Requests小結

Requests
一、實例：
import requests

response = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com/')
print(type(response))
print(response.status_code)
print(type(response.text))
print(response.text)
print(response.cookies)

二、請求
1.GET請求：
import requests
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
print(response.text)

2.帶參數GET請求：
import requests
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get?name=germey&age=22")
print(response.text)

3.請求頭：
import requests
data = {
    'name': 'germey',
    'age': 22
}#這裏單引號雙引號沒區別
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=data)
print(response.text)

4.基本POST請求：
import requests
data = {'name': 'germey', 'age': '22'}
headers = {
    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36'
}
response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=data, headers=headers)
print(response.json())

三、響應信息：
1.reponse屬性
import requests

response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com')
print(type(response.status_code), response.status_code)
print(type(response.headers), response.headers)
print(type(response.cookies), response.cookies)
print(type(response.url), response.url)
print(type(response.history), response.history)

2.狀態碼判斷

import requests

response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com/hello.html')
exit() if not response.status_code == requests.codes.not_found else print('404 Not Found')

100: ('continue',),
101: ('switching_protocols',),
102: ('processing',),
103: ('checkpoint',),
122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'),
200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '\\o/', '✓'),
201: ('created',),
202: ('accepted',),
203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'),
204: ('no_content',),
205: ('reset_content', 'reset'),
206: ('partial_content', 'partial'),
207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'),
208: ('already_reported',),
226: ('im_used',),

# Redirection.
300: ('multiple_choices',),
301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '\\o-'),
302: ('found',),
303: ('see_other', 'other'),
304: ('not_modified',),
305: ('use_proxy',),
306: ('switch_proxy',),
307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),
308: ('permanent_redirect',
      'resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0

# Client Error.
400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),
401: ('unauthorized',),
402: ('payment_required', 'payment'),
403: ('forbidden',),
404: ('not_found', '-o-'),
405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'),
406: ('not_acceptable',),
407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'),
408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'),
409: ('conflict',),
410: ('gone',),
411: ('length_required',),
412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'),
413: ('request_entity_too_large',),
414: ('request_uri_too_large',),
415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'),
416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'),
417: ('expectation_failed',),
418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'),
421: ('misdirected_request',),
422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'),
423: ('locked',),
424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'),
425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'),
426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'),
428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'),
429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'),
431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'),
444: ('no_response', 'none'),
449: ('retry_with', 'retry'),
450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'),
451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'),
499: ('client_closed_request',),

# Server Error.
500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o\\', '✗'),
501: ('not_implemented',),
502: ('bad_gateway',),
503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'),
504: ('gateway_timeout',),
505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'),
506: ('variant_also_negotiates',),
507: ('insufficient_storage',),
509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),
510: ('not_extended',),
511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'),
四、解析json：
import requests
import json

response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get")
print(type(response.text))
print(response.json())
print(json.loads(response.text))
# 輸出結果一樣json.loads(response.text)   response.json()
print(type(response.json()))
在JavaScript語言中，一切都是對象。因此，任何支持的類型都可以通過JSON來表示，例如字符串、數字、對象、數組等，但是對象和數組是比較特殊且常用的兩種類型，下面簡要介紹一下它們。
JSON 鍵值對是用來保存 JS 對象的一種方式，和 JS 對象的寫法也大同小異，鍵/值對組合中的鍵名寫在前面並用雙引號 "" 包裹，使用冒號 : 分隔，然後緊接着值：
{"firstName": "Json"}={firstName : "Json"}
var obj = {a: 'Hello', b: 'World'}; //這是一個對象，注意鍵名也是可以使用引號包裹的
var json = '{"a": "Hello", "b": "World"}'; //這是一個 JSON 字符串，本質是一個字符串
json文章：https://cuiqingcai.com/5564.html

五、獲取二進制數據：
import requests
response = requests.get("https://github.com/favicon.ico")
print(type(response.text), type(response.content))
print(response.text)
# <class 'str'> <class 'bytes'>字符串和二進制
print(response.content)

六、添加headers：
import requests

headers = {
    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36'
}
response = requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com/explore", headers=headers)
print(response.text)

七、高級操作：
1.文件上傳
import requests

files = {'file': open('favicon.ico', 'rb')}
response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", files=files)
print(response.text)

2.獲取cookie
import requests

response = requests.get("https://www.baidu.com")
print(response.cookies)
for key1, value1 in response.cookies.items():
    print(key1 + '=' + value1)

3.會話維持
import requests

s = requests.Session()
s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456789')
response = s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
print(response.text)

4.證書驗證
import requests

response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn', cert=('/path/server.crt', '/path/key'))
# 手動提供一個證書
print(response.status_code)

5.代理設置
import requests

proxies = {
  "http": "http://127.0.0.1:9743",
  "https": "https://127.0.0.1:9743",
}

response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
# 設置代理
print(response.status_code)
#######################################################################################################
import requests

proxies = {
    "http": "http://user:[email protected]:9743/",
#     賬號密碼的驗證
}
response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
print(response.status_code)
#######################################################################################################

6.超時設置
import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout
try:
    response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com/", timeout = 0.0000005)
    print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
    print('Timeout')
7.認證設置
import requests
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth

r = requests.get('http://120.27.34.24:9001', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user', '123'))
print(r.status_code)

8.異常處理
import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout, ConnectionError, RequestException
try:
    response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout = 0.5)
    print(response.status_code)