Vue源碼分析(一)--- 響應式原理

Vue的響應式原理

       Vue數據響應式原理的解讀有很多文章,此文只分享我對於Observer,Dep,Watcher的實現理解,希望此文對剛接觸Vue的開發者有所幫助。

Observer、Dep、Watcher簡介

  • Observer:數據的觀察者,讓數據對象的讀寫操作都處於自己的監管之下。當初始化實例的時候,會遞歸遍歷data,用Object.defineProperty來攔截數據。
  • Dep:數據更新的發佈者,get數據的時候,收集訂閱者,觸發Watcher的依賴收集,set數據時發佈更新,通知Watcher。
  • Watcher:數據更新的訂閱者,get數據的時候,收集發佈者,訂閱的數據改變時執行相應的回調函數。

Observer

       在Vue實例化的過程中會執行initState()和initData(),initData()中會執行observe(data, true /* asRootData */)。點擊此處查看initData代碼。此處爲observer代碼.

/**
  * 執行var vm = new Vue() 時,會執行observe(data)
  * 沒有被監聽的data需要New Observer()觀察;
  */
export function observe (value: any, asRootData: ?boolean): Observer | void {
  if (!isObject(value) || value instanceof VNode) {
    return
  }
  let ob: Observer | void
  // 如果存在__ob__屬性,說明對象不是observer類,需要new Observer()
  if (hasOwn(value, '__ob__') && value.__ob__ instanceof Observer) {
    ob = value.__ob__
  } else if (
    observerState.shouldConvert &&
    !isServerRendering() &&
    (Array.isArray(value) || isPlainObject(value)) &&
    Object.isExtensible(value) &&
    !value._isVue
  ) {
    ob = new Observer(value)
  }
  if (asRootData && ob) {
    // vmCount是用來記錄此Vue實例被使用的次數
    ob.vmCount++
  }
  return ob
}

// observe執行後,不是observer類的執行new Observer
export class Observer {
  value: any;
  dep: Dep;
  vmCount: number; // number of vms that has this object as root $data 記錄被使用的次數

  constructor (value: any) {
    this.value = value
    this.dep = new Dep()
    this.vmCount = 0
    def(value, '__ob__', this)
    // data是數組執行observeArray,是對象執行walk
    if (Array.isArray(value)) {
      const augment = hasProto
        ? protoAugment
        : copyAugment
      augment(value, arrayMethods, arrayKeys)
      this.observeArray(value)
    } else {
      this.walk(value)
    }
  }

  /**
   * Walk through each property and convert them into
   * getter/setters. This method should only be called when
   * value type is Object.
   */

  walk (obj: Object) {
      // 獲取對象的屬性數組
    const keys = Object.keys(obj)
    for (let i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
        // 執行 defineReactive(); params 依次是 data,key,value
      defineReactive(obj, keys[i], obj[keys[i]])
    }
  }

  /**
   * Observe a list of Array items.
   * 對於數組繼續執行observe(),對數組深入Observe.此時數組有對應的dep
   */
  observeArray (items: Array<any>) {
    for (let i = 0, l = items.length; i < l; i++) {
      observe(items[i])
    }
  }
}

/**
 * 執行observer後,value是對象在執行defineReactive(data,key,value)
 * Define a reactive property on an Object.
 */
export function defineReactive (
  obj: Object,
  key: string,
  val: any,
  customSetter?: ?Function,
  shallow?: boolean
) {
  const dep = new Dep()
  // 指定對象上一個自有屬性對應的屬性描述符 (value,get,set,writable[屬性值是否可改],configurable[屬性描述是否可改],enumerable[對象屬性是否可枚舉])
  const property = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(obj, key)
  // 對象的屬性描述不可更改時,返回
  if (property && property.configurable === false) {
    return
  }

  // 獲取getter和setter
  // cater for pre-defined getter/setters
  const getter = property && property.get
  const setter = property && property.set

  // 屬性值是對象或數組會進一步 defineReactive,不停深入建立observe
  let childOb = !shallow && observe(val)
  // 修改對象屬性的屬性描述符
  Object.defineProperty(obj, key, {
    enumerable: true,
    configurable: true,
    // get 主要是訂閱者和發佈者互相收集的過程
    get: function reactiveGetter () {
      // get 觸發執行
      const value = getter ? getter.call(obj) : val
      // 此時Dep.target指向觸發get的watch,下文中描述
      if (Dep.target) {
        // 觸發get的watch收集dep發佈者
        dep.depend()
        // 屬性值是數組或對象時,會執行observe,執行observe會有dep屬性,其實就是使觸發get的watch收集child的dep
        if (childOb) {
          childOb.dep.depend()
          if (Array.isArray(value)) {
            dependArray(value)
          }
        }
      }
      return value
    },
    // set就比較好理解了
    set: function reactiveSetter (newVal) {
      const value = getter ? getter.call(obj) : val
      /* eslint-disable no-self-compare */
      if (newVal === value || (newVal !== newVal && value !== value)) {
        return
      }
      /* eslint-enable no-self-compare */
      if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && customSetter) {
        customSetter()
      }
      if (setter) {
        setter.call(obj, newVal)
      } else {
        val = newVal
      }
      // 屬性值修改後,可能修改爲對象或數組,如果是就要建立observe觀察者,如果相反的話,就取消observe觀察者
      childOb = !shallow && observe(newVal)
      // 發佈者通知收集的訂閱者更新數據
      dep.notify()
    }
  })
}

       上述代碼執行 var vm = new Vue() --> observe(data) --> observer() --> defineReactive() 過程中可以分析出data不停的深入遍歷,直到不能建立觀察者爲之,給data和每個深入遍歷的屬性和對應屬性值爲對象或數組的建立觀察者。從set可以看出屬性值改變會觸發dep.notify()通知訂閱者更新數據。數據改變除了屬性值改變還有對象增刪屬性和數組修改,這就是爲什麼要給每個對象和數組建立觀察者了.請看下述代碼:

/**
 * Set a property on an object. Adds the new property and
 * triggers change notification if the property doesn't
 * already exist.
 */
export function set (target: Array<any> | Object, key: any, val: any): any {
  //對於數組的處理,調用變異方法splice,這個時候數組的Dep會發布更新消息
  if (Array.isArray(target) && isValidArrayIndex(key)) {
    target.length = Math.max(target.length, key)
    // 下述鏈接的代碼是給數組的常用操作添加數組Dep發佈通知
    // https://github.com/vuejs/vue/blob/v2.5.13/src/core/observer/array.js
    target.splice(key, 1, val)
    return val
  }
  // 改變的是已經存在的屬性的屬性值
  if (key in target && !(key in Object.prototype)) {
    // 觸發該屬性對應的dep發佈訂閱者更新數據
    target[key] = val
    return val
  }
  const ob = (target: any).__ob__
  if (target._isVue || (ob && ob.vmCount)) {
    process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && warn(
      'Avoid adding reactive properties to a Vue instance or its root $data ' +
      'at runtime - declare it upfront in the data option.'
    )
    return val
  }
  if (!ob) {
    target[key] = val
    return val
  }
  // 給新增屬性創建觀察者,用於收集訂閱者
  defineReactive(ob.value, key, val)
  // 對象的發佈者通知訂閱者更新數據,新增屬性的發佈者收集訂閱者
  ob.dep.notify()
  return val
}

/**
 * Delete a property and trigger change if necessary.
 */
export function del (target: Array<any> | Object, key: any) {
  //對於數組的處理,調用變異方法splice,這個時候數組的Dep會發布更新消息
  if (Array.isArray(target) && isValidArrayIndex(key)) {
    target.splice(key, 1)
    return
  }
  const ob = (target: any).__ob__
  if (target._isVue || (ob && ob.vmCount)) {
    process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && warn(
      'Avoid deleting properties on a Vue instance or its root $data ' +
      '- just set it to null.'
    )
    return
  }
  if (!hasOwn(target, key)) {
    return
  }
  // 刪除對象的屬性
  delete target[key]
  if (!ob) {
    return
  }
  // 對象的發佈者通知訂閱者更新數據
  ob.dep.notify()
}

/**
 * Collect dependencies on array elements when the array is touched, since
 * we cannot intercept array element access like property getters.
 */
function dependArray (value: Array<any>) {
  for (let e, i = 0, l = value.length; i < l; i++) {
    e = value[i]
    e && e.__ob__ && e.__ob__.dep.depend()
    if (Array.isArray(e)) {
      dependArray(e)
    }
  }
}

1. 對象新增或刪除屬性時,是監控不到的。因爲開始oberve data的時候已經建立了getter,setter和發佈者,後面屬性新增和刪除是無法檢測到的。所以Vue給出了Vue.set和Vue.delete API。 當增刪屬性時或數組增刪元素時,就會觸發ob.dep.notify()通知訂閱者更新數據
2. 對於數組也可以通過Vue.set和Vue.delete API來修改,也可以調用數組的變異方法(push(),pop(),shift(),unshift(),splice(),sort(),reverse()),這些方法是會讓數組的值發生改變的,具體代碼請點擊查看

       所以dep實例化的地方有兩處:

  1. 一處是在defineReactive函數裏,每次調用這個函數的時候都會創建一個新的Dep實例,存在在getter/setter閉包函數的作用域鏈上,是爲對象屬性服務的。在Watcher獲取屬性的值的時候收集訂閱者,在設置屬性值的時候發佈更新。
  2. 另一處是在observe函數中,此時的dep掛在被observe的數據的__ obj__屬性上,他是爲對象或數組服務的,在Watcher獲取屬性的值的時候,如果值被observe後返回observer對象(對象和數組纔會返回observer),那麼就會在此時收集訂閱者,在對象或數組增刪元素時調用$set等api時發佈更新的;

Dep

以下爲Dep的代碼,github地址爲點擊查看

/**
 * A dep is an observable that can have multiple
 * directives subscribing to it.
 */
export default class Dep {
  static target: ?Watcher;
  id: number;
  // subs用於收集訂閱者(watcher)
  subs: Array<Watcher>;

  constructor () {
    this.id = uid++
    this.subs = []
  }
  // 添加訂閱者
  addSub (sub: Watcher) {
    this.subs.push(sub)
  }
  // 移除訂閱者
  removeSub (sub: Watcher) {
    remove(this.subs, sub)
  }
  // 訂閱者收集發佈者,並添加訂閱者(添加訂閱者是在watcher中調用dep的addSub方法,在watcher中會提到)
  depend () {
    if (Dep.target) {
      Dep.target.addDep(this)
    }
  }
  // 發佈通知,通知subs收集的訂閱者更新數據
  notify () {
    // stabilize the subscriber list first
    const subs = this.subs.slice()
    for (let i = 0, l = subs.length; i < l; i++) {
      subs[i].update()
    }
  }
}

// the current target watcher being evaluated.
// this is globally unique because there could be only one
// watcher being evaluated at any time.
// Dep.target指向當前的watcher
Dep.target = null
// 以下爲watcher中使用
// 存放watcher的
const targetStack = []

export function pushTarget (_target: Watcher) {
  if (Dep.target) targetStack.push(Dep.target)
  Dep.target = _target
}

export function popTarget () {
  Dep.target = targetStack.pop()
}

       在上文中我們提到Dep實例化的地方有兩處:

  1. 一處是在defineReactive函數裏,是爲對象屬性服務的,通過在get中childOb.dep.depend()收集訂閱者,通過在dep.notify()發佈更新。
  2. 另一處是在observe函數中,是爲對象或數組服務的,通過在get中childOb.dep.depend()收集訂閱者,通過在set,del和數組方法原型上ob.dep.notify() 發佈更新。

Watcher

       以下爲Watcher的代碼,github地址爲點擊查看

  /**
  *   vm的$watch方法
  *   Vue.prototype.$watch()
  *   new Watcher(vm, expOrFn, cb, options)
  *   傳參
  *   vm.$watch(userInfo, onUserInfoChange)
  */
  export default class Watcher {
    vm: Component;
    expression: string;
    cb: Function;
    id: number;
    deep: boolean;
    user: boolean;
    lazy: boolean;
    sync: boolean;
    dirty: boolean;
    active: boolean;
    deps: Array<Dep>;
    newDeps: Array<Dep>;
    depIds: SimpleSet;
    newDepIds: SimpleSet;
    getter: Function;
    value: any;  
    // $watch 的params vm,userInfo,onUserInfoChange
    constructor (
      vm: Component,
      expOrFn: string | Function,
      cb: Function,
      options?: ?Object,
      isRenderWatcher?: boolean
    ) {
      this.vm = vm
      if (isRenderWatcher) {
        vm._watcher = this
      }
      vm._watchers.push(this)
      // options 
      if (options) {
        this.deep = !!options.deep
        this.user = !!options.user
        // 計算屬性時生效
        this.lazy = !!options.lazy
        this.sync = !!options.sync
      } else {
        this.deep = this.user = this.lazy = this.sync = false
      }
      this.cb = cb
      this.id = ++uid // uid for batching
      this.active = true
      this.dirty = this.lazy // for lazy watchers
      this.deps = []
      this.newDeps = []
      this.depIds = new Set()
      this.newDepIds = new Set()
      this.expression = process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production'
        ? expOrFn.toString()
        : ''
      // parse expression for getter
      // getter有兩種情況,一種是function,例如掛載之後,獲取模板中的值,此時是一個函數,get中會觸發getter,一種是表達式,同時get也會觸發getter
      if (typeof expOrFn === 'function') {
        this.getter = expOrFn
      } else {
        this.getter = parsePath(expOrFn)
        if (!this.getter) {
          this.getter = function () {}
          process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && warn(
            `Failed watching path: "${expOrFn}" ` +
            'Watcher only accepts simple dot-delimited paths. ' +
            'For full control, use a function instead.',
            vm
          )
        }
      }
      // 不是computed計算屬性時,都會調用get函數
      this.value = this.lazy
        ? undefined
        : this.get()
    }
  
    /**
     * Evaluate the getter, and re-collect dependencies.
     */
    get () {
      // 入棧,此時Dep.target指向該watcher
      pushTarget(this)
      let value
      const vm = this.vm
      try {
        // 觸發getter,這時對應的dep會觸發depend函數,depend函數觸發watcher的addDep函數,addDep收集完發佈者後,調用發佈者的addSub函數,使發佈者收集訂閱者,完成收集過程。
        value = this.getter.call(vm, vm)
      } catch (e) {
        if (this.user) {
          handleError(e, vm, `getter for watcher "${this.expression}"`)
        } else {
          throw e
        }
      } finally {
        // "touch" every property so they are all tracked as
        // dependencies for deep watching
        if (this.deep) {
          traverse(value)
        }
        // 出棧
        popTarget()
        // 更新deps和depIds,即去除不再依賴的發佈者
        this.cleanupDeps()
      }
      return value
    }
  
    /**
     * Add a dependency to this directive.
     * 添加發布者
     */
    addDep (dep: Dep) {
      const id = dep.id
      if (!this.newDepIds.has(id)) {
        this.newDepIds.add(id)
        this.newDeps.push(dep)
        if (!this.depIds.has(id)) {
          dep.addSub(this)
        }
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Clean up for dependency collection.
     */
    cleanupDeps () {
      let i = this.deps.length
      while (i--) {
        const dep = this.deps[i]
        if (!this.newDepIds.has(dep.id)) {
          dep.removeSub(this)
        }
      }
      let tmp = this.depIds
      this.depIds = this.newDepIds
      this.newDepIds = tmp
      this.newDepIds.clear()
      tmp = this.deps
      this.deps = this.newDeps
      this.newDeps = tmp
      this.newDeps.length = 0
    }
  
    /**
     * Subscriber interface.
     * Will be called when a dependency changes.
     * 發佈者發佈通知後更新數據,最終都會調用run方法
     */
    update () {
      /* istanbul ignore else */
      if (this.lazy) {
        this.dirty = true
      } else if (this.sync) {
        this.run()
      } else {
        queueWatcher(this)
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Scheduler job interface.
     * Will be called by the scheduler.
     */
    run () {
      if (this.active) {
        // 觸發getter,訂閱者和發佈者相互重新收集
        const value = this.get()
        if (
          value !== this.value ||
          // Deep watchers and watchers on Object/Arrays should fire even
          // when the value is the same, because the value may
          // have mutated.
          isObject(value) ||
          this.deep
        ) {
          // set new value
          const oldValue = this.value
          this.value = value
          // 調用表達式更新值
          if (this.user) {
            try {
              this.cb.call(this.vm, value, oldValue)
            } catch (e) {
              handleError(e, this.vm, `callback for watcher "${this.expression}"`)
            }
          } else {
            this.cb.call(this.vm, value, oldValue)
          }
        }
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Evaluate the value of the watcher.
     * This only gets called for lazy watchers.
     */
    evaluate () {
      this.value = this.get()
      this.dirty = false
    }
  
    /**
     * Depend on all deps collected by this watcher.
     */
    depend () {
      let i = this.deps.length
      while (i--) {
        this.deps[i].depend()
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Remove self from all dependencies' subscriber list.
     */
    teardown () {
      if (this.active) {
        // remove self from vm's watcher list
        // this is a somewhat expensive operation so we skip it
        // if the vm is being destroyed.
        if (!this.vm._isBeingDestroyed) {
          remove(this.vm._watchers, this)
        }
        let i = this.deps.length
        while (i--) {
          this.deps[i].removeSub(this)
        }
        this.active = false
      }
    }
  }

       watcher初始化的時候會獲取getter函數,在執行get時,觸發了getter攔截,促使收集Dep和對應的Dep收集watch,完成了相互收集的過程。當發佈者通知watcher更新數據,執行update函數更新數據。
       watcher中的deps和newDeps。他們是用來記錄已經記錄Watcher收集的依賴和新一輪Watcher收集的依賴,每一次有數據的更新都需要重新收集依賴,上述說到數據發佈更新後,會調用Dep的notify方法,notify方法會調用update,update調用run方法,run方法會調用get方法,重新獲取值,並重新收集依賴。收集完之後cleanupDeps函數,用於更新新的依賴。deps和newDeps作對比之前收集了但是新一輪沒收集,會執行對應dep的removeSub函數,使發佈者刪除watcher,因爲兩者不存在依賴關係了,這樣下次發佈者執行notify方法時不會再通知該watcher。
       這裏可以看出Dep.target是全局唯一的,指向watcher,用於記錄當前的watcher。


       數據響應式原理實現了數據到視圖的更新,而視圖到數據的更新,其實就是給表單元素(input等)添加了change等事件監聽,來動態修改model和 view。

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