Okhttp的使用教程

原創 cat_猫 2020-06-20 07:08

轉載地址：http://m.2cto.com/net/201605/505364.html

最近半年來身邊開發的朋友越來越多的提到OkHttp，上谷歌百度一下，確實OkHttp成了時下最火的HTTP框架，於是我也開始放下Volley，轉而關注OkHttp，五一期間仔細看了官方WiKi介紹（我喜歡學習官方的文檔），現在把自己整理的官方教程分享給大家，希望給初學者帶來幫助。 
OkHttp官網地址：http://square.github.io/okhttp/ 
OkHttp GitHub地址：https://github.com/square/okhttp 
官網的自我介紹： 
HTTP is the way modern applications network. It’s how we exchange data & media. Doing HTTP efficiently makes your stuff load faster and saves bandwidth. 
OkHttp is an HTTP client that’s efficient by default:

?   HTTP/2 support allows all requests to the same host to share a socket.
?   Connection pooling reduces request latency (if HTTP/2 isn’t available).
?   Transparent GZIP shrinks download sizes.
?   Response caching avoids the network completely for repeat requests.

OkHttp perseveres when the network is troublesome: it will silently recover from common connection problems. If your service has multiple IP addresses OkHttp will attempt alternate addresses if the first connect fails. This is necessary for IPv4+IPv6 and for services hosted in redundant data centers. OkHttp initiates new connections with modern TLS features (SNI, ALPN), and falls back to TLS 1.0 if the handshake fails.
Using OkHttp is easy. Its request/response API is designed with fluent builders and immutability. It supports both synchronous blocking calls and async calls with callbacks.
OkHttp supportsAndroid2.3 and above. ForJava, the minimum requirement is 1.7.
概括起來說OkHttp是一款優秀的HTTP框架，它支持get請求和post請求，支持基於Http的文件上傳和下載，支持加載圖片，支持下載文件透明的GZIP壓縮，支持響應緩存避免重複的網絡請求，支持使用連接池來降低響應延遲問題。

配置方法

（一）導入Jar包
點擊下面鏈接下載最新v3.2.0 JAR
http://repo1.maven.org/maven2/com/squareup/okhttp3/okhttp/3.2.0/okhttp-3.2.0.jar
（二）通過構建方式導入
MAVEN

<dependency>
  <groupId>com.squareup.okhttp3groupId>
  <artifactId>okhttpartifactId>
  <version>3.2.0version>
dependency>

GRADLE

compile &#39;com.squareup.okhttp3:okhttp:3.2.0&#39;

基本要求

Requests（請求）

每一個HTTP請求中都應該包含一個URL，一個GET或POST方法以及Header或其他參數，當然還可以含特定內容類型的數據流。

Responses（響應）

響應則包含一個回覆代碼（200代表成功，404代表未找到），Header和定製可選的body。

基本使用

在日常開發中最常用到的網絡請求就是GET和POST兩種請求方式。

HTTP GET

OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
String run(String url) throws IOException {
    Request request = new Request.Builder().url(url).build();
    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (response.isSuccessful()) {
        return response.body().string();
    } else {
        throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);
    }
}

Request是OkHttp中訪問的請求，Builder是輔助類，Response即OkHttp中的響應。
Response類：

public boolean isSuccessful()
Returns true if the code is in [200..300), which means the request was successfully received, understood, and accepted.
response.body()返回ResponseBody類

可以方便的獲取string

public final String string() throws IOException
Returns the response as a string decoded with the charset of the Content-Type header. If that header is either absent or lacks a charset, this will attempt to decode the response body as UTF-8.
Throws:
IOException

當然也能獲取到流的形式：
public final InputStream byteStream()

HTTP POST

POST提交Json數據

public static final MediaType JSON = MediaType.parse("application/json; charset=utf-8");
OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
String post(String url, String json) throws IOException {
    RequestBody body = RequestBody.create(JSON, json);
    Request request = new Request.Builder()
      .url(url)
      .post(body)
      .build();
    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    f (response.isSuccessful()) {
        return response.body().string();
    } else {
        throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);
    }
}

使用Request的post方法來提交請求體RequestBody
POST提交鍵值對
OkHttp也可以通過POST方式把鍵值對數據傳送到服務器

OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
String post(String url, String json) throws IOException {
    RequestBody formBody = new FormEncodingBuilder()
    .add("platform", "android")
    .add("name", "bug")
    .add("subject", "XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX")
    .build();

    Request request = new Request.Builder()
      .url(url)
      .post(body)
      .build();

    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (response.isSuccessful()) {
        return response.body().string();
    } else {
        throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);
    }
}

案例

佈局文件：


<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
              android:layout_width="match_parent"
              android:layout_height="match_parent"
              android:orientation="vertical">

    <LinearLayout
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:gravity="center_horizontal"
        android:orientation="horizontal">

        <Button
            android:id="@+id/bt_get"
            android:layout_width="wrap_content"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
            android:text="烏雲Get請求"/>

        <Button
            android:id="@+id/bt_post"
            android:layout_width="wrap_content"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
            android:text="烏雲Post請求"/>

    LinearLayout>

    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/tv_show"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"/>
LinearLayout>

這裏寫圖片描述
Java代碼：
由於android本身是不允許在UI線程做網絡請求操作的，所以我們自己寫個線程完成網絡操作<喎�"http://www.2cto.com/kf/ware/vc/" target="_blank" class="keylink">vcD4NCjxwcmUgY2xhc3M9"brush:java;">import android.os.Bundle;import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;import android.util.Log;import android.view.View;import android.widget.Button;import com.squareup.okhttp.FormEncodingBuilder;import com.squareup.okhttp.OkHttpClient;import com.squareup.okhttp.Request;import com.squareup.okhttp.RequestBody;import com.squareup.okhttp.Response;public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity implements View.OnClickListener { private Button bt_get; private Button bt_post; final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main2); bt_get=(Button)findViewById(R.id.bt_get); bt_post=(Button)findViewById(R.id.bt_post); bt_get.setOnClickListener(this); bt_post.setOnClickListener(this); } @Override public void onClick(View view) { switch (view.getId()){ case R.id.bt_get: getRequest(); break; case R.id.bt_post: postRequest(); break; } } private void getRequest() { final Request request=new Request.Builder() .get() .tag(this) .url("http://www.wooyun.org") .build(); new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { Response response = null; try { response = client.newCall(request).execute(); if (response.isSuccessful()) { Log.i("WY","打印GET響應的數據：" + response.body().string()); } else { throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response); } } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } }).start(); } private void postRequest() { RequestBody formBody = new FormEncodingBuilder() .add("","") .build(); final Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("http://www.wooyun.org") .post(formBody) .build(); new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { Response response = null; try { response = client.newCall(request).execute(); if (response.isSuccessful()) { Log.i("WY","打印POST響應的數據：" + response.body().string()); } else { throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response); } } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } }).start(); }}

執行結果：
這裏寫圖片描述

官方Recipes

Synchronous Get（同步Get）

下載一個文件，打印他的響應頭，以string形式打印響應體。
響應體的 string() 方法對於小文檔來說十分方便、高效。但是如果響應體太大（超過1MB），應避免適應 string()方法 ，因爲他會將把整個文檔加載到內存中。對於超過1MB的響應body，應使用流的方式來處理body。

private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

  public void run() throws Exception {
    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("http://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt")
        .build();

    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

    Headers responseHeaders = response.headers();
    for (int i = 0; i < responseHeaders.size(); i++) {
      System.out.println(responseHeaders.name(i) + ": " + responseHeaders.value(i));
    }

    System.out.println(response.body().string());
  }

Asynchronous Get（異步Get）

在一個工作線程中下載文件，當響應可讀時回調Callback接口。讀取響應時會阻塞當前線程。OkHttp現階段不提供異步api來接收響應體。

private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

  public void run() throws Exception {
    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("http://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt")
        .build();

    client.newCall(request).enqueue(new Callback() {
      @Override public void onFailure(Call call, IOException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
      }

      @Override public void onResponse(Call call, Response response) throws IOException {
        if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

        Headers responseHeaders = response.headers();
        for (int i = 0, size = responseHeaders.size(); i < size; i++) {
          System.out.println(responseHeaders.name(i) + ": " + responseHeaders.value(i));
        }

        System.out.println(response.body().string());
      }
    });
  }

Accessing Headers（提取響應頭）

典型的HTTP頭 像是一個 Map

private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

  public void run() throws Exception {
    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("https://api.github.com/repos/square/okhttp/issues")
        .header("User-Agent", "OkHttp Headers.java")
        .addHeader("Accept", "application/json; q=0.5")
        .addHeader("Accept", "application/vnd.github.v3+json")
        .build();

    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

    System.out.println("Server: " + response.header("Server"));
    System.out.println("Date: " + response.header("Date"));
    System.out.println("Vary: " + response.headers("Vary"));
  }

Posting a String（Post方式提交String）

使用HTTP POST提交請求到服務。這個例子提交了一個markdown文檔到web服務，以HTML方式渲染markdown。因爲整個請求體都在內存中，因此避免使用此api提交大文檔（大於1MB）。

public static final MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN
      = MediaType.parse("text/x-markdown; charset=utf-8");

  private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

  public void run() throws Exception {
    String postBody = ""
        + "Releases\n"
        + "--------\n"
        + "\n"
        + " * _1.0_ May 6, 2013\n"
        + " * _1.1_ June 15, 2013\n"
        + " * _1.2_ August 11, 2013\n";

    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("https://api.github.com/markdown/raw")
        .post(RequestBody.create(MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN, postBody))
        .build();

    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

    System.out.println(response.body().string());
  }

Post Streaming（Post方式提交流）

以流的方式POST提交請求體。請求體的內容由流寫入產生。這個例子是流直接寫入Okio的BufferedSink。你的程序可能會使用OutputStream，你可以使用BufferedSink.outputStream()來獲取。.

public static final MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN
      = MediaType.parse("text/x-markdown; charset=utf-8");

  private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

  public void run() throws Exception {
    RequestBody requestBody = new RequestBody() {
      @Override public MediaType contentType() {
        return MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN;
      }

      @Override public void writeTo(BufferedSink sink) throws IOException {
        sink.writeUtf8("Numbers\n");
        sink.writeUtf8("-------\n");
        for (int i = 2; i <= 997; i++) {
          sink.writeUtf8(String.format(" * %s = %s\n", i, factor(i)));
        }
      }

      private String factor(int n) {
        for (int i = 2; i < n; i++) {
          int x = n / i;
          if (x * i == n) return factor(x) + " &times; " + i;
        }
        return Integer.toString(n);
      }
    };

    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("https://api.github.com/markdown/raw")
        .post(requestBody)
        .build();

    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

    System.out.println(response.body().string());
  }

Posting a File（Post方式提交文件）

以文件作爲請求體是十分簡單的。

public static final MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN
      = MediaType.parse("text/x-markdown; charset=utf-8");

  private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

  public void run() throws Exception {
    File file = new File("README.md");

    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("https://api.github.com/markdown/raw")
        .post(RequestBody.create(MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN, file))
        .build();

    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

    System.out.println(response.body().string());
  }

Posting form parameters（Post方式提交表單）

使用FormEncodingBuilder來構建和HTML標籤相同效果的請求體。鍵值對將使用一種HTML兼容形式的URL編碼來進行編碼。

private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

  public void run() throws Exception {
    RequestBody formBody = new FormBody.Builder()
        .add("search", "Jurassic Park")
        .build();
    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php")
        .post(formBody)
        .build();

    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

    System.out.println(response.body().string());
  }

Posting a multipart request（Post方式提交分塊請求）

MultipartBuilder可以構建複雜的請求體，與HTML文件上傳形式兼容。多塊請求體中每塊請求都是一個請求體，可以定義自己的請求頭。這些請求頭可以用來描述這塊請求，例如他的Content-Disposition。如果Content-Length和Content-Type可用的話，他們會被自動添加到請求頭中。

private static final String IMGUR_CLIENT_ID = "...";
  private static final MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_PNG = MediaType.parse("image/png");

  private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

  public void run() throws Exception {
    // Use the imgur image upload API as documented at https://api.imgur.com/endpoints/image
    RequestBody requestBody = new MultipartBody.Builder()
        .setType(MultipartBody.FORM)
        .addFormDataPart("title", "Square Logo")
        .addFormDataPart("image", "logo-square.png",
            RequestBody.create(MEDIA_TYPE_PNG, new File("website/static/logo-square.png")))
        .build();

    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .header("Authorization", "Client-ID " + IMGUR_CLIENT_ID)
        .url("https://api.imgur.com/3/image")
        .post(requestBody)
        .build();

    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

    System.out.println(response.body().string());
  }

Parse a JSON Response With Gson（使用GSON解析JSON響應）

Gson是一個在JSON和Java對象之間轉換非常方便的api。這裏我們用Gson來解析Github API的JSON響應。
注意：ResponseBody.charStream()使用響應頭Content-Type指定的字符集來解析響應體。默認是UTF-8。

private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
  private final Gson gson = new Gson();

  public void run() throws Exception {
    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("https://api.github.com/gists/c2a7c39532239ff261be")
        .build();
    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

    Gist gist = gson.fromJson(response.body().charStream(), Gist.class);
    for (Map.Entry<String, GistFile> entry : gist.files.entrySet()) {
      System.out.println(entry.getKey());
      System.out.println(entry.getValue().content);
    }
  }

  static class Gist {
    Map<String, GistFile> files;
  }

  static class GistFile {
    String content;
  }

Response Caching（響應緩存）

爲了緩存響應，你需要一個你可以讀寫的緩存目錄，和緩存大小的限制。這個緩存目錄應該是私有的，不信任的程序應不能讀取緩存內容。
一個緩存目錄同時擁有多個緩存訪問是錯誤的。大多數程序只需要調用一次new OkHttp()，在第一次調用時配置好緩存，然後其他地方只需要調用這個實例就可以了。否則兩個緩存示例互相干擾，破壞響應緩存，而且有可能會導致程序崩潰。
響應緩存使用HTTP頭作爲配置。你可以在請求頭中添加Cache-Control: max-stale=3600 ,OkHttp緩存會支持。你的服務通過響應頭確定響應緩存多長時間，例如使用Cache-Control: max-age=9600。

private final OkHttpClient client;

  public CacheResponse(File cacheDirectory) throws Exception {
    int cacheSize = 10 * 1024 * 1024; // 10 MiB
    Cache cache = new Cache(cacheDirectory, cacheSize);

    client = new OkHttpClient.Builder()
        .cache(cache)
        .build();
  }

  public void run() throws Exception {
    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("http://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt")
        .build();

    Response response1 = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (!response1.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response1);

    String response1Body = response1.body().string();
    System.out.println("Response 1 response:          " + response1);
    System.out.println("Response 1 cache response:    " + response1.cacheResponse());
    System.out.println("Response 1 network response:  " + response1.networkResponse());

    Response response2 = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (!response2.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response2);

    String response2Body = response2.body().string();
    System.out.println("Response 2 response:          " + response2);
    System.out.println("Response 2 cache response:    " + response2.cacheResponse());
    System.out.println("Response 2 network response:  " + response2.networkResponse());

    System.out.println("Response 2 equals Response 1? " + response1Body.equals(response2Body));
  }

爲了防止使用緩存的響應，可以用CacheControl.FORCE_NETWORK。爲了防止它使用網絡，使用CacheControl.FORCE_CACHE。需要注意的是：如果您使用FORCE_CACHE和網絡的響應需求，OkHttp則會返回一個504提示，告訴你不可滿足請求響應。
Canceling a Call（取消一個Call）
使用Call.cancel()可以立即停止掉一個正在執行的call。如果一個線程正在寫請求或者讀響應，將會引發IOException。當call沒有必要的時候，使用這個api可以節約網絡資源。例如當用戶離開一個應用時。不管同步還是異步的call都可以取消。
你可以通過tags來同時取消多個請求。當你構建一請求時，使用RequestBuilder.tag(tag)來分配一個標籤。之後你就可以用OkHttpClient.cancel(tag)來取消所有帶有這個tag的call。.

 private final ScheduledExecutorService executor = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(1);
  private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

  public void run() throws Exception {
    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("http://httpbin.org/delay/2") // This URL is served with a 2 second delay.
        .build();

    final long startNanos = System.nanoTime();
    final Call call = client.newCall(request);

    // Schedule a job to cancel the call in 1 second.
    executor.schedule(new Runnable() {
      @Override public void run() {
        System.out.printf("%.2f Canceling call.%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f);
        call.cancel();
        System.out.printf("%.2f Canceled call.%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f);
      }
    }, 1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

    try {
      System.out.printf("%.2f Executing call.%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f);
      Response response = call.execute();
      System.out.printf("%.2f Call was expected to fail, but completed: %s%n",
          (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f, response);
    } catch (IOException e) {
      System.out.printf("%.2f Call failed as expected: %s%n",
          (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f, e);
    }
  }

Timeouts（超時）

沒有響應時使用超時結束call。沒有響應的原因可能是客戶點鏈接問題、服務器可用性問題或者這之間的其他東西。OkHttp支持連接，讀取和寫入超時。

private final OkHttpClient client;

  public ConfigureTimeouts() throws Exception {
    client = new OkHttpClient.Builder()
        .connectTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
        .writeTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
        .readTimeout(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
        .build();
  }

  public void run() throws Exception {
    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("http://httpbin.org/delay/2") // This URL is served with a 2 second delay.
        .build();

    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    System.out.println("Response completed: " + response);
  }

Per-call Configuration（每個Call的配置）

使用OkHttpClient，所有的HTTP Client配置包括代理設置、超時設置、緩存設置。當你需要爲單個call改變配置的時候，clone 一個 OkHttpClient。這個api將會返回一個淺拷貝（shallow copy），你可以用來單獨自定義。下面的例子中，我們讓一個請求是500ms的超時、另一個是3000ms的超時。

private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();

  public void run() throws Exception {
    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("http://httpbin.org/delay/1") // This URL is served with a 1 second delay.
        .build();

    try {
      // Copy to customize OkHttp for this request.
      OkHttpClient copy = client.newBuilder()
          .readTimeout(500, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
          .build();

      Response response = copy.newCall(request).execute();
      System.out.println("Response 1 succeeded: " + response);
    } catch (IOException e) {
      System.out.println("Response 1 failed: " + e);
    }

    try {
      // Copy to customize OkHttp for this request.
      OkHttpClient copy = client.newBuilder()
          .readTimeout(3000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
          .build();

      Response response = copy.newCall(request).execute();
      System.out.println("Response 2 succeeded: " + response);
    } catch (IOException e) {
      System.out.println("Response 2 failed: " + e);
    }
  }

Handling authentication（處理驗證）

OkHttp會自動重試未驗證的請求。當響應是401 Not Authorized時，Authenticator會被要求提供證書。Authenticator的實現中需要建立一個新的包含證書的請求。如果沒有證書可用，返回null來跳過嘗試。

 private final OkHttpClient client;

  public Authenticate() {
    client = new OkHttpClient.Builder()
        .authenticator(new Authenticator() {
          @Override public Request authenticate(Route route, Response response) throws IOException {
            System.out.println("Authenticating for response: " + response);
            System.out.println("Challenges: " + response.challenges());
            String credential = Credentials.basic("jesse", "password1");
            return response.request().newBuilder()
                .header("Authorization", credential)
                .build();
          }
        })
        .build();
  }

  public void run() throws Exception {
    Request request = new Request.Builder()
        .url("http://publicobject.com/secrets/hellosecret.txt")
        .build();

    Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
    if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);

    System.out.println(response.body().string());
  }

To avoid making many retries when authentication isn&rsquo;t working, you can return null to give up. For example, you may want to skip the retry when these exact credentials have already been attempted:

if (credential.equals(response.request().header("Authorization"))) {
    return null; // If we already failed with these credentials, don&#39;t retry.
   }
You may also skip the retry when you&rsquo;ve hit an application-defined attempt limit:
  if (responseCount(response) >= 3) {
    return null; // If we&#39;ve failed 3 times, give up.
  }
This above code relies on this responseCount() method:
  private int responseCount(Response response) {
    int result = 1;
    while ((response = response.priorResponse()) != null) {
      result++;
    }
    return result;
  }

OkHttp官方文檔：https://github.com/square/okhttp/wiki


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