NextFeature();
            IFeatureClassWrite featureClassWrite = targetFeatureClass as IFeatureClassWrite;
            ISet setAdd = new SetClass(); 
            while (sourceFeature != null)
            {
                IFeature targetFeature = targetFeatureClass.CreateFeature();

                //如果是線或面要素類需要執行下Simplify，這裏用的點要素類，不做驗證了
                targetFeature.Shape = sourceFeature.ShapeCopy;

                for (int i = 0; i < sourceFeature.Fields.FieldCount; i++)
                {
                    IField field = sourceFeature.Fields.get_Field(i);
                    if (field.Type != esriFieldType.esriFieldTypeOID && field.Type != esriFieldType.esriFieldTypeGeometry && field.Type != esriFieldType.esriFieldTypeGlobalID && field.Type != esriFieldType.esriFieldTypeGUID)
                    {
                        string fieldName = field.Name;
                        int index = targetFeature.Fields.FindField(fieldName);
                        if (index > -1 && fieldName != "Shape_Length" && fieldName != "Shape_Area")
                            targetFeature.set_Value(index, sourceFeature.get_Value(i));
                    }

                }
                //setAdd.Add(targetFeature);
                featureClassWrite.WriteFeature(targetFeature);
                sourceFeature = cursor.NextFeature();

            }
            //featureClassWrite.WriteFeatures(setAdd);//與WriteFeature沒啥效率上的區別
            ComReleaser.ReleaseCOMObject(cursor);

            IFeatureClassManage targetFeatureClassManage = targetFeatureClass as IFeatureClassManage;
            targetFeatureClassManage.UpdateExtent();
        }
    }
}

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